發(fā)展權(quán)：中國的理念、實(shí)踐與貢獻(xiàn)
The Right to Development: China’s Philosophy, Practice and Contribution
中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2016年12月
December 2016
目錄
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、與時俱進(jìn)的發(fā)展權(quán)理念
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times
二、日臻完備的發(fā)展權(quán)保障制度
II. The System Ensuring the People’s Right to Development
三、有效實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development
四、不斷完善政治發(fā)展
IV. Enhancing Political Development
五、努力促進(jìn)文化發(fā)展
V. Promoting Cultural Progress
六、全面提升社會發(fā)展
VI. Promoting Social Development
七、加快落實(shí)綠色發(fā)展
VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development
八、推動實(shí)現(xiàn)共同發(fā)展
VIII. Promoting Common Development
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
發(fā)展是人類社會永恒的主題，寄托著生存和希望。發(fā)展權(quán)是一項(xiàng)不可剝奪的人權(quán)，象征著人類尊嚴(yán)和榮耀。唯有發(fā)展，才能消除全球性挑戰(zhàn)的根源；唯有發(fā)展，才能保障人民的基本權(quán)利；唯有發(fā)展，才能推動人類社會進(jìn)步。
Development is a universal human theme, providing for people’s basic needs and giving them hope of better life. The right to development is an inalienable human right, symbolizing dignity and honor. Only through development can we address global challenges; only through development can we protect basic civil rights of the people; only through development can we promote the progress of human society.
中國有13億多人口，是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。發(fā)展是中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政興國的第一要務(wù)，是解決中國所有問題的關(guān)鍵。中國立足基本國情，堅(jiān)持走中國特色社會主義道路，堅(jiān)持發(fā)展是硬道理，堅(jiān)持將人權(quán)的普遍性原則與本國實(shí)際相結(jié)合，既努力通過發(fā)展增進(jìn)人民福祉，實(shí)現(xiàn)人民的發(fā)展權(quán)，又努力通過保障人民的發(fā)展權(quán)，實(shí)現(xiàn)更高水平的發(fā)展。新中國取得了舉世矚目的巨大成就，開創(chuàng)了人類文明發(fā)展史上人權(quán)保障的新道路。
China, with a population of over 1.3 billion, is the largest developing country in the world. Development is the top priority of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in governance and national revitalization, and the key to resolving all other problems. Based on its prevailing conditions, China adheres to the Chinese socialist path and to the philosophy that development is of paramount importance. China integrates the principle of universal application of human rights with the country’s reality. While striving to enhance the people’s wellbeing through development and materialize their right to development, China endeavors to achieve higher-level development by protecting their right to development. In this regard, China has made notable progress and blazed a path in protecting human rights during the development of human civilization.
中共十八大以來，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，在實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)、實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢進(jìn)程中，以保障和改善民生為重點(diǎn)，大力發(fā)展各項(xiàng)社會事業(yè)，切實(shí)保證人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權(quán)利，努力朝著實(shí)現(xiàn)全體人民共享發(fā)展和共同富裕的目標(biāo)穩(wěn)步前進(jìn)。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has highlighted the idea of people-centered development. In the course of realizing the Two Centenary Goals [Note: The two goals are to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921) and to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (founded in 1949).] and the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation, it has focused on safeguarding and improving people’s wellbeing, advancing all social programs, and protecting people’s rights to equal participation and development. The aim is to share development benefits and achieve common prosperity among all people of the country.
值此紀(jì)念聯(lián)合國《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》通過30周年之際，作為發(fā)展權(quán)的倡導(dǎo)者、踐行者和推動者，中國愿與國際社會一道，共同分享實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)的理念和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，推進(jìn)世界人權(quán)事業(yè)健康發(fā)展。
On the 30th anniversary of the publication of the “Declaration on the Right to Development by the United Nations,” China, dedicated to advocating, practicing and promoting the right to development, is willing to join the international community to share its philosophy and experience in this regard and to boost sound development of global human rights.
一、與時俱進(jìn)的發(fā)展權(quán)理念
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times
擁有平等的發(fā)展機(jī)會，共享發(fā)展成果，使每個人都得到全面發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)充分的發(fā)展權(quán)，是人類社會的理想追求。
Equal access to development opportunities and development benefits are the ideals of human society wherein each and every citizen can achieve well-rounded development and enjoy full right to development.
中華民族是勤勞智慧、善于創(chuàng)新、追求進(jìn)步的民族。中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的“小康”“大同”社會理想以及“豐衣足食”“安居樂業(yè)”等富民思想，充分反映了千百年來中國人民追求更高、更好、更加幸福生活的美好愿望。在漫長的歷史進(jìn)程中，中國人民為獲得發(fā)展機(jī)會，改善發(fā)展條件，共享發(fā)展成果，進(jìn)行了不懈奮斗。古代中國，農(nóng)耕文明長期居于世界領(lǐng)先水平，創(chuàng)造了非凡的發(fā)展成就，為人類社會進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。有研究表明，直到19世紀(jì)中葉，在相當(dāng)長的時間里，中國都是世界上國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值最多的國家。在16世紀(jì)以前世界上最重要的300項(xiàng)發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)中，中國占173項(xiàng)。
The Chinese people are diligent, wise, innovative and progressive. In traditional Chinese culture, concepts such as “moderate prosperity” (xiao-kang), “great harmony” (datong), “having ample food and clothing” (fengyi zushi) and “l(fā)iving and working in peace and contentment” (anju leye) fully reflect the Chinese people’s aspiration for and pursuit of a better, happier life. In the long course of history, the Chinese people have always striven for better and shared development opportunities, conditions and benefits. In ancient times, China was for long the world leader in agriculture, and contributed to human progress with extraordinary development achievements. Studies reveal that until the mid-19th century, China’s GDP and per capita GDP were the world’s highest. Before the 16th century, China contributed 173 of the world’s top 300 innovations and discoveries.
近代工業(yè)革命發(fā)生后，中國開始喪失發(fā)展機(jī)會。西方殖民主義者推行的對外侵略擴(kuò)張政策，更是徹底破壞了中國的發(fā)展條件。從1840年到1949年，由于西方列強(qiáng)的一次次入侵，加之統(tǒng)治階級的腐朽和社會制度的落后，中國淪為半殖民地半封建社會，戰(zhàn)爭頻仍，社會動蕩，經(jīng)濟(jì)凋敝，民不聊生，墜入貧窮深淵?！秳蛑腥A民國史》對20世紀(jì)上半葉的中國有這樣的描述：“絕大多數(shù)中國人至多不過勉強(qiáng)維持生存而已……許多人的生活水平甚至還不到向來的那種水平”“作為一種制度，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)甚至到了20世紀(jì)中葉仍停留在‘現(xiàn)代前’時期，只是到1949年以后才告結(jié)束……”在長達(dá)110年的時間里，中國人民為爭取發(fā)展權(quán)，爭取與各國享有平等的發(fā)展機(jī)會，進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的斗爭，中國人民深知發(fā)展的價值和發(fā)展權(quán)的寶貴。
After the Industrial Revolution started in the 18th century, China began losing its leadership. Foreign aggression and expansion by Western colonialists completely destroyed conditions for development in China. Repeated invasions by foreign powers, particularly from the West, from 1840 to 1949, and China’s corrupt ruling class and backward social system reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. There was constant warfare, an unstable society, economic depression, no security of livelihood, and extreme poverty. The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912-1949 describes China’s situation in the first half of 20th century as follows: “...the great majority of Chinese merely sustained and reproduced themselves at the subsistence level ... the standard of life for many fell short even of that customary level.” [Note: The Cambridge History of China (Volume 12): Republican China 1912-1949 Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 28.] “As a system, China’s economy which was ‘pre-modern’ even in the mid-twentieth century ceased to be viable only after 1949...” [Note: Ibid. p. 29.] In these 110 years, the Chinese people struggled arduously for their right to development and equal access to development opportunity. The Chinese people are fully aware of the value of development and of their right to development.
1949年中華人民共和國的成立，開辟了中國發(fā)展的新紀(jì)元。新中國為人民提供了充分的發(fā)展機(jī)會和發(fā)展條件，為實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)開創(chuàng)了廣闊的空間。經(jīng)過60多年的發(fā)展，中國的綜合國力大幅增強(qiáng)，人民生活實(shí)現(xiàn)了從貧困到總體小康的歷史性跨越，中國人民在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會、環(huán)境等各方面的發(fā)展權(quán)不斷得到有效保障。中國以不足世界10%的耕地，養(yǎng)活了世界20%以上的人口；中國在改革開放30多年的時間里，使7億多人口擺脫貧困，占全球減貧人口的70%以上；中國建立了世界上最大的社會保障體系，人均預(yù)期壽命從1949年前的35歲提高到2015年的76.34歲，居于發(fā)展中國家前列；中國人民受教育水平大幅提高，1949年全國人口中80%以上是文盲，學(xué)齡兒童入學(xué)率僅20%左右，而到2015年，小學(xué)學(xué)齡兒童凈入學(xué)率為99.88%，九年制義務(wù)教育鞏固率為93%，高中階段毛入學(xué)率為87%，高等教育已接近中等發(fā)達(dá)國家水平。聯(lián)合國《2016中國人類發(fā)展報告》顯示，2014年中國的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)在188個國家中列第90位，已進(jìn)入高人類發(fā)展水平國家組。
The founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 ushered in a new era for China’s development. The PRC has provided full development opportunities and conditions to the people, and vast scope to realize that right. Through more than 60 years of effort, China’s overall national strength has greatly increased; standards of living have achieved a historical leap from poverty to moderate prosperity; the people’s right to development in economy, politics, culture, society and environment has been effectively protected.
China feeds more than 20 percent of the world’s population with less than 10 percent of the world’s arable land. Through more than 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has lifted 700 million people out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of the global reduction in poverty. China has established the world’s largest social security system, and average life expectancy had grown from 35 years in 1949 to 76.34 years in 2015, ranking high among the developing countries. The level of education has soared: in 1949, more than 80 percent of the national population was illiterate, and the enrollment rate of school-age children was only 20 percent. In 2015, net enrollment rates were as follows: primary school-age children – 99.88 percent; nine-year compulsory education – 93 percent; high school – 87 percent. The enrollment rate for higher education has reached a level approaching that of medium-developed countries. According to the “China National Human Development Report 2016” released by the United Nations, China’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014 ranked 90th among 188 countries, already in the high human development group.
多年來，中國從實(shí)際出發(fā)，把握時代大勢，堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，把以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心同堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則、堅(jiān)持改革開放這兩個基本點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一于中國特色社會主義偉大實(shí)踐，遵循創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的發(fā)展理念，走出了一條中國特色發(fā)展道路，為豐富和完善發(fā)展權(quán)理念作出了自己的貢獻(xiàn)。
Over the years, proceeding from reality and following the trend of the times, China has maintained the people’s principal position in the country and created its own path by taking the central task of economic development and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles [Note: The Four Cardinal Principles refer to the principles of adhering to the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. The Four Cardinal Principles are the foundation of the state, and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the state.] and the policy of reform and opening-up to serve its practice of Chinese socialism, and following the philosophy of innovative, balanced, eco-friendly, open and shared development, and thus contributed to enriching and improving the concept of right to development.
——生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)。貧窮是實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。沒有物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)和供給，人類其他一切權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)都是非常困難或不可能的。發(fā)展既是消除貧困的手段，也為實(shí)現(xiàn)其他人權(quán)提供了條件，還是人實(shí)現(xiàn)自身潛能的過程。發(fā)展權(quán)貫穿于其他各項(xiàng)人權(quán)之中，其他人權(quán)為人的發(fā)展和發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造條件。發(fā)展權(quán)的保障，既表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會、環(huán)境權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)之中，又表現(xiàn)在公民權(quán)利與政治權(quán)利的獲得之中。中國贊賞聯(lián)合國《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》所強(qiáng)調(diào)的表述——發(fā)展權(quán)是一項(xiàng)不可剝奪的人權(quán)，由于這種權(quán)利，每個人和所有各國人民均有權(quán)參與、促進(jìn)并享受經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化和政治發(fā)展，在這種發(fā)展中，所有人權(quán)和基本自由都能獲得充分實(shí)現(xiàn)。
The rights to subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. Without the production and supply of material goods, it is difficult or even impossible to realize any other human right. Development is a means of eliminating poverty. It provides necessary conditions for realizing other human rights, and releases human potential. The right to development is incorporated into other human rights, while the latter create the conditions for people to facilitate development and realize the right to development. Safeguarding the right to development is the precondition for realizing economic, cultural, social and environmental rights, and obtaining civil and political rights. China appreciates the articulation in the UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.”
——發(fā)展權(quán)的主體是人民。中國奉行人民至上的價值取向，視人民為推動發(fā)展的根本力量，努力做到發(fā)展為了人民、發(fā)展依靠人民、發(fā)展成果由人民共享。中國把增進(jìn)人民福祉、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展作為發(fā)展的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)，充分調(diào)動人民的積極性、主動性、創(chuàng)造性，使人民成為發(fā)展的主要參與者、促進(jìn)者和受益者。全面建成小康社會和實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢，就是讓人民有更好的教育、更穩(wěn)定的工作、更滿意的收入、更可靠的社會保障、更高水平的醫(yī)療服務(wù)、更舒適的居住條件、更優(yōu)美的環(huán)境，讓每個人都能更有尊嚴(yán)地發(fā)展自我和奉獻(xiàn)社會，共同享有人生出彩的機(jī)會，共同享有夢想成真的機(jī)會。
The people hold the principal position concerning the right to development. China values the people’s supremacy and regards the people as the fundamental driver of development, striving for the people, relying on the people, and sharing among the people. It takes improving popular wellbeing and well-rounded development as the starting point and ultimate goal, and fully mobilizes people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity to participate in, contribute to and benefit from development. To build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realize the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation means to provide better education, more secure employments, more satisfying income, more reliable social security, better medical services, more comfortable housing, and a better environment, so that all individuals can develop, contribute to society, and share the opportunity to pursue excellence and realize their dreams.
——發(fā)展權(quán)是個人人權(quán)與集體人權(quán)的統(tǒng)一。中國既重視個人發(fā)展權(quán)，又重視集體發(fā)展權(quán)，努力使二者相互協(xié)調(diào)、相互促進(jìn)?！懊總€人的自由發(fā)展是一切人的自由發(fā)展的條件”，沒有個人的發(fā)展，就沒有集體的發(fā)展；同時，也只有在集體中，個人才能獲得全面發(fā)展。發(fā)展權(quán)既是每個人的人權(quán)，又是國家、民族和全體人民共同享有的人權(quán)，個人發(fā)展權(quán)只有與集體發(fā)展權(quán)統(tǒng)一起來，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)的最大化。中國贊賞聯(lián)合國《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》的表達(dá)——發(fā)展機(jī)會均等是國家和組成國家的個人的一項(xiàng)特有權(quán)利，任何國家和組成國家的任何個人，都有參與發(fā)展、平等享有發(fā)展成果的權(quán)利。
The right to development is a unity of individual and collective human rights. China values both individual and collective human rights as well as balance and mutual promotion between the two. “The free development of each individual is the condition for the free development of all people.” Only through individual development can a collective develop; only in a collective can individuals achieve well-rounded development. The right to development is a human right owned by each individual as well as by the country, the nation and the entire population. The right to development can be maximized only in the unity of individuals and collective. China values the articulation in UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “Equality of opportunity for development is a prerogative both of nations and of individuals who make up nations.” They are all entitled to participate in and share the benefits of development on an equal basis.
——發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是一個歷史過程。發(fā)展永無止境，發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)沒有終點(diǎn)。在實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)問題上，沒有完成時，只有進(jìn)行時；沒有最好，只有更好。中國仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段，人民日益增長的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾將長期是社會主要矛盾。作為發(fā)展中大國，中國面臨的發(fā)展問題十分突出，發(fā)展任務(wù)十分繁重，追求更加平等的參與和更加平等的發(fā)展，充分實(shí)現(xiàn)全體人民的發(fā)展權(quán)，需要長期不懈的努力。
The realization of the right to development is a historical course. There is no end either to development or to realizing the right to development. The latter is an ongoing process of improvement. China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so. The inadequacy in meeting the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people because of backward social production will remain the principal social problem. As a major developing country, China faces challenging problems and heavy tasks in development. In pursuit of more equal participation and development, China needs consistent efforts to fully realize the people’s right to development.
——發(fā)展權(quán)的保障必須是可持續(xù)的?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展是發(fā)展權(quán)的應(yīng)有之義，體現(xiàn)著代際公平。發(fā)展不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不平等，發(fā)展方式粗放，都是發(fā)展不可持續(xù)的表現(xiàn)。中國堅(jiān)持以可持續(xù)的方式進(jìn)行消費(fèi)、生產(chǎn)，科學(xué)管理地球的自然資源，走可持續(xù)的、有復(fù)原力的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展道路，滿足今世后代的需求。中國遵循平衡性、可持續(xù)性的發(fā)展思路，將人與自然和諧發(fā)展、經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會和諧發(fā)展視為實(shí)現(xiàn)和保障發(fā)展權(quán)的新樣態(tài)。
The protection of the right to development must be sustainable. Sustainable development is a prerequisite for materializing the right to development, an embodiment of intergenerational equity. Imbalanced, uncoordinated and unequal development reflects unsustainable development, as does an extensive development model. China is pursuing a sustainable approach to production, utilization and consumption of natural resources. China now follows a sustainable and resilient socio-economic development path so as to meet the needs of both present and future generations. China has a development mindset of balance and sustainability, regarding the harmonious development between humanity and nature, between economy and society, as a new means of realizing and protecting the right to development.
——發(fā)展權(quán)應(yīng)為各國人民共有共享。實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)既是各國的責(zé)任，也是國際社會的共同義務(wù)。發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)既需要各國政府根據(jù)各自國情制定符合本國實(shí)際的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和發(fā)展政策，也需要國際社會的共同努力。中國倡導(dǎo)各國堅(jiān)持公平、開放、全面、創(chuàng)新的共同發(fā)展理念，著力促進(jìn)包容性發(fā)展，為各國人民共享發(fā)展權(quán)創(chuàng)造條件。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理應(yīng)該以平等為基礎(chǔ)，更好反映世界經(jīng)濟(jì)格局新現(xiàn)實(shí)，增強(qiáng)新興市場和發(fā)展中國家代表性和發(fā)言權(quán)，確保各國在國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作中權(quán)利平等、機(jī)會平等、規(guī)則平等，實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)共享、共贏。
The right to development must be enjoyed and shared by all peoples. Realizing the right to development is the responsibility of all countries and also the obligation of the international community. It requires governments of all countries to formulate development strategies and policies suited to their own realities, and it requires concerted efforts of the international community as a whole. China calls on all countries to pursue equal, open, all-round and innovative common development, promotes inclusive development, and creates conditions for all peoples to share the right to development. Global economic governance must be based on equality. It must better reflect the new world economic pattern, give an enhanced voice and representation to emerging markets and developing countries, ensure that all countries enjoy equality of rights, opportunities and rules in international economic cooperation, and ensure the right to development is shared.
二、日臻完備的發(fā)展權(quán)保障制度
II. The System Ensuring the People’s Right to Development
中國建立并完善保障發(fā)展權(quán)的立法、戰(zhàn)略、規(guī)劃、計(jì)劃、司法救濟(jì)一體化制度體系架構(gòu)，以富有建設(shè)性、務(wù)實(shí)性、高效性和強(qiáng)制性的體制制度、戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)建與政策措施，保障人民發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
China has established an integrated system of legislature, strategy development, planning, and judicial remedy to ensure its people’s right to development, and makes continued efforts to improve it. The people’s right to development is realized through a framework of institutions, strategies, policies and measures that are constructive, practical, efficient, and compulsory.
——憲法和法律制度
The Constitution and Laws
中國建立了以憲法為核心，以憲法相關(guān)法、民法商法等多個法律部門的法律為主干，由法律、行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)等多個層次的法律規(guī)范構(gòu)成的中國特色社會主義法律體系，為實(shí)現(xiàn)人民的發(fā)展權(quán)提供了法律保障。
China has established a legal system with Chinese characteristics. With the Constitution at the core, it is based on laws related to the Constitution, the civil laws, the commercial laws, and other major branches of the laws, and consists of laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations, providing a legal basis for the people’s right to development.
憲法以國家根本法的形式全方位確立和保障發(fā)展權(quán)。憲法序言確立了保障平等發(fā)展的根本指導(dǎo)原則，明確國家的根本任務(wù)是“推動物質(zhì)文明、政治文明和精神文明協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，把我國建設(shè)成為富強(qiáng)、民主、文明的社會主義國家”。憲法確立了人民民主、平等發(fā)展原則，宣告“中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民”，“人民依照法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會事務(wù)”，規(guī)定“維護(hù)和發(fā)展各民族的平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助關(guān)系”。憲法確立了“國家尊重和保障人權(quán)”基本原則，并在關(guān)于公民基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)的條款中明確了公民在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會諸方面全面發(fā)展的權(quán)利。
As the nation’s fundamental law, the Constitution establishes and protects the people’s right to development in all respects. In the Preamble, equal development is set as the fundamental guiding principle, and the nation’s core task is to “promote the coordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations, and to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced.” The Constitution establishes such principles as the people’s democracy, equal development, and stipulates that “All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people”; “The people administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law”; “The state develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China’s nationalities.” Article 33 of the Constitution sets the fundamental principle that “The state respects and preserves human rights.” In Chapter II, the Constitution stipulates the Chinese citizens’ right to economic, political, cultural, and social development.
中國制定并實(shí)施了一系列專門性的權(quán)利保障法律法規(guī)，平等保障全體公民，特別是少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人等的發(fā)展權(quán)利。民族區(qū)域自治法規(guī)定“加速民族自治地方經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展，建設(shè)團(tuán)結(jié)、繁榮的民族自治地方，為各民族的共同繁榮，把祖國建設(shè)成為富強(qiáng)、民主、文明的社會主義國家而努力奮斗”。婦女權(quán)益保障法規(guī)定“婦女在政治的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化的、社會的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的權(quán)利。實(shí)行男女平等是國家的基本國策。國家采取必要措施，逐步完善保障婦女權(quán)益的各項(xiàng)制度，消除對婦女一切形式的歧視”。未成年人保護(hù)法規(guī)定“未成年人享有生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)、受保護(hù)權(quán)、參與權(quán)等權(quán)利”。老年人權(quán)益保障法規(guī)定“國家保障老年人依法享有的權(quán)益。老年人有從國家和社會獲得物質(zhì)幫助的權(quán)利，有享受社會服務(wù)和社會優(yōu)待的權(quán)利，有參與社會發(fā)展和共享發(fā)展成果的權(quán)利”。殘疾人保障法規(guī)定“殘疾人在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的權(quán)利”。
China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations to protect the right to development of all citizens, especially that of the ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens, and the disabled. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that people of all ethnic minority groups shall “speed up the economic and cultural development of the ethnic autonomous areas, work towards their unity and prosperity, and strive for the common prosperity of all ethnic groups and for the transformation of China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.” The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that “Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. It is a basic state policy to realize equality between men and women. The state shall take necessary measures to gradually improve various systems for the protection of the rights and interests of women and to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against women.” The Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that “Minors shall enjoy the right to life, the right to development, the right to being protected, and the right to participation.” The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that “The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of the elderly. The elderly shall have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society, the right to enjoy social services and social preferential treatment, and the right to participate in social development and share the achievements in development.” The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons stipulates that “Disabled persons shall enjoy equal rights with other citizens in political, economic, cultural, social, family life and other aspects.”
——國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略
National Development Strategies
世界是豐富多彩的，發(fā)展模式也是多種多樣的。中國總結(jié)長期歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，堅(jiān)持從基本國情出發(fā)，走中國特色社會主義道路，建設(shè)中國特色社會主義，引領(lǐng)中國發(fā)展進(jìn)步，為中國人民創(chuàng)造美好生活，實(shí)現(xiàn)人民發(fā)展權(quán)。
The world is a colorful place, with many different development patterns. Summarizing its historical experience and based on its prevailing conditions, China has chosen a socialist path. It strives to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, create a beautiful life for the Chinese people, and realize the people’s right to development.
按照建設(shè)中國特色社會主義的要求，中國的國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略以不斷保障和實(shí)現(xiàn)人民的發(fā)展權(quán)為基本價值取向。中國共產(chǎn)黨在20世紀(jì)80年代初提出了現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)“三步走”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)：第一步，1981年到1990年，國民生產(chǎn)總值翻一番，解決人民的溫飽問題；第二步，1991年到20世紀(jì)末，國民生產(chǎn)總值再翻一番，人民生活達(dá)到小康水平；第三步，到21世紀(jì)中葉，國民生產(chǎn)總值再翻兩番，人民生活比較富裕，達(dá)到中等發(fā)達(dá)國家水平。
To build socialism with Chinese characteristics, China sets its national development strategies based on the need to protect and realize its people’s right to development. In the early 1980s, the CPC proposed the “three-step” development strategy: First, to double the 1981 GNP and ensure the provision of basic material needs by 1990; second, to double the 1991 GNP by the end of the 20th century and bring people’s living standards to a level of “reasonable prosperity”; and third, to quadruple that new GNP to the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century, and bring the Chinese people an affluent life.
1997年召開的中國共產(chǎn)黨第十五次全國代表大會，將上述“三步走”的第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)具體化，提出了21世紀(jì)上半葉中國新“三步走”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略：21世紀(jì)第一個十年實(shí)現(xiàn)國民生產(chǎn)總值比2000年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加富裕，形成比較完善的社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制；再經(jīng)過十年的努力，到中國共產(chǎn)黨成立100年時，使國民經(jīng)濟(jì)更加發(fā)展，各項(xiàng)制度更加完善；到21世紀(jì)中葉中華人民共和國成立100年時，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，建成富強(qiáng)民主文明的社會主義國家。
At the 15th CPC National Congress in 1997, the third step was made more specific, and a new “three-step” strategy for the first half of the 21st century was put forward. First, in the first decade of the 21st century, to double GNP compared to the 2000 level, raise levels of prosperity, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy; second, with ten more years’ hard work, to further develop the economy and improve various institutions by the centenary of the founding of the CPC; and third, to achieve basic modernization and complete the building of a socialist country that is prosperous, democratic, and culturally advanced by the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the mid-21st century.
進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后，中國共產(chǎn)黨提出了“全面建設(shè)小康社會”的戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想。2012年中共十八大以來，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，明確將“人民對美好生活的向往”作為執(zhí)政目標(biāo)，進(jìn)一步提出了實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”的奮斗目標(biāo)：到2020年在中國共產(chǎn)黨成立100年時實(shí)現(xiàn)第一個百年奮斗目標(biāo)，中國人民將在全面解決溫飽的基礎(chǔ)上，普遍過上比較殷實(shí)富足的生活，全面建成小康社會；到21世紀(jì)中葉中華人民共和國成立100年時實(shí)現(xiàn)第二個百年奮斗目標(biāo)，中國人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將達(dá)到中等發(fā)達(dá)國家水平，建成富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧的社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家。
After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.” Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party’s Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the “people’s wish for a better life” as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China’s per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.
為實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)，中國共產(chǎn)黨統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)“五位一體”總體布局，協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴(yán)治黨的“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，在推動經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，建設(shè)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)、民主政治、先進(jìn)文化、生態(tài)文明、和諧社會，協(xié)同推進(jìn)人民富裕、國家強(qiáng)盛、中國美麗，更加扎實(shí)有效地保障和促進(jìn)發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people’s right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.
——總體發(fā)展規(guī)劃
Overall Development Plans
按照建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家的要求和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，中國政府制定國家發(fā)展規(guī)劃，保障發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。從1953年到2001年，每5年制定一個國家發(fā)展計(jì)劃，對國家經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會等各方面發(fā)展作出安排。自2006年起，改計(jì)劃為規(guī)劃，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從具體、微觀、指標(biāo)性的發(fā)展計(jì)劃向宏觀的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃的轉(zhuǎn)變。到目前為止，中國已經(jīng)連續(xù)制定了十三個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展計(jì)劃或規(guī)劃?！拔迥暌?guī)劃”是連接國家發(fā)展總目標(biāo)和具體實(shí)施計(jì)劃的紐帶，為有計(jì)劃、分階段、穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打地推進(jìn)發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，確立了中長期指導(dǎo)思想、目標(biāo)方向、基本要求和實(shí)施舉措。
In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people’s right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country’s economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date, China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation’s economic and social development. These plans have connected the country’s overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people’s right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.
2015年10月29日，中共十八屆五中全會通過《中共中央關(guān)于制定國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十三個五年規(guī)劃的建議》。2016年3月16日，十二屆全國人大四次會議表決通過《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十三個五年規(guī)劃綱要》?！督ㄗh》和《綱要》堅(jiān)持新發(fā)展理念，按照人人參與、人人盡力、人人享有的要求，注重機(jī)會公平，保障基本民生，著力增進(jìn)人民福祉，實(shí)現(xiàn)全體人民共同邁入全面小康社會?！督ㄗh》和《綱要》在公平分享發(fā)展成果上進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)突破，主要包括增加公共服務(wù)供給、實(shí)施脫貧攻堅(jiān)工程、提高教育質(zhì)量、促進(jìn)教育公平、促進(jìn)就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)、縮小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持續(xù)的社會保障制度、推進(jìn)健康中國建設(shè)、促進(jìn)人口均衡發(fā)展。
On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development.” On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress approved by vote the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People’s Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development.” Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people’s wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.
中國還通過國家人權(quán)行動計(jì)劃落實(shí)發(fā)展權(quán)。中國先后制定實(shí)施《國家人權(quán)行動計(jì)劃（2009－2010年）》《國家人權(quán)行動計(jì)劃（2012－2015年）》和《國家人權(quán)行動計(jì)劃（2016－2020年）》。國家人權(quán)行動計(jì)劃把保障發(fā)展權(quán)放在保障人權(quán)的首要位置，著力解決好人民最關(guān)心、最直接、最現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益問題，在推動經(jīng)濟(jì)社會又好又快發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，保證全體社會成員平等參與、平等發(fā)展的權(quán)利。
China ensures its people’s right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the “National Human Rights Action Plan” (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people’s right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.
——專項(xiàng)行動計(jì)劃
Special Action Plans
中國政府制定經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會和環(huán)境等方面的專項(xiàng)行動計(jì)劃，落實(shí)人民發(fā)展權(quán)。廣泛實(shí)施了涉及扶貧、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)、科技、貿(mào)易、區(qū)域發(fā)展等行動計(jì)劃，如推進(jìn)農(nóng)民創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新行動計(jì)劃、科技特派員農(nóng)村科技創(chuàng)業(yè)行動、開發(fā)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村資源支持農(nóng)民工等人員返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)行動計(jì)劃、科技富民強(qiáng)縣專項(xiàng)行動計(jì)劃、科技助推西部地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展行動計(jì)劃和科技服務(wù)東北老工業(yè)基地振興行動計(jì)劃等。有效實(shí)施了教育發(fā)展、人口素質(zhì)提升、人才獎勵、文化產(chǎn)業(yè)等行動計(jì)劃，如面向21世紀(jì)教育振興行動計(jì)劃、農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)校教師特設(shè)崗位計(jì)劃、特殊教育提升計(jì)劃、救助貧困地區(qū)失學(xué)女童重返校園的“春蕾計(jì)劃”和東部城市對口支持西部地區(qū)人才培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃等。實(shí)施了有關(guān)就業(yè)、社會保障、食品與醫(yī)療、殘疾預(yù)防、全民健身等方面的一系列行動計(jì)劃，如關(guān)于就業(yè)的春風(fēng)行動，關(guān)于社會保障的全民參保計(jì)劃，消除瘧疾行動計(jì)劃，預(yù)防與控制醫(yī)院感染行動計(jì)劃，傷殘兒童康復(fù)合作項(xiàng)目行動計(jì)劃，提高出生人口素質(zhì)、減少出生缺陷和殘疾行動計(jì)劃，殘疾預(yù)防行動計(jì)劃，營養(yǎng)改善行動計(jì)劃和全民健身計(jì)劃等。推出了污染防治、節(jié)能、生物多樣性等方面的行動計(jì)劃，如水污染防治行動計(jì)劃、高風(fēng)險污染物削減行動計(jì)劃、煤炭清潔高效利用行動計(jì)劃、煤電節(jié)能減排升級與改造行動計(jì)劃、生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動計(jì)劃。
The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people’s right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people’s lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers’ status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.
中國還通過制定專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃落實(shí)少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人等群體的發(fā)展權(quán)。中國發(fā)布了少數(shù)民族事業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃、中國婦女發(fā)展綱要、中國兒童發(fā)展綱要、老齡事業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃和殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展綱要等，明確發(fā)展目標(biāo)，采取積極策略措施，針對不同群體發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)問題，精準(zhǔn)發(fā)力，使他們能夠同步發(fā)展，共享改革發(fā)展成果。
China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.
——司法救濟(jì)機(jī)制
The Judicial Remedy Mechanism
中國不斷加強(qiáng)發(fā)展權(quán)的司法保護(hù)與司法救濟(jì)，構(gòu)建起發(fā)展權(quán)司法救濟(jì)機(jī)制，防止和懲治對發(fā)展權(quán)的侵害。
China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people’s right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people’s right to development.
深化國家司法救助制度改革，切實(shí)保障困難群體的發(fā)展權(quán)利。對遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵權(quán)，無法通過訴訟獲得有效賠償?shù)漠?dāng)事人，國家提供司法救助，重點(diǎn)解決符合條件的特定案件當(dāng)事人生活面臨的急迫困難。國家司法救助以支付救助金為主要方式，同時與思想疏導(dǎo)、宣傳教育相結(jié)合，與法律援助、訴訟救濟(jì)相配套，與其他社會救助相銜接。探索建立刑事案件傷員急救“綠色通道”、對遭受嚴(yán)重心理創(chuàng)傷的被害人實(shí)施心理治療、對行動不便的受害人提供社工幫助等多種救助方式，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)救助效果。2014年，國家頒布《關(guān)于建立完善國家司法救助制度的意見（試行）》后，司法救助的范圍與數(shù)量大幅上升。2014年、2015年，中央和地方安排司法救助資金總額分別為24.7億元、29.49億元，2014年共有8萬余名當(dāng)事人得到司法救助。各級法院2013年至2015年共為訴訟當(dāng)事人減免訴訟費(fèi)6.25億元，保障生活困難群眾依法參與訴訟的權(quán)利。
The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014, the state issued the “Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial),” which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people’s courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor.
強(qiáng)化法律援助實(shí)效，確保貧困人口享有獲得司法救濟(jì)的權(quán)利。1994年，中國開始探索法律援助制度，為困難群眾無償提供咨詢、代理、刑事辯護(hù)等法律服務(wù)。2003年，國務(wù)院公布施行法律援助條例，明確了法律援助事項(xiàng)范圍，省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府可以補(bǔ)充規(guī)定法律援助事項(xiàng)，并根據(jù)本行政區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和法律援助事業(yè)的需要規(guī)定公民經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目前，全國已有23個省份擴(kuò)大補(bǔ)充事項(xiàng)范圍，19個省份調(diào)整了經(jīng)濟(jì)困難標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2012年修訂后的刑事訴訟法將法律援助的范圍從被告人擴(kuò)大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增長11.4%，婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人、進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員等群體獲得了優(yōu)質(zhì)便捷的法律援助服務(wù)。2015年5月，中央全面深化改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組第十二次會議審議通過《關(guān)于完善法律援助制度的意見》，進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大民事、行政法律援助覆蓋面，降低法律援助門檻，使法律援助覆蓋人群逐步拓展至低收入群體，惠及更多困難群眾。
The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the “Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System,” with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.
加大司法救濟(jì)力度，保護(hù)弱勢群體發(fā)展權(quán)。中國一直注重發(fā)展權(quán)等基本人權(quán)的刑事司法保護(hù)，以法律構(gòu)筑保護(hù)發(fā)展權(quán)的牢固防線。國家依法制裁對婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人、進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員等的犯罪，強(qiáng)化保障特定群體身心健康發(fā)展的權(quán)利以及經(jīng)濟(jì)社會權(quán)利。國家堅(jiān)持不懈預(yù)防、打擊拐賣婦女兒童犯罪，拐賣婦女兒童犯罪得到有效遏制。國家頒布《關(guān)于依法懲治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意見》和《關(guān)于依法處理監(jiān)護(hù)人侵害未成年人權(quán)益行為若干問題的意見》，不斷加大對未成年人權(quán)益司法保護(hù)力度。國家出臺《關(guān)于在檢察工作中切實(shí)維護(hù)殘疾人合法權(quán)益的意見》，依法從重打擊侵害殘疾人權(quán)益的犯罪活動，保障殘疾人合法權(quán)益。
The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups’ rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the “Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors” and the “Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors’ Rights and Interests by Guardians,” so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors’ rights and interests. The state has promulgated the “Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work,” mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.
重視發(fā)揮仲裁功能，保護(hù)特定群體平等發(fā)展權(quán)。通過依法定紛止?fàn)?、制裁侵?quán)強(qiáng)化權(quán)利的程序性保護(hù)。截至2015年年底，全國各地鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)街道勞動就業(yè)社會保障服務(wù)所（中心）勞動爭議調(diào)解組織組建率達(dá)80%，比2014年增加14%；共建勞動人事爭議仲裁院2919家，總體建院率為91.1%，比“十一五”末期的946家增加了208%。2010年至2015年，全國各地調(diào)解仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)共處理爭議案件756.6萬件，仲裁結(jié)案率保持在90%以上。
The government attaches importance to the role of arbitration, and protects the equal right to development of certain groups. By ending disputes through arbitration and punishing infringements according to law, China endeavors to strengthen procedure-based protection of the people’s rights. By the end of 2015, 80 percent of township- and community-level employment and social security centers had set up organizations to mediate labor disputes, up by 14 percent from the 2014 figure. A total of 2,919 administrative divisions at or above county level (about 91 percent of the total) had arbitration offices for labor disputes, up by 208 percent compared with the figure of 946 at the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). In 2010-2015, China’s mediation and arbitration organizations handled a total of 7.57 million cases, bringing 90 percent to a conclusion.
三、有效實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development
中國堅(jiān)持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，奠定保障發(fā)展權(quán)的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，同時又通過保障人民的發(fā)展權(quán)更好地促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。改革開放以來，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長，目前已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，人民的生活總體上實(shí)現(xiàn)了從貧困到溫飽、再從溫飽到小康的兩次歷史性飛躍。
China always considers economic development as the central task, laying a solid foundation for safeguarding the right to development. At the same time, economic development is strengthened by safeguarding the people’s right to development. Since the reform and opening-up policy was launched in 1978, China has witnessed rapid economic growth, and has become the world’s second largest economy. There have been two historic leaps in living standards, from living in poverty to having access to basic material needs, and then to moderate prosperity.
——貧困人口生存權(quán)得到有效保障。中國的減貧行動是中國人權(quán)事業(yè)進(jìn)步的最顯著標(biāo)志。改革開放以來，中國實(shí)現(xiàn)了“迄今人類歷史上最快速度的大規(guī)模減貧”，按照農(nóng)村現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)累計(jì)減少7億多貧困人口，超過美、俄、日、德四國人口總和，貧困發(fā)生率下降到5.7%，成為世界上率先完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)的國家。截至2015年年底，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口減少到5575萬人，其中，內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個自治區(qū)和少數(shù)民族分布集中的貴州、云南、青海3省農(nóng)村貧困人口減少到1813萬人。中國的減貧行動有力促進(jìn)了貧困人口發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，為全面建成小康社會打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。2015年11月，中共中央、國務(wù)院發(fā)布關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的決定，對未來五年脫貧攻堅(jiān)工作作出全面部署。2016年3月，《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十三個五年規(guī)劃綱要》發(fā)布，對全力實(shí)施脫貧攻堅(jiān)總體目標(biāo)作出戰(zhàn)略部署。為實(shí)現(xiàn)到2020年讓農(nóng)村貧困人口全部擺脫貧困的宏偉目標(biāo)，中國正在全面實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧基本方略。
The right to subsistence of the poor is effectively guaranteed. The poverty reduction campaign in China is the most significant sign of China’s progress in human rights. Since the end of 1978, China has realized “the most rapid large-scale poverty reduction in human history over the last 25 years.” [Note: “Reducing Poverty on a Global Scale: Learning and Innovating for Development Findings from the Shanghai Global Learning Initiative,” a World Bank document on Nov. 14, 2016.] According to the existing rural poverty standards, it has reduced the number of those living in poverty by more than 700 million, which is more than the total population of the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany, and cut the rate of poverty to 5.7 percent, becoming the first country to complete the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. By the end of 2015, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 55.75 million. In the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai, where ethnic minorities are concentrated, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 18.13 million. China’s poverty reduction campaign has effectively contributed to granting its disadvantaged people the right to development, laying a solid foundation for the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In November 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Winning the Tough Battle Against Poverty,” making comprehensive arrangements for poverty eradication work in the following five years. In March 2016, the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Program for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China” was published, in which the Chinese government made strategic plans for the full implementation of the overall goal of poverty eradication. In order to realize the ambitious goal of relieving the rural poor population of poverty by 2020, China is carrying out a basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty eradication.
——勞動者工作權(quán)利充分實(shí)現(xiàn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展為擴(kuò)大就業(yè)創(chuàng)造了條件，全國城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)人數(shù)持續(xù)增加，從2010年的7.61億人增加到2015年的7.75億人。其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人數(shù)從3.47億人增加到4.04億人，年均增加1100余萬人。2015年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1312萬人，年末城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率為4.05%，延續(xù)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行態(tài)勢。2008年至2015年，中央財政累計(jì)投入就業(yè)補(bǔ)助資金3055.11億元。自2009年起，國家專門實(shí)施婦女小額擔(dān)保貸款財政貼息政策，截至2016年6月，已累計(jì)發(fā)放貸款2794億元，538萬名婦女獲貸，帶動和扶持包括貧困婦女在內(nèi)的1000多萬名婦女實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)。婦女就業(yè)數(shù)量和層次不斷提高，2014年全國女性就業(yè)人員占全社會就業(yè)人員比重為45%，女性專業(yè)技術(shù)人員占專業(yè)技術(shù)人員總數(shù)的46.5%。國家加強(qiáng)技能培訓(xùn)，通過能力建設(shè)促進(jìn)更公平地分享就業(yè)機(jī)會，截至2015年年底，全國技能勞動者總量達(dá)1.67億人，其中高技能人才4501萬人。國家積極促進(jìn)農(nóng)村勞動力就地就近轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)，在縣域經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍內(nèi)吸納農(nóng)村勞動力總量的65%。大力發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)，開發(fā)適合進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員的就業(yè)崗位，建設(shè)減免收費(fèi)的農(nóng)貿(mào)市場和餐飲攤位，實(shí)現(xiàn)80%以上的進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員在小微企業(yè)就業(yè)。鼓勵進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)，截至2015年年底，進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)累計(jì)達(dá)450萬人，不計(jì)入個體工商戶的農(nóng)村小微企業(yè)達(dá)699萬戶。截至2014年年底，全國私營企業(yè)達(dá)1546萬戶，個體工商戶近5000萬戶，分別比2010年增長83%和44%，帶動2.5億人就業(yè)。目前，全國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)總量近1000萬人，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”成為吸納就業(yè)的重要渠道。國家采取措施引導(dǎo)畢業(yè)生多渠道就業(yè)、鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)、強(qiáng)化畢業(yè)生就業(yè)服務(wù)和困難畢業(yè)生就業(yè)幫扶，近幾年高校畢業(yè)生每年離校時的就業(yè)率都保持在70%以上，年底總體就業(yè)率超過90%。國家通過援企穩(wěn)崗、就業(yè)幫扶、就業(yè)援助等措施，幫助失業(yè)人員、就業(yè)困難人員實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)，全面推動零就業(yè)家庭動態(tài)清零。2011年至2015年，城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)人數(shù)每年都超過550萬，就業(yè)困難人員實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)年均近180萬人。殘疾人就業(yè)穩(wěn)中向好，“十二五”期間實(shí)現(xiàn)152萬城鎮(zhèn)殘疾人新增就業(yè)，2014年全國城鄉(xiāng)勞動年齡段生活能夠自理的殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到2159.63萬人。
The right to work is fully realized. Economic development creates more jobs. Urban and rural employment continued to increase from 761 million in 2010 to 775 million in 2015. Within these figures, urban employment increased from 347 million to 404 million, representing an average annual increase of more than 11 million. In 2015 urban employment increased by 13.12 million, and the registered urban unemployment rate by the end of the year was 4.05 percent, showing steady progress in this work. From 2008 to 2015, the central government assigned a total of RMB305.51 billion as subsidies to be used in employment. Since 2009, the Chinese government has implemented a policy of financial discount for small-sum guaranteed loans to women. By June 2016, a total of RMB279.4 billion in loans had been provided to 5.38 million women, supporting more than 10 million, including women classified as poor, to start their own businesses or find work. The number of women in employment has increased continuously and their positions have improved. In 2014, employed women accounted for 45 percent of the total workforce in China, and female professional and technical personnel accounted for 46.5 percent of the national total. The government strengthens skill training to promote more equitable sharing of job opportunities through capacity-building. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers in the country had reached 167 million, of whom 45.01 million were highly skilled. The government actively promotes transfer of the rural labor force to employment in local or nearby places, ensuring that 65 percent can find employment within the local county economy. The government vigorously develops the service industry, creating jobs for rural migrant workers, and setting up farmers’ markets and food stalls with reduced or zero fees. As a result, more than 80 percent of rural migrant workers have found jobs in small and micro businesses. The government also encourages rural migrant workers to return home and start businesses. By the end of 2015, 4.5 million rural migrant workers had returned home to start businesses, and rural small and micro businesses amounted to 6.99 million. By the end of 2014, China had 15.46 million private enterprises, and nearly 50 million self-employed businesses, representing increases of 83 percent and 44 percent over 2010; these businesses employed 250 million people. Internet entrepreneurship has helped nearly 10 million people find employment, and “Internet+” is an important channel for creating jobs. The government takes measures to guide graduates to find employment through multiple channels, encourage entrepreneurship, and offer better employment services to graduates and give more assistance to those experiencing difficulties in finding jobs. In recent years, the employment rate of new college graduates has been above 70 percent every year, and the overall employment rate at the end of the year has exceeded 90 percent. By aiding enterprises, and offering employment support and assistance, the government helps unemployed persons and people having difficulty in securing jobs to find employment, and devotes particular attention to zero-employment families. From 2011 to 2015, more than 5.5 million unemployed urban people found jobs every year, while an annual average of almost 1.8 million people having difficulty in securing jobs found employment. Steady progress has been made in the employment of people with disabilities. During the 12th Five-Year Program period (2011-2015), the government helped 1.52 million urban residents with disabilities to find jobs. In 2015, 21,596,300 disabled people of working age across the country found jobs.
——人民基本生活水準(zhǔn)極大改善。城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭和農(nóng)村居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)分別由1978年的57.5%和67.7%，下降到2015年的29.7%和33.0%。1978年至2015年，中國城鎮(zhèn)人均住宅建筑面積由6.7平方米增長到33平方米以上，農(nóng)村人均住房面積由8.1平方米增長到37平方米以上。以公共租賃住房、經(jīng)濟(jì)適用住房等為主要形式的住房保障制度初步形成。2015年，國家住宅投資達(dá)到80247.7億元，其中全國城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程基本建成住房772萬套，新開工783萬套；中央投入農(nóng)村危房改造補(bǔ)助資金365億元，支持全國432萬貧困農(nóng)戶改造危房。2011年至2015年，全國城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程累計(jì)新建住房4013萬套，累計(jì)棚戶區(qū)改造2191萬戶，一大批住房困難群眾搬進(jìn)樓房，實(shí)現(xiàn)“宜居”。2011年至2015年，各級財政給予補(bǔ)貼，共對全國67.5萬殘疾人家庭進(jìn)行無障礙改造，提高了殘疾人生活質(zhì)量。人民出行條件極大改善。1978年至2015年，公路通車?yán)锍逃?9萬公里增長到457.7萬公里，民航旅客吞吐量從231.9萬人次增長到9.15億人次。2015年，全國高速公路通車?yán)锍?2.35萬公里，高速鐵路營運(yùn)里程1.9萬公里，行政村公路通暢率達(dá)94.5%，建制村通客車率達(dá)94.28%。
The people’s basic living standards have greatly improved. In 1978, the Engel coefficient of urban households was 57.5 percent and that of rural households was 67.7 percent; in 2015, the figures dropped to 29.7 percent and 33.0 percent respectively. From 1978 to 2015, urban residents saw an increase in their residential area from 6.7 square meters per capita to more than 33 square meters; the corresponding figures for rural residents were 8.1 square meters to more than 37 square meters. A housing security system with government-supported low-rent housing and economically affordable housing as the main forms is in place. In 2015, the national investment in residential buildings reached RMB8,024.77 billion. Within this program, 7.72 million units of government-subsidized urban housing were completed, and construction on another 7.83 million units already started. The central government provided RMB36.5 billion to subsidize the renovation of sub-standard houses for 4.32 million poor rural households around China. From 2011 to 2015, under the government-subsidized urban housing project, China built a total of 40.13 million new units, renovated 21.91 million households in shantytowns, and moved a large number of people with housing difficulties into apartments, realizing “l(fā)ivable” residences. From 2011 to 2015, public finance at all levels subsidized barrier-free reconstruction for 675,000 families with disabled members, improving their quality of life.
Travel conditions have greatly improved. From 1978 to 2015, highways in service rose from 890,000 km to 4.58 million km, and the civil aviation passenger throughput grew from 2.32 million to 915 million. In 2015, the total mileage of expressways open to traffic in China reached 123,500 km, the operating mileage of high-speed railways reached 19,000 km. 94.5 percent of villages had paved road access, and 94.3 percent of villages had access to bus services.
——人民生活水平顯著提高。1978年至2015年，全年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從3679億元增長到685506億元，人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從200多美元增長到8000美元以上。1978年，城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭人均可支配收入只有343.4元，農(nóng)村居民家庭人均純收入只有133.6元。2015年，全國居民人均可支配收入達(dá)到21966元，其中，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入31195元，農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入11422元。截至2015年年底，全國電話用戶總數(shù)達(dá)到153673萬戶，其中移動電話用戶130574萬戶，普及率為95.5部/百人；固定互聯(lián)網(wǎng)寬帶接入用戶21337萬戶，移動寬帶用戶78533萬戶?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)6.88億人，固定寬帶家庭普及率達(dá)到50.3%。2015年，國內(nèi)居民出境12786萬人次，其中因私出境12172萬人次。民用轎車保有量9508萬輛，其中私人轎車8793萬輛。
The people’s living standards have significantly improved. From 1978 to 2015, the annual GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB68,550.6 billion, and per capita GDP grew from more than US$200 to above US$8,000. In 1978, per capita disposable income of urban households was only RMB343.4, and per capita net income of rural households was only RMB133.6. In 2015, per capita disposable income of all residents reached RMB21,966; the figures were RMB31,195 for urban residents and RMB11,422 for rural residents. By the end of 2015, the total number of phone users nationwide reached 1,536.73 million, and 1,305.74 million of them were mobile phone users, with a penetration rate of 95.5 per 100 people. There were 213.37 million households with fixed broadband Internet access, and 785.33 million mobile broadband users. The number of Internet users was 688 million, and the household penetration rate of fixed broadband reached 50.3 percent. In 2015, Chinese residents made 127.86 million outbound trips, including 121.72 million private trips. Civilian car ownership was 95.08 million, of which 87.93 million were private cars.
四、不斷完善政治發(fā)展
IV. Enhancing Political Development
中國不斷豐富和完善適合自身發(fā)展的政治制度，中國特色社會主義民主政治與法治建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障，人民參與、促進(jìn)政治發(fā)展進(jìn)程并分享政治發(fā)展成果的水平與日俱增。
China continues to enrich and improve a political system suited to its own development by advancing Chinese socialist democracy and rule of law in an all-round way, ensuring effective protection of civil and political rights, and raising the levels of participation in and promotion of the political development process and allowing people to partake in the benefits of political development.
——人民代表大會制度是人民實(shí)現(xiàn)政治發(fā)展的根本制度保證。憲法規(guī)定，中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民，人民行使國家權(quán)力的機(jī)關(guān)是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。人民代表大會制度主要通過以下五個途徑保障公民參與并分享發(fā)展成果：一是通過產(chǎn)生并監(jiān)督國家機(jī)關(guān)工作落實(shí)發(fā)展權(quán)利。憲法第3條第3款規(guī)定，“國家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會產(chǎn)生，對它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督”。二是制定法律法規(guī)推動發(fā)展。截至2016年9月，全國人大及其常委會共制定憲法和現(xiàn)行有效法律252部。截至2016年7月，有立法權(quán)的地方人大及其常委會共制定現(xiàn)行有效的地方性法規(guī)9915件。三是審批發(fā)展政策規(guī)劃。憲法第62條規(guī)定，全國人民代表大會行使下列職權(quán)：審查和批準(zhǔn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展計(jì)劃和計(jì)劃執(zhí)行情況的報告；審查和批準(zhǔn)國家的預(yù)算和預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況的報告。四是暢通民意表達(dá)機(jī)制。人民群眾通過行使提出意見、建議、批評、申訴、控告和監(jiān)督的權(quán)利，合理表達(dá)和實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展利益訴求。五是合理界定公共權(quán)力與發(fā)展利益的關(guān)系。近年來，中國建立了權(quán)力清單、負(fù)面清單和責(zé)任清單三大制度。2013年以來，國務(wù)院公開了各部門行政審批事項(xiàng)匯總清單，規(guī)定各部門不得在公布的清單之外實(shí)施行政審批，取消和下放618項(xiàng)行政審批事項(xiàng)，堅(jiān)決消除權(quán)力設(shè)租尋租空間，完善權(quán)力運(yùn)行程序。
The people’s congress system is the fundamental institutional guarantee of political development for the people. According to the Constitution, all power in the PRC belongs to the people, and the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The people’s congress system guarantees citizens’ rights to participate in development and share the resulting benefits in five ways:
(1) Generating and supervising state organs involved in the implementation of the right to development. Paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Constitution states that all administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
(2) Formulating laws and regulations to foster development. By September 2016, the NPC and its Standing Committee had formulated the Constitution and 252 laws in effect. By July 2016, local people’s congresses and their standing committees with legislative power had formulated 9,915 local regulations in effect.
(3) Examining and approving development policy initiatives. Article 62 of the Constitution stipulates that the NPC exercises the functions and powers to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation, among others.
(4) Providing an open mechanism for the expression of public opinion. People express and claim their reasonable development interests by means such as the exercise of their rights to raise opinions, suggestions and criticism, to file appeals and complaints, and to supervise.
(5) Properly defining the relationship between public power and development interests.
In recent years, China has introduced three major systems that are of relevance – the power list, negative list, and responsibility list. Since 2013, the State Council has published lists enumerating all matters subject to administrative approval by its departments, and prohibited the addition of any unlisted matters, with 618 matters canceled or delegated to lower authorities. In this way, the State Council endeavors to eliminate opportunities for exploiting public posts for profit, and to enhance the procedures for the exercise of power.
——民主選舉是公民實(shí)現(xiàn)政治權(quán)利的重要內(nèi)容。改革開放以來，中國的人民民主和選舉平等進(jìn)程取得了重大成就。2010年，全國人大修改選舉法，實(shí)行城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)選舉權(quán)的平等。在2011年到2012年全國縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人大換屆選舉中，參加縣級人大代表換屆選舉登記的選民達(dá)9.81億多人，參加投票選民占登記選民的90.24%；參加鄉(xiāng)級人大代表換屆選舉登記的選民達(dá)7.23億多人，參加投票選民占登記選民的90.55%。為保障兩億多流動人口的選舉權(quán)利，各地結(jié)合本地實(shí)際，采取了原則上在戶口所在地參選、書面委托其他選民代為投票、取得原選區(qū)選民資格證明后在現(xiàn)居住地參選等有效措施，為流動人口參選創(chuàng)造便利條件。在2013年選出的第十二屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議2987名代表中，來自一線的工人、農(nóng)民代表有401人，占代表總數(shù)的13.42%；婦女代表699人，占代表總數(shù)的23.4%；少數(shù)民族代表409人，占代表總數(shù)的13.69%，全國55個少數(shù)民族都有本民族的代表。
Democratic election is an important element of citizens’ political rights. Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, great progress has been made toward establishing people’s democracy and an equal right to vote. In 2010, the NPC adopted an amendment to the Electoral Law providing wider equality of voting rights. Among other measures it requires that deputies be elected to the people’s congresses based on the same population ratio in urban and rural areas.
Between 2011 and 2012, the election of deputies to county-level people’s congresses saw more than 981 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.24 percent; the election of deputies to township-level people’s congresses recorded more than 723 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.55 percent. In these elections, measures were taken based on the conditions in each constituency to ensure the right to vote of the 200 million floating population, and to facilitate their voting. The basic principle was that voters cast their votes in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are, while they may vote by proxy with a letter of entrustment, and voters who have their voter qualification certificates in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are may vote in the constituencies where they currently live.
The 2,987 deputies elected in 2013 to the Third Session of the 12th NPC included 401 workers and farmers accounting for 13.42 percent, 699 women accounting for 23.4 percent, and 409 deputies from all the 55 ethnic minority groups of China accounting for 13.69 percent.
——協(xié)商民主是公民實(shí)現(xiàn)有序政治參與的重要途徑。中國形成了政黨協(xié)商、人大協(xié)商、政府協(xié)商、人民團(tuán)體協(xié)商、基層協(xié)商和社會組織協(xié)商構(gòu)成的廣泛多層、制度化的協(xié)商民主體系，擴(kuò)大了公民有序的政治參與，保障了發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是中國實(shí)行協(xié)商民主制度的重要機(jī)構(gòu)，涵蓋了包括中國共產(chǎn)黨在內(nèi)的9個黨派、8個人民團(tuán)體、56個民族、5大宗教、34個界別，共有各級政協(xié)組織3000多個，各級政協(xié)委員60多萬名。2015年全國政協(xié)共舉辦41項(xiàng)重要協(xié)商活動、107項(xiàng)視察調(diào)研活動，形成了以全體會議為龍頭、專題議政性常委會議和專題協(xié)商會為重點(diǎn)、雙周協(xié)商座談會為常態(tài)的協(xié)商議政格局。2015年全國政協(xié)十二屆三次會議上，有1948名政協(xié)委員提交提案，占委員總數(shù)的87.5%；提案總計(jì)5857件，立案4984件，占總數(shù)的85.1%。全國政協(xié)十二屆一次會議以來，提案辦復(fù)率達(dá)99.5%以上。
Consultative democracy is an important channel for orderly participation in the political process. An extensive, multi-layered, institutionalized system of consultative democracy inclusive of multiple parties, people’s congresses, governments, people’s organizations, the grassroots, and non-governmental organizations has been created to expand orderly participation in the political process and ensure the citizen’s right to development.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an essential organ for implementing consultative democracy, involving the participation of nine political parties including the CPC, eight people’s organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions and 34 sectors of society. The CPPCC has more than 3,000 committees and over 600,000 members at all levels. In 2015, the CPPCC organized 41 major consultation events, and 107 inspection and survey tours, forming a political consultation framework employing a range of options such as plenary sessions, standing committees’ thematic discussions on administrative affairs and thematic consultative seminars, and biweekly consultative seminars.
In the Third Session of the 12th CPPCC convened in 2015, 87.5 percent or 1,948 of the CPPCC members submitted 5,857 proposals, of which 85.1 percent or 4,984 were taken up for consideration. Since the First Session of the 12th CPPCC held in 2013, the rates of proposal handling and response have reached 99.5 percent or above.
——民族區(qū)域自治是少數(shù)民族實(shí)現(xiàn)政治權(quán)利的重要形式。中國成功創(chuàng)設(shè)了單一制國家結(jié)構(gòu)下的民族區(qū)域自治制度，有效保障少數(shù)民族的各項(xiàng)民主權(quán)利。在55個少數(shù)民族中，有44個建立了自治地方，實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的少數(shù)民族人口占少數(shù)民族總?cè)丝诘?1%，民族自治地方的面積約占全國國土總面積的64%。截至2016年7月底，共制定和修改現(xiàn)行有效的自治條例和單行條例967件，進(jìn)一步夯實(shí)了少數(shù)民族發(fā)展權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的法律基礎(chǔ)。全國5個自治區(qū)、30個自治州、120個自治縣（旗）的行政首長全部由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的少數(shù)民族公民擔(dān)任。民族自治地方的各級黨委、人大、政府、政協(xié)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子及其職能部門都配有一定數(shù)量的少數(shù)民族干部，少數(shù)民族干部比例普遍接近或超過少數(shù)民族人口占當(dāng)?shù)乜側(cè)丝诘谋壤?。截?015年年底，少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員已達(dá)76.5萬人，比1978年增長了近3倍。在全國公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍中，少數(shù)民族占10.7%，其中縣處級以上的少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員占同級公務(wù)員總數(shù)的8.3%。
Regional ethnic autonomy is an important channel for ethnic minorities to exercise their political rights. China has created the system of regional ethnic autonomy under the unitary system of government to effectively protect the democratic rights of ethnic minorities. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China, 44 have established ethnic autonomous areas. 71 percent of the ethnic minorities exercise regional autonomy, and the land area under ethnic autonomous areas accounts for 64 percent of the national territory. By the end of July 2016, ethnic autonomous areas had formulated and amended 967 autonomous regulations and separate regulations in effect, solidifying the legal foundation for ethnic minorities’ exercise of their right to development.
Heads of governments of the five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties are citizens from ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. Leaderships and functional departments of CPC committees, people’s congresses, governments, CPPCC committees at all levels in ethnic autonomous areas contain ethnic minorities, whose proportions are generally close to or higher than the percentages of ethnic minorities in the local population. By the end of 2015, ethnic minority civil servants numbered 765,000 - nearly four times the figure in 1978 – and 10.7 percent of the total number of civil servants across the country. 8.3 percent of civil servants at or above county level were ethnic minorities.
——基層民主是基層民眾維護(hù)和實(shí)現(xiàn)平等發(fā)展的有效途徑。中國建立了以農(nóng)村村民委員會、城市居民委員會為主要形式的基層群眾自治制度。在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，58.1萬個村委會98%以上實(shí)行直接選舉并制訂村規(guī)民約和村民自治章程，村民平均參選率超過95%，6億農(nóng)民參加選舉。在城市地區(qū)，全國已有社區(qū)居民委員會10萬個，社區(qū)居委會干部51.2萬名，志愿者540萬名。通過直接選舉、網(wǎng)格化管理平臺、志愿服務(wù)、聽證會、協(xié)調(diào)會、評議會、社區(qū)聯(lián)絡(luò)員、社區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇、民情信息站等多種途徑，大大拓寬了居民民主參與的空間，提高了居民的自治能力和水平，形成了中國特色的基層群眾自治制度。在企事業(yè)單位，職工代表大會制度廣泛推行。全國已建立工會的企事業(yè)單位單獨(dú)建立廠務(wù)公開制度的有464.3萬家。全國基層工會組織總數(shù)275.3萬個，工會會員總數(shù)達(dá)2.8億人，其中進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員會員總數(shù)1.09億人。截至2016年6月，全國在民政部門正式登記的社會組織共有67萬個，其中社會團(tuán)體32.9萬個，基金會5028個，民辦非企業(yè)單位33.6萬個。這些社會組織的服務(wù)與影響范圍涉及教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育、社區(qū)、環(huán)保、公益、慈善、農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)等社會生活的各個領(lǐng)域。
Grassroots democracy is an effective way for people to safeguard and realize equal right to development. China has established a system of grassroots self-governance implemented by rural villagers’ committees and urban neighborhood committees. Approximately 98 percent of the 581,000 villagers’ committees across the country practice direct election and have formulated village regulations and rules for villagers’ self-governance. The turnout rates of direct elections average 95 percent among 600 million eligible voters. The 100,000 urban neighborhood committees in China utilize the services of 512,000 staff and 5.4 million volunteers. Urban residents’ participation in democracy has been remarkably broadened and their self-governance capabilities and levels have been improved, through multiple channels, including direct elections, gridded management platforms, volunteer services, hearings, coordination meetings, appraisal meetings, community liaison, communities’ online forums, and community public concern stations, all contributing to China’s system of grassroots self-governance. The workers’ congress system has been widely applied in enterprises and public institutions. 4.64 million or 88.6 percent of enterprises and public institutions with trade unions have established separate systems for publicizing enterprise affairs. There are 2.75 million grassroots trade unions across the country, with 280 million members, including 109 million migrant workers from rural areas.
By June 2016, non-governmental organizations that had registered at offices of civil affairs numbered 670,000, including 329,000 mass organizations, 5,028 foundations, and 336,000 private non-profit units. These non-governmental organizations’ services and influence extend to education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, communities, environmental protection, public welfare, charity, rural economy and other fields of public life.
——公共參與是公民直接參與發(fā)展決策的便捷渠道。國家深入推進(jìn)民主立法，健全公眾參與立法的途徑和方式，建立委托第三方起草和由第三方居中評估的立法制度，健全法律法規(guī)規(guī)章草案公開征求意見和公眾意見采納情況反饋機(jī)制。一些地方出臺了重大行政決策程序規(guī)定，把公眾參與作為重要法定程序，明確了公眾參與行政決策的方式方法，廣泛采用公開征求意見、聽證會、座談會、問卷調(diào)查等方式。2007年，國務(wù)院公布政府信息公開條例，重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)行政審批、財政預(yù)決算、保障性住房、食品藥品安全、征地拆遷等信息的公開，使公民及時、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，保障知情權(quán)，進(jìn)行有效監(jiān)督，不斷提高政府工作透明度和執(zhí)法效能。公眾參與司法渠道逐步拓寬。目前，全國人民陪審員總數(shù)已超過22萬人。自2003年開展人民監(jiān)督員制度試點(diǎn)工作以來，截至2016年4月，共選任人民監(jiān)督員4.8萬余人次，監(jiān)督各類職務(wù)犯罪案件4.9萬余件。截至2015年年底，全國共有人民調(diào)解委員會近80萬個，人民調(diào)解員390余萬人，近8年來排查化解矛盾糾紛6700多萬件。公眾信訪渠道進(jìn)一步豐富，政治參與途徑進(jìn)一步拓寬。國家信訪信息系統(tǒng)正式開通，實(shí)現(xiàn)公民信訪網(wǎng)上投訴、辦理、評價，并開通手機(jī)信訪、微信公眾號。2015年全國網(wǎng)上信訪141萬件次，其中建議意見14萬件次。
Public participation provides citizens with ready access to decision-making processes. China has furthered democratic legislation and improved the channels and forms of public participation in legislation. Efforts have also been made to establish a system of commissioning third parties to draft legislation and evaluate the drafts, and improve the mechanisms for soliciting public opinion on drafts of laws and regulations and giving feedback on responses. Some local authorities have adopted regulations on administrative decision-making procedures for major issues, which list public participation as an important legal procedure and define the forms and methods of public participation in administrative decision-making. Open solicitation of public opinion, hearings, seminars and questionnaires are widely applied for this purpose.
In 2007, the State Council enacted Regulations on Open Government Information, emphasizing open information concerning administrative approval, financial budgets and final accounts, government-subsidized housing for the poor, food and drug safety, land appropriation, and household demolition and resettlement. The Regulations provide for prompt and accurate disclosure of government information to the public and protection of their right to know, and ensure effective scrutiny over government work while enhancing transparency in government information and efficiency in law-enforcement.
Channels of public participation in judicial processes have been steadily broadened. The number of people’s assessors has now surpassed 220,000. From 2003 when China piloted the people’s supervisor mechanism to April 2016, there were more than 48,000 people’s supervisors, who had exercised supervision over 49,000 cases of job-related crimes. By the end of 2015, there had been nearly 800,000 people’s mediation committees with more than 3.9 million people’s mediators, who had, in recent eight years, investigated and resolved more than 67 million cases of disputes.
Public complaint filing has taken on more diversified forms, further broadening the channels for public political participation. The national complaint filing system has opened to the public for online complaint filing, resolution, and result appraisal through computers, mobile phones and the social-media app WeChat’s public accounts platform. A total of 1.41 million cases were filed online in 2015, of which 140,000 were aimed at offering suggestions.
五、努力促進(jìn)文化發(fā)展
V. Promoting Cultural Progress
中國政府堅(jiān)定不移地深化文化體制改革，解放和發(fā)展文化生產(chǎn)力，積極推進(jìn)文化發(fā)展成果普惠化和文化發(fā)展機(jī)會均等化，努力保障公民文化發(fā)展權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
The Chinese government endeavors to restructure China’s cultural system, free and develop cultural productivity, so as to create equal opportunity for all citizens to enjoy benefits of cultural development and to have access to cultural development opportunities, and ensure realization of their right to cultural development.
——公共文化服務(wù)體系建設(shè)加速推進(jìn)。2015年，中國發(fā)布《關(guān)于加快構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代公共文化服務(wù)體系的意見》和《國家基本公共文化服務(wù)指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2015－2020年）》，對加快構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代公共文化服務(wù)體系，推進(jìn)基本公共文化服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均等化，以及保障人民群眾基本文化權(quán)益作出全面部署。加快公共數(shù)字文化建設(shè)，實(shí)施國家公共文化數(shù)字支撐平臺、國家數(shù)字文化網(wǎng)等一批重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。截至2015年年底，文化信息資源共享工程已建成1個國家中心、33個省級分中心、2843個市縣支中心、35719個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）基層服務(wù)點(diǎn)、70萬個村（社區(qū)）基層服務(wù)點(diǎn)。完善公共文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)，加強(qiáng)基層文化服務(wù)能力建設(shè)。截至2015年年底，全國文化系統(tǒng)共有藝術(shù)表演團(tuán)體2037個、公共圖書館3139個、文化館3315個、博物館2981個，數(shù)字圖書館推廣工程已在40個省級館、479個地市級館實(shí)施。繼續(xù)推進(jìn)公共文化設(shè)施免費(fèi)開放，各級公共美術(shù)館向公眾免費(fèi)開放，各級圖書館、文化館（站）向公眾免費(fèi)提供基本公共文化服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。通過農(nóng)村廣播電視村村通、戶戶通工程，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站工程，農(nóng)村電影放映工程，農(nóng)家書屋工程及農(nóng)村數(shù)字文化工程等惠民工程，農(nóng)村公共文化服務(wù)能力大大增強(qiáng)。
The building of a public cultural service system has been accelerated. In 2015, the Chinese government issued “Opinions on Accelerating the Building of a Modernized Public Cultural Service System” and “Guidance for National Basic Public Cultural Services (2015-2020),” presenting an all-round plan for accelerating the building of a modernized public cultural service system, promoting standard basic public cultural services and equal access, and protecting the people’s basic cultural rights and interests. China has accelerated public digital cultural programs, such as the National Public Culture Digital Platform, and the National Digital Culture Network (http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/). By the end of 2015, the National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project had completed 1 national center, 33 provincial centers, 2,843 municipal and county centers, 35,719 township and town (sub-district) stations, and 700,000 village (community) stations. China has improved the public cultural infrastructure network and increased the capacity of community-level cultural services. By the end of 2015, China had 2,037 art performance troupes, 3,139 public libraries, 3,315 cultural centers, 2,981 museums, 40 provincial digital libraries, and 479 municipal and prefectural digital libraries. Continuous efforts were made to open public cultural facilities to the public for free, including public art museums at all levels, and basic public cultural services in libraries and cultural centers (stations) at all levels. By promoting projects such as Radio and TV Programs for Each Village and Each Rural Household, Town and Township Comprehensive Cultural Centers, Rural Cinema, Rural Libraries, and Rural Digital Culture, China has greatly enhanced rural cultural service capacity.
——文學(xué)藝術(shù)、新聞出版、廣播影視和體育事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。2015年，出版各類報紙430.09億份、期刊28.78億冊、圖書86.62億冊（張），人均圖書擁有量6.32冊（張）。有線電視實(shí)際用戶達(dá)2.36億戶，其中有線數(shù)字電視實(shí)際用戶1.98億戶。年末廣播節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為98.2%，電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為98.8%。2015年，生產(chǎn)電視劇395部16560集，電視動畫片134011分鐘，故事影片686部，科教、紀(jì)錄、動畫和特種影片202部。對農(nóng)村取得電影放映收入，免征增值稅。支持小微文化企業(yè)發(fā)展，實(shí)施中西部地區(qū)縣級城市影院建設(shè)資金補(bǔ)貼政策、金融支持政策和影院建設(shè)的差別化用地政策。開展全民閱讀活動，2016“書香中國”系列活動惠及8億多人次，全社會“愛讀書、讀好書、善讀書”的閱讀氛圍更加深厚。加快體育產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，構(gòu)建政府、社會、企業(yè)共同興辦體育的格局，實(shí)施全民健身計(jì)劃，社會化全民健身組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本形成，體育健身場地設(shè)施實(shí)現(xiàn)較大幅度增加。2015年，國家下?lián)苎a(bǔ)助資金8.7億元，鼓勵大型公共體育設(shè)施免費(fèi)或低收費(fèi)開放。2014年，國家體育彩票累計(jì)銷售1746.04億元，全年共籌集公益金455.11億元。
Literature, arts, news, publishing, radio, film, television and sports are thriving. In 2015, China published more than 43 billion copies of newspapers, 2.9 billion copies of periodicals, and 8.7 billion copies of books. The number of books published per capita reached 6.32. A total of 236 million households subscribed to cable TV, including 198 million subscribers to digital cable TV. At the end of the year, the radio coverage rate was 98.2 percent of the total population, and TV coverage was 98.8 percent of the total population. In 2015, China produced 395 TV serials totaling 16,560 episodes, 134,000 minutes of TV animation, 686 feature films, and 202 popular science films, documentaries, animation and special films. China has adopted value-added tax exemption for revenues from rural cinemas. It has also given support to small and micro cultural businesses, and implemented policies offering construction subsidies, financial support and differentiated land designation for county cinemas in central and western regions. China has launched an “All People Reading” campaign nationwide. The 2016 “Literary China” series of activities has benefitted over 800 million participants, forming a congenial social atmosphere for reading. China has accelerated the development of the sports industry under a policy that has the combined support of government, society and enterprises. China has launched a nationwide fitness campaign, basically established a corresponding organizational network, and greatly increased the number of sports venues and facilities. In 2015, China allocated RMB870 million in subsidies to support large sports venues and facilities to open to the public for free or at low cost. In 2014, the sales of the National Sports Lottery reached RMB174.6 billion, and the funds raised for the public totaled RMB45.5 billion.
——少數(shù)民族地區(qū)文化事業(yè)發(fā)展迅速。國家大力支持少數(shù)民族地區(qū)文化事業(yè)發(fā)展，通過實(shí)施萬里邊疆文化長廊建設(shè)、文化信息資源共享工程等，完善民族地區(qū)公共文化服務(wù)體系。截至2015年年底，布達(dá)拉宮等9項(xiàng)分布在民族地區(qū)的自然、文化遺產(chǎn)被列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)等14項(xiàng)和羌年等4項(xiàng)少數(shù)民族項(xiàng)目分別入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織《人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄》《急需保護(hù)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》，在民族地區(qū)建成10個文化生態(tài)保護(hù)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)。在已經(jīng)公布的四批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項(xiàng)目名錄和四批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人名單中，全國共有479項(xiàng)少數(shù)民族非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項(xiàng)目、524名非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項(xiàng)目傳承人入選。全國少數(shù)民族古籍解題書目套書《中國少數(shù)民族古籍總目提要》于2014年全部出版。推進(jìn)少數(shù)民族語言文字的規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和信息處理，立項(xiàng)研制了蒙古、藏、維吾爾、哈薩克、彝等少數(shù)民族人名漢字音譯轉(zhuǎn)寫規(guī)范，建設(shè)中國少數(shù)民族瀕危語言數(shù)據(jù)庫，設(shè)立并實(shí)施“中國語言資源保護(hù)工程”。截至2015年年底，全國有54個少數(shù)民族使用80余種本民族語言，21個少數(shù)民族使用28種本民族文字，近200個廣播電臺（站）使用25種少數(shù)民族語言播音，出版民族文字圖書的各類出版社有32家，11個少數(shù)民族語言電影譯制中心可進(jìn)行17個少數(shù)民族語種、37種少數(shù)民族方言的譯制，2012－2015年共完成3000余部（次）電影的少數(shù)民族語言譯制。2015年，出版少數(shù)民族文字圖書9192種、6912萬冊（張），報紙19609萬份，期刊1245萬冊。
Cultural programs in ethnic minority areas are developing. China has vigorously supported cultural development in ethnic minority areas. Through such programs as the Frontier Cultural Corridor Project and National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project, China has improved the public cultural service system in ethnic minority areas. By the end of 2015, nine natural and cultural sites scattered in China’s ethnic minority areas, including the Potala Palace in Tibet, were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Fourteen ethnic minority arts including Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang were added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and another four, including the Qiang ethnic group’s New Year Festival, were added to the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Ten experimental zones for cultural protection in ethnic minority areas have been established. A total of 479 ethnic minority heritage items have been included in the four lists of national representative intangible cultural heritage, and 524 trustees from ethnic minority groups have been put on the four lists of national representative trustees of intangible cultural heritage. The book series of explanatory notes on ancient books of ethnic minority groups, titled Synopsis of the General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Ethnic Minority Groups of China, was published in 2014. China has promoted the regulation, standardization and computerized processing of languages and scripts of ethnic minority groups. Projects have been initiated for the research and formulation of regulations on the transliteration of personal names into standard Chinese from Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, Yi and other ethnic minority languages. China has set up databanks for ethnic minority languages on the brink of extinction, and initiated and implemented the Project for the Protection of Chinese Language Resources. By the end of 2015, a total of 54 ethnic minority groups were using more than 80 spoken languages of their own ethnic groups, and 21 ethnic minority groups were using 28 scripts of their own ethnic groups. Now nearly 200 radio stations nationwide broadcast in 25 ethnic minority languages; 32 publishing houses of various types publish books in ethnic minority languages; 11 film dubbing centers, using 17 ethnic minority languages and 37 ethnic minority dialects, finished the dubbing of movies, amounting to over 3,000 versions from 2012 to 2015. In 2015, China produced many publications in ethnic minority languages, including 69.12 million copies of 9,192 book titles, 196.09 million copies of newspapers and 12.45 million copies of periodicals.
——老年人、殘疾人和進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員等群體的文化發(fā)展受到高度重視。積極依托公共圖書館、文化館等公共文化設(shè)施開辦老年大學(xué)，創(chuàng)辦了一批示范性老年大學(xué)，滿足老年人多層次的文化需求。殘疾人參與文化體育活動的環(huán)境不斷改善。截至2015年年底，助殘志愿者聯(lián)絡(luò)站已發(fā)展到30多萬個，登記在冊助殘志愿者共計(jì)850萬人，受助殘疾人上億萬人次。頒布《國家信息化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》，加快政府網(wǎng)站信息無障礙建設(shè)，鼓勵社會力量為殘疾人提供個性化信息服務(wù)。國務(wù)院門戶網(wǎng)站設(shè)立“殘疾人服務(wù)”專欄，國家級盲文圖書館、盲人數(shù)字圖書館上線，截至2014年底全國各級公共圖書館設(shè)立盲人閱覽室1515個。截至2015年年底，全國已建成公共電子閱覽室65918 個，重?
