2016中國的航天
China’s Space Activities in 2016
中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2016年12月
December 2016
目錄
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、發(fā)展宗旨、愿景與原則
I. Purposes, Vision and Principles of Development
二、2011年以來的主要進(jìn)展
II. Major Developments Since 2011
三、未來五年的主要任務(wù)
III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years
四、發(fā)展政策與措施
IV. Policies and Measures for Development
五、國際交流與合作
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
航天是當(dāng)今世界最具挑戰(zhàn)性和廣泛帶動(dòng)性的高科技領(lǐng)域之一，航天活動(dòng)深刻改變了人類對(duì)宇宙的認(rèn)知，為人類社會(huì)進(jìn)步提供了重要?jiǎng)恿?。?dāng)前，越來越多的國家，包括廣大發(fā)展中國家將發(fā)展航天作為重要戰(zhàn)略選擇，世界航天活動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)蓬勃發(fā)展的景象。
Space activities make up one of the most challenging hi-tech fields which exert enormous impact on other fields. Space activities have greatly improved man’s knowledge of space, and provide an important driving force for social progress. Currently, more and more countries, including developing ones, are making the development of space activities an important strategic choice. Thus, space activities around the world are flourishing.
中國政府把發(fā)展航天事業(yè)作為國家整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，始終堅(jiān)持為和平目的探索和利用外層空間。中國航天事業(yè)自1956年創(chuàng)建以來，已走過60年光輝歷程，創(chuàng)造了以“兩彈一星”、載人航天、月球探測為代表的輝煌成就，走出了一條自力更生、自主創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展道路，積淀了深厚博大的航天精神。為傳承航天精神、激發(fā)創(chuàng)新熱情，中國政府決定，自2016年起，將每年4月24日設(shè)立為“中國航天日”。
The Chinese government takes the space industry as an important part of the nation’s overall development strategy, and adheres to the principle of exploration and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes. Over the past 60 years of remarkable development since its space industry was established in 1956, China has made great achievements in this sphere, including the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs, missiles, man-made satellites, manned spaceflight and lunar probe. It has opened up a path of self-reliance and independent innovation, and has created the spirit of China’s space industry. To carry forward this spirit and stimulate enthusiasm for innovation, the Chinese government set April 24 as China’s Space Day in 2016.
“探索浩瀚宇宙，發(fā)展航天事業(yè)，建設(shè)航天強(qiáng)國，是我們不懈追求的航天夢(mèng)。”未來五年及今后一個(gè)時(shí)期，中國將堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的發(fā)展理念，推動(dòng)空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用全面發(fā)展，為服務(wù)國家發(fā)展大局和增進(jìn)人類福祉作出更大貢獻(xiàn)。
“To explore the vast cosmos, develop the space industry and build China into a space power is a dream we pursue unremittingly.” In the next five years and beyond China will uphold the concepts of innovative, balanced, green, open and shared development, and promote the comprehensive development of space science, space technology and space applications, so as to contribute more to both serving national development and improving the well-being of mankind.
為進(jìn)一步增進(jìn)國際社會(huì)對(duì)中國航天事業(yè)的了解，特發(fā)表《2016中國的航天》白皮書，介紹2011年以來中國航天活動(dòng)的主要進(jìn)展、未來五年的主要任務(wù)以及國際交流與合作等情況。
To enable the world community to better understand China’s space industry, we are publishing this white paper to offer a brief introduction to the major achievements China has made in this field since 2011, its main tasks in the next five years, and its international exchanges and cooperation efforts.
一、發(fā)展宗旨、愿景與原則
I. Purposes, Vision and Principles of Development
（一）發(fā)展宗旨
1. Purposes
探索外層空間，擴(kuò)展對(duì)地球和宇宙的認(rèn)識(shí)；和平利用外層空間，促進(jìn)人類文明和社會(huì)進(jìn)步，造福全人類；滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、科技發(fā)展、國家安全和社會(huì)進(jìn)步等方面的需求，提高全民科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)，維護(hù)國家權(quán)益，增強(qiáng)綜合國力。
To explore outer space and enhance understanding of the earth and the cosmos; to utilize outer space for peaceful purposes, promote human civilization and social progress, and benefit the whole of mankind; to meet the demands of economic, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress; and to improve the scientific and cultural levels of the Chinese people, protect China’s national rights and interests, and build up its overall strength.
（二）發(fā)展愿景
1. Vision
全面建成航天強(qiáng)國，具備自主可控的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展能力、聚焦前沿的科學(xué)探索研究能力、強(qiáng)大持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展服務(wù)能力、有效可靠的國家安全保障能力、科學(xué)高效的現(xiàn)代治理能力、互利共贏的國際交流與合作能力，擁有先進(jìn)開放的航天科技工業(yè)體系、穩(wěn)定可靠的空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、開拓創(chuàng)新的人才隊(duì)伍、深厚博大的航天精神，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢(mèng)提供強(qiáng)大支撐，為人類文明進(jìn)步作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。
To build China into a space power in all respects, with the capabilities to make innovations independently, to make scientific discovery and research at the cutting edge, to promote strong and sustained economic and social development, to effectively and reliably guarantee national security, to exercise sound and efficient governance, and to carry out mutually beneficial international exchanges and cooperation; to have an advanced and open space science and technology industry, stable and reliable space infrastructure, pioneering and innovative professionals, and a rich and profound space spirit; to provide strong support for the realization of the Chinese Dream of the renewal of the Chinese nation, and make positive contributions to human civilization and progress.
（三）發(fā)展原則
1. Principles
中國發(fā)展航天事業(yè)服從和服務(wù)于國家整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新發(fā)展、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、和平發(fā)展、開放發(fā)展的原則。
China’s space industry is subject to and serves the national overall development strategy, and adheres to the principles of innovative, coordinated, peaceful and open development.
——?jiǎng)?chuàng)新發(fā)展。把自主創(chuàng)新擺在航天事業(yè)發(fā)展全局的核心位置，實(shí)施航天重大科技工程，加強(qiáng)科學(xué)探索和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，深化體制機(jī)制改革，激發(fā)創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造活力，推動(dòng)航天事業(yè)跨越發(fā)展。
– Innovative development. China takes independent innovation as the core of the development of its space industry. It implements major space science and technology projects, strengthens scientific exploration and technological innovation, deepens institutional reforms, and stimulates innovation and creativity, working to promote rapid development of the space industry.
——協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。合理配置各類資源，鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)社會(huì)力量有序參與航天發(fā)展，科學(xué)統(tǒng)籌部署各項(xiàng)航天活動(dòng)，推動(dòng)空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用全面發(fā)展，提升航天整體發(fā)展質(zhì)量和效益。
– Coordinated development. China rationally allocates various resources, encourages and guides social forces to take an orderly part in space development. All space activities are coordinated under an overall plan of the state to promote the comprehensive development of space science, space technology and space applications, and to improve the quality and efficiency of overall space development.
——和平發(fā)展。始終堅(jiān)持和平利用外層空間，反對(duì)外空武器化和外空軍備競賽，合理開發(fā)和利用空間資源，切實(shí)保護(hù)空間環(huán)境，維護(hù)一個(gè)和平、清潔的外層空間，使航天活動(dòng)造福全人類。
– Peaceful development. China always adheres to the principle of the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and opposes the weaponization of or an arms race in outer space. The country develops and utilizes space resources in a prudent manner, takes effective measures to protect the space environment to ensure a peaceful and clean outer space and guarantee that its space activities benefit the whole of mankind.
——開放發(fā)展。堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主與開放合作相結(jié)合，在平等互利、和平利用、包容發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)上，積極開展航天國際交流與合作，致力于推進(jìn)人類航天事業(yè)的共同進(jìn)步和長期可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
– Open development. China persists in combining independence and self-reliance with opening to the outside world and international cooperation. It actively engages in international exchanges and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization, and inclusive development, striving to promote progress of space industry for mankind as a whole and its long-term sustainable development.
二、2011年以來的主要進(jìn)展
II. Major Developments Since 2011
2011年以來，中國航天事業(yè)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，自主創(chuàng)新能力顯著增強(qiáng)，進(jìn)入空間能力大幅提升，空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷完善，載人航天、月球探測、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、高分辨率對(duì)地觀測系統(tǒng)等重大工程建設(shè)順利推進(jìn)，空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用取得豐碩成果。
Since 2011, China’s space industry has witnessed rapid progress manifested by markedly enhanced capacity in independent innovation and access to outer space, constant improvement in space infrastructure, smooth implementation of major projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation System and high-resolution earth observation system, and substantial achievements in space science, technology and applications.
（一）航天運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)
1.Space transportation system
2011年以來，截至2016年11月，長征系列運(yùn)載火箭共完成86次發(fā)射任務(wù)，將100多個(gè)航天器成功送入預(yù)定軌道，發(fā)射成功率達(dá)到97.67%，運(yùn)載火箭的可靠性和高密度發(fā)射能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。中國最大運(yùn)載能力新一代運(yùn)載火箭“長征五號(hào)”成功首飛，實(shí)現(xiàn)中國液體運(yùn)載火箭直徑從3.35米到5米的跨越，大幅提升“長征”系列運(yùn)載火箭運(yùn)載能力，低軌運(yùn)載能力達(dá)到25噸級(jí)，高軌運(yùn)載能力達(dá)到14噸級(jí)，成為中國運(yùn)載火箭升級(jí)換代的重要標(biāo)志。120噸級(jí)液氧煤油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)完成研制，應(yīng)用該型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的“長征六號(hào)”“長征七號(hào)”新型運(yùn)載火箭實(shí)現(xiàn)首飛，“長征十一號(hào)”固體運(yùn)載火箭成功發(fā)射，運(yùn)載火箭型譜進(jìn)一步完善。
From 2011 to November 2016, the Long March carrier rocket series completed 86 launch missions, sending over 100 spacecraft into target orbit with a success rate of 97.67 percent, indication of increasing effectiveness and high-density launching capability of carrier rockets. The Long March 5 (CZ-5), China’s newest generation of carrier rockets with a maximum carrying capacity, made its maiden flight, and increased the diameter of liquid fuel rocket from 3.35 m to 5 m, with a maximum payload capacity of about 25 tons to low earth orbit and about 14 tons to geostationary transfer orbit, significantly improving the carrying capacity of the Long March rocket family and becoming a symbol of the upgrading of China’s carrier rockets. The development of the 120-ton liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was test fired, which powered Long March 6 and Long March 7 on their maiden flights. The Long March 11, a solid-fuel carrier rocket, also made a successful maiden launch, further enriching the Long March rocket family.
（二）人造地球衛(wèi)星
1. Man-made satellites
1、對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星?！帮L(fēng)云”“海洋”“資源”“高分”“遙感”“天繪”等衛(wèi)星系列和“環(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)報(bào)小衛(wèi)星星座”進(jìn)一步完善?！帮L(fēng)云”系列氣象衛(wèi)星已形成極軌衛(wèi)星上、下午星組網(wǎng)觀測，靜止衛(wèi)星“多星在軌、統(tǒng)籌運(yùn)行、互為備份、適時(shí)加密”的業(yè)務(wù)格局?！昂Ｑ蠖?hào)”衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)海面高度、海浪和海面風(fēng)場等海洋動(dòng)力參數(shù)的全天時(shí)、全天候、高精度綜合觀測?！百Y源一號(hào)”02C星成功發(fā)射、“資源三號(hào)”01、02立體測繪衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)雙星組網(wǎng)和業(yè)務(wù)化運(yùn)行。高分辨率對(duì)地觀測系統(tǒng)建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，“高分二號(hào)”衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)亞米級(jí)光學(xué)遙感探測，“高分三號(hào)”合成孔徑雷達(dá)衛(wèi)星分辨率達(dá)到1米，“高分四號(hào)”衛(wèi)星是中國首顆地球同步軌道高分辨率對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星?！碍h(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)報(bào)小衛(wèi)星星座”C星投入運(yùn)行。采用星箭一體化設(shè)計(jì)的“快舟一號(hào)”“快舟二號(hào)”成功發(fā)射，提升了空間應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力?！凹忠惶?hào)”高分辨率商業(yè)遙感衛(wèi)星成功發(fā)射并投入商業(yè)運(yùn)營。
(1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of “multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time.” The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China’s first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China’s emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service.
2、通信廣播衛(wèi)星。全面推進(jìn)固定通信、移動(dòng)通信、數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)建設(shè)?！皝喬薄爸行恰钡认盗型ㄐ判l(wèi)星成功發(fā)射，固定業(yè)務(wù)衛(wèi)星通信保障體系基本建成，覆蓋中國國土及全球重點(diǎn)地區(qū)。首顆移動(dòng)通信衛(wèi)星“天通一號(hào)”成功發(fā)射。建成由三顆“天鏈一號(hào)”衛(wèi)星組成的第一代數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)。星地激光鏈路高速通信試驗(yàn)取得圓滿成功?！皷|方紅五號(hào)”超大型通信衛(wèi)星平臺(tái)研制進(jìn)展順利。
(2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China’s territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China’s first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly.
3、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星。北斗二號(hào)系統(tǒng)全面建成，完成14顆北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，正式向亞太地區(qū)用戶提供定位、測速、授時(shí)、廣域差分和短報(bào)文通信服務(wù)。北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)正在順利推進(jìn)。
(3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou’s global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction.
4、新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星。成功發(fā)射“實(shí)踐九號(hào)”系列衛(wèi)星等技術(shù)試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星，為新技術(shù)驗(yàn)證提供了重要手段。
(4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies.
（三）載人航天
1. Manned spaceflight
2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九號(hào)”和“神舟十號(hào)”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，與“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器分別實(shí)施自動(dòng)和手控交會(huì)對(duì)接，標(biāo)志著中國全面突破了空間交會(huì)對(duì)接技術(shù)，載人天地往返運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)首次應(yīng)用性飛行取得圓滿成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宮二號(hào)”空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室和“神舟十一號(hào)”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，形成組合體并穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行，開展了較大規(guī)模的空間科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)與技術(shù)試驗(yàn)，突破掌握了航天員中期駐留、地面長時(shí)間任務(wù)支持和保障等技術(shù)。目前，中國已突破掌握載人天地往返、空間出艙、空間交會(huì)對(duì)接、組合體運(yùn)行、航天員中期駐留等載人航天領(lǐng)域重大技術(shù)。
In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit.
（四）深空探測
1. Deep space exploration
2012年12月，“嫦娥二號(hào)”月球探測器成功實(shí)施圖塔蒂斯小行星飛越探測。2013年12月，“嫦娥三號(hào)”月球探測器首次實(shí)現(xiàn)中國航天器在地外天體軟著陸，完成月球表面巡視探測。2014年11月，月球探測工程三期再入返回飛行試驗(yàn)圓滿成功，標(biāo)志著中國完全掌握航天器以接近第二宇宙速度再入返回的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
In December 2012, the Chang’e-2 lunar probe made a successful observation trip over asteroid 4179 (Toutatis). In December 2013, the Chang’e-3 realized the first soft landing on the surface of an extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014, China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity.
通過月球探測工程任務(wù)的實(shí)施，獲取了高分辨率全月球影像圖和虹灣區(qū)域高清晰影像，開展了月球形貌、月球結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造、月面物質(zhì)成分、月表環(huán)境和近月空間環(huán)境等研究以及月基天文觀測等。
The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation.
（五）航天發(fā)射場
1. Space launch sites
2016年6月，文昌航天發(fā)射場首次執(zhí)行航天發(fā)射任務(wù)，標(biāo)志著中國自主設(shè)計(jì)建造、綠色生態(tài)環(huán)保、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新跨越的新一代航天發(fā)射場正式投入使用。開展酒泉、太原、西昌三個(gè)發(fā)射場適應(yīng)性改造，基本形成沿海內(nèi)陸相結(jié)合、高低緯度相結(jié)合、各種射向范圍相結(jié)合的航天發(fā)射場布局，能夠滿足載人飛船、空間站核心艙、深空探測器以及各類衛(wèi)星的發(fā)射需求。
In June 2016, the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites.
（六）航天測控
1. Space Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)
“天鏈一號(hào)”數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系列實(shí)現(xiàn)全球組網(wǎng)運(yùn)行，“遠(yuǎn)望七號(hào)”航天遠(yuǎn)洋測量船成功首航，深空測控站建成使用，中國航天測控布局不斷優(yōu)化，形成陸海天基一體、功能多樣、規(guī)模適度的航天測控網(wǎng)，航天器飛行控制綜合能力不斷提升，圓滿完成“神舟”系列飛船、“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器、“嫦娥”系列月球探測器以及地球軌道衛(wèi)星等為代表的各項(xiàng)航天測控任務(wù)。
The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually improved, completing the TT&C missions of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, Tiangong-1 target spacecraft, Chang’e lunar probe series and earth orbit satellites.
（七）空間應(yīng)用
1. Space applications
1、對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星地面系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用體系不斷完善，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域深化拓展，應(yīng)用水平日益提升，應(yīng)用效益持續(xù)提高。陸地、海洋、大氣衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)地面接收站基本實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)與運(yùn)行，形成高低軌道相結(jié)合、國內(nèi)外合理布局的衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)地面接收能力；統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)地面數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)、共性應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)、多層次網(wǎng)絡(luò)相結(jié)合的數(shù)據(jù)分發(fā)體系，數(shù)據(jù)處理、存檔、分發(fā)、服務(wù)和定量化應(yīng)用能力大幅提升。行業(yè)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，基本建成18個(gè)行業(yè)和2個(gè)區(qū)域應(yīng)用示范系統(tǒng)，設(shè)立26個(gè)省級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)與應(yīng)用中心。建立高分辨率對(duì)地觀測系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用綜合信息服務(wù)共享平臺(tái)，對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于行業(yè)、區(qū)域、公眾服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展提供重要支撐。
(1) Application of earth observation satellites. The ground system and applications of earth observation satellites are improving, the fields and levels in which these satellites are used are expanding and the application benefits are growing. The ground stations receiving data from land, ocean and meteorological observation satellites are operating based on comprehensive planning, a satellite data ground network with the capacity of receiving data from high- and low-orbit satellites and reasonable arrangement at home and abroad. China has also established, based on comprehensive planning, a ground data processing system for earth observation satellites, common application supporting platform, and multi-level network data distribution system, greatly increasing its ability in data processing, archiving, distribution, services provision and quantitative applications. Industrial application system building is in full swing, having completed 18 industrial and two regional application demonstration systems, and set up 26 provincial-level data and application centers. An integrated information service sharing platform for a high-resolution earth observation system has been built. Earth observation satellite data is now widely used in industrial, regional and public services for economic and social development.
2、通信廣播衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。通信衛(wèi)星測控站、信關(guān)站、上行站、標(biāo)校場等地面設(shè)施不斷完善，建成一定規(guī)模、能夠滿足相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)需要的衛(wèi)星通信網(wǎng)和衛(wèi)星廣播電視傳輸網(wǎng)，衛(wèi)星通信服務(wù)能力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)，在廣播電視、遠(yuǎn)程教育、遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮重大作用，衛(wèi)星應(yīng)急通信為防汛抗旱、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、重大突發(fā)事件處置提供重要支撐。
(2) Application of communications and broadcasting satellites. The ground facilities such as TT&C station, gateway station, uplink station and calibration field of communications satellites have been improved. A satellite communications network and satellite radio and TV network of adequate scale to meet the needs of certain services have been built, further improving the communications service ability. These applications play an important role in radio and television services, distance education and telemedicine. The emergency satellite communications system has provided important support for the fight against flood and drought, for rescue and relief work, and for handling major emergencies.
3、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。北斗系統(tǒng)服務(wù)精度和可靠性大幅提高，構(gòu)建形成自主可控、完整成熟的北斗產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈以及北斗產(chǎn)業(yè)保障、應(yīng)用推進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新三大體系，廣泛應(yīng)用于交通運(yùn)輸、海洋漁業(yè)、水文監(jiān)測、氣象預(yù)報(bào)、測繪地理信息、森林防火、通信時(shí)統(tǒng)、電力調(diào)度、救災(zāi)減災(zāi)、應(yīng)急搜救等領(lǐng)域，逐步滲透到人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)和人們生活的方方面面，為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展注入新的活力。
(3) Application of navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has significantly improved its accuracy and reliability, bringing into play an independent, controllable, complete and mature Beidou industrial chain and the three systems of Beidou industrial guarantee, application promotion and innovation. The Beidou Navigation System is widely used in transportation, maritime fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, time synchronization of communication, power dispatching, disaster reduction and relief and emergency rescue, influencing all aspects of people’s life and production, and injecting new vitality into global economic and social development.
4、航天技術(shù)成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用?！盎ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)+衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用”新業(yè)態(tài)孕育發(fā)展，為大眾生活提供更加優(yōu)質(zhì)便利的服務(wù)。通過航天技術(shù)成果的二次開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用，為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)行業(yè)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，支撐和帶動(dòng)新材料、智能制造、電子信息等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展。
(4) Transformation and application of space technology. A new business model featuring the Internet plus satellite applications is coming into being, providing more convenient and high-quality services to the public. Secondary development, transformation and applications of space technology make possible the provision of high-quality products and services to relevant industries, and help to support and propel the development of new materials, intelligent manufacturing and electronic information, among others.
（八）空間科學(xué)
1. Space science
1、空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星。成功發(fā)射暗物質(zhì)粒子探測、“實(shí)踐十號(hào)”、量子科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)等空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星，為前沿科學(xué)研究提供重要手段。
(1) Space science satellites. China has successfully launched the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10 and Quantum Science Experiment Satellite, offering important means for frontier scientific research.
2、空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。利用空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星、“嫦娥”探測器、“神舟”系列飛船和“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器等，開展一系列空間科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，深化了空間微重力和強(qiáng)輻射條件下生物生長、材料制備等機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)，取得了一批有影響力的研究成果。
(2) Space environment scientific experiments. China has carried out a series of space science experiments using space science satellites, Chang’e lunar probe, Shenzhou spacecraft series and Tiangong-1 target aircraft, deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biological growth and materials preparation under the conditions of space microgravity and intense radiation, and achieving some influential research findings.
3、空間環(huán)境探測與預(yù)報(bào)。利用空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星、“神舟”系列飛船等，積累空間環(huán)境主要參數(shù)及其效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)，為航天器安全運(yùn)行提供空間環(huán)境監(jiān)測與預(yù)報(bào)服務(wù)。
(3) Space environment detection and forecast. China has identified the space environment’s major parameters and effects using space science satellites and the Shenzhou spacecraft series to provide space environmental monitoring and forecasting services for the safe operation of spacecraft.
（九）空間碎片
1. Space debris
空間碎片監(jiān)測、預(yù)警、減緩及防護(hù)技術(shù)體系逐步完善，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系不斷健全。空間碎片監(jiān)測預(yù)警實(shí)現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)化運(yùn)行，為在軌航天器安全運(yùn)行提供有力保障；防護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)取得突破，開展航天器空間碎片防護(hù)工程應(yīng)用；全面實(shí)施“長征”系列運(yùn)載火箭末級(jí)鈍化，對(duì)廢棄航天器采取有效離軌處置措施，切實(shí)保護(hù)空間環(huán)境。
China has improved the monitoring and mitigation of and early warning and protection against space debris. It has also enhanced standards and regulations in this regard. The monitoring of and early warning against space debris have been put into regular operation, ensuring the safe operation of spacecraft in orbit. China has also made breakthroughs in protection design technologies, applying them to the protection projects of spacecraft against space debris. In addition, all Long March carrier rockets have upper stage passivation, and discarded spacecraft are moved out of orbit to protect the space environment.
三、未來五年的主要任務(wù)
III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years
未來五年，中國將加快航天強(qiáng)國建設(shè)步伐，持續(xù)提升航天工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)能力，加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和前沿技術(shù)研究，繼續(xù)實(shí)施載人航天、月球探測、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、高分辨率對(duì)地觀測系統(tǒng)、新一代運(yùn)載火箭等重大工程，啟動(dòng)實(shí)施一批新的重大科技項(xiàng)目和重大工程，基本建成空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系，拓展空間應(yīng)用深度和廣度，深入開展空間科學(xué)研究，推動(dòng)空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用全面發(fā)展。
In the next five years, China plans to expedite the development of its space endeavors by continuing to enhance the basic capacities of its space industry, strengthen research into key and cutting-edge technologies, and implement manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, high-resolution earth observation system, new-generation launch vehicles and other important projects. Furthermore, the country is to launch new key scientific and technological programs and major projects, complete, by and large, its space infrastructure system, expand its space applications in breadth and depth, and further conduct research into space science, promoting the integrated development of space science, technology and applications.
（一）航天運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)
1. Space transport system
研制發(fā)射無毒無污染中型運(yùn)載火箭，完善新一代運(yùn)載火箭型譜，進(jìn)一步提升可靠性。
We will develop and launch medium-lift launch vehicles which are non-toxic and pollution-free, improve the new-generation launch vehicle family, and enhance their reliability.
開展重型運(yùn)載火箭關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和方案深化論證，突破重型運(yùn)載火箭總體、大推力液氧煤油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、氫氧發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，啟動(dòng)重型運(yùn)載火箭工程實(shí)施。
Endeavors will be made to research key technologies and further study the plans for developing heavy-lift launch vehicles. Breakthroughs are expected in key technologies for the overall system, high-thrust liquid oxygen and kerosene engines, and oxygen and hydrogen engines of such launch vehicles. Thereafter the heavy-lift launch vehicle project will be activated.
開展低成本運(yùn)載火箭、新型上面級(jí)、天地往返可重復(fù)使用運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)等技術(shù)研究。
China will conduct research into the technologies for low-cost launch vehicles, new upper stage and the reusable space transportation system between the earth and low-earth orbit.
（二）空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
1. Space infrastructure
提升衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)水平和基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品能力，構(gòu)建形成衛(wèi)星遙感、衛(wèi)星通信廣播、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位三大系統(tǒng)，建設(shè)天地一體化信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，基本建成空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系，形成連續(xù)穩(wěn)定的業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)能力，促進(jìn)衛(wèi)星及應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。
China is to improve its satellite systems and their basic related items, develop the three major satellite systems of remote-sensing, communications and broadcasting, and navigation and positioning, and build a space-ground integrated information network. In this way, a space infrastructure system capable of providing steady and sustained services will take shape, boosting the satellite and related applications industrial sector.
1、衛(wèi)星遙感系統(tǒng)。按照一星多用、多星組網(wǎng)、多網(wǎng)協(xié)同的發(fā)展思路，發(fā)展陸地觀測、海洋觀測、大氣觀測3個(gè)系列，研制發(fā)射高分辨率多模式光學(xué)觀測、L波段差分干涉合成孔徑雷達(dá)、陸地生態(tài)碳監(jiān)測、大氣環(huán)境激光探測、海洋鹽度探測、新一代海洋水色觀測等衛(wèi)星，逐步形成高、中、低空間分辨率合理配置、多種觀測手段優(yōu)化組合的綜合高效全球觀測和數(shù)據(jù)獲取能力。統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)和完善遙感衛(wèi)星接收站網(wǎng)、定標(biāo)與真實(shí)性檢驗(yàn)場、數(shù)據(jù)中心、共享網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)和共性應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)，形成衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)全球接收服務(wù)能力。
(1) Satellite remote-sensing system. In accordance with the policy guideline for developing multi-functional satellites, and creating networks of satellites and integrating them, we will focus on three series of satellites for observing the land, ocean and atmosphere, respectively. China is to develop and launch satellites capable of high-resolution multi-mode optical observation, L-band differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging, carbon monitoring of the territorial ecosystem, atmospheric Lidar detection, ocean salinity detection and new-type ocean color observation. We will take steps to build our capabilities of highly efficient, comprehensive global observation and data acquisition with a rational allocation of low-, medium- and high-spatial resolution technologies, and an optimized combination of multiple observation methods. China will make overall construction and improvement on remote-sensing satellite receiving station networks, calibration and validation fields, data centers, data-sharing platforms and common application supporting platforms to provide remote-sensing satellite data receiving services across the world.
2、衛(wèi)星通信廣播系統(tǒng)。面向行業(yè)及市場應(yīng)用，以商業(yè)模式為主，保障公益需求，發(fā)展固定通信廣播、移動(dòng)通信廣播、數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星，建設(shè)由高軌寬帶、低軌移動(dòng)衛(wèi)星等天基系統(tǒng)和關(guān)口站等地基系統(tǒng)組成的天地一體化信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，同步建設(shè)測控站、信關(guān)站、上行站、標(biāo)校場等地面設(shè)施，形成寬帶通信、固定通信、電視直播、移動(dòng)通信、移動(dòng)多媒體廣播業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)能力，逐步建成覆蓋全球、與地面通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)融合的衛(wèi)星通信廣播系統(tǒng)。
(2) Satellite communications and broadcasting system. This system is oriented toward industrial and market applications, and mainly operates through business models while meeting public welfare needs. China will develop both fixed and mobile communications and broadcasting as well as data relay satellites, build a space-ground integrated information network consisting of space-based systems such as high-earth-orbit broadband satellite systems and low-earth-orbit mobile satellite systems, and ground-based systems such as satellite-access stations. TT&C stations, gateway stations, uplink stations, calibration fields and other satellite ground facilities are to be built synchronously. These efforts are expected to bring about a comprehensive system capable of providing broadband communications, fixed communications, direct-broadcast television, mobile communications and mobile multimedia broadcast services. A global satellite communications and broadcasting system integrated with the ground communications network will be established step by step.
3、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。持續(xù)提升北斗二號(hào)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)性能。繼續(xù)開展北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，計(jì)劃于2018年面向“一帶一路”沿線及周邊國家提供基本服務(wù)；2020年前后，完成35顆衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，為全球用戶提供服務(wù)；持續(xù)統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)北斗地基、星基增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，為各類用戶提供更高精度、更為可靠的服務(wù)。
(3) Satellite navigation system. China is to continuously enhance the service capacities of the Beidou-2. With sustained efforts in building the Beidou global system, we plan to start providing basic services to countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-century Maritime Silk Road in 2018, form a network consisting of 35 satellites for global services by 2020, and provide all clients with more accurate and more reliable services through advancing the ground-based and satellite-based augmentation systems in an integrated way.
（三）載人航天
1. Manned spaceflight
發(fā)射“天舟一號(hào)”貨運(yùn)飛船，與在軌運(yùn)行的“天宮二號(hào)”空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行交會(huì)對(duì)接，突破和掌握貨物運(yùn)輸和補(bǔ)給等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，為空間站建造和運(yùn)營積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
China plans to launch the Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft to dock with the earth-orbiting Tiangong-2 space laboratory, and research and master key technologies for cargo transport and replenishment to accumulate experience in building and operating a space station.
完成空間站各艙段主要研制工作，開展空間站在軌組裝建造和運(yùn)營。
We aim to complete the main research and development work on the space station modules, and start assembly and operation of the space station.
開展關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和相關(guān)技術(shù)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證，提升載人航天能力，為載人探索開發(fā)地月空間奠定基礎(chǔ)。
We strive to acquire key technologies and conduct experiments on such technologies to raise our manned spaceflight capacity, laying a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.
（四）深空探測
1. Deep-space exploration
繼續(xù)實(shí)施月球探測工程，突破探測器地外天體自動(dòng)采樣返回技術(shù)。2017年年底，發(fā)射“嫦娥五號(hào)”月球探測器，實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域軟著陸及采樣返回，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)月球探測工程“三步走”戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。2018年前后，發(fā)射“嫦娥四號(hào)”月球探測器，實(shí)現(xiàn)人類探測器在月球背面首次軟著陸，開展原位和巡視探測，以及地月L2點(diǎn)中繼通信。通過月球探測工程的實(shí)施，開展月表形貌探測和地質(zhì)勘察，對(duì)月球樣品進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究；開展月球背面著陸區(qū)地質(zhì)特征探測與研究，以及低頻射電天文觀測與研究，深化對(duì)月球成因和演化的認(rèn)知。
China will continue its lunar exploration project, and strive to attain the automated extraterrestrial sampling and returning technology by space explorers. We plan to fulfill the three strategic steps of “orbiting, landing and returning” for the lunar exploration project by launching the Chang’ e-5 lunar probe by the end of 2017 and realizing regional soft landing, sampling and return. We will launch the Chang’e-4 lunar probe around 2018 to achieve mankind’s first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and conduct in situ and roving detection and relay communications at earth-moon L2 point. Through the lunar exploration project, topographic and geological surveys will be implemented and laboratory research conducted on lunar samples; geological survey and research as well as low-frequency radio astronomy observation and research will be carried out targeting the landing area on the far side of the moon for a better understanding of the formation and evolution of the moon.
實(shí)施中國首次火星探測任務(wù)，突破火星環(huán)繞、著陸、巡視探測等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。2020年發(fā)射首顆火星探測器，實(shí)施環(huán)繞和巡視聯(lián)合探測。開展火星采樣返回、小行星探測、木星系及行星穿越探測等的方案深化論證和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)，適時(shí)啟動(dòng)工程實(shí)施，研究太陽系起源與演化、地外生命信息探尋等重大科學(xué)問題。
China intends to execute its first Mars exploration operation, and grasp key technologies for orbiting, landing and roving exploration. It plans to launch the first Mars probe by 2020 to carry out orbiting and roving exploration. It will conduct further studies and key technological research on the bringing back of samples from Mars, asteroid exploration, exploration of the Jupiter system and planet fly-by exploration. When conditions allow, related projects will be implemented to conduct research into major scientific questions such as the origin and evolution of the solar system, and search for extraterrestrial life.
（五）航天新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)
1. Experiments on new space technologies
開展新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證，為航天發(fā)展提供技術(shù)支撐。
China is to perform experiments on new space technologies to provide solid technological support for its space industry.
研制發(fā)射“實(shí)踐十三號(hào)”、“實(shí)踐十七號(hào)”、“實(shí)踐十八號(hào)”、全球二氧化碳監(jiān)測等技術(shù)試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星，開展新型電推進(jìn)、激光通信、新一代通信衛(wèi)星公用平臺(tái)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。啟動(dòng)空間飛行器在軌服務(wù)與維護(hù)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，利用多種資源，開展新原理、新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品在軌試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
China will develop and launch technology experiment satellites, including the Shijian-13, Shijian-17 and Shijian-18, and a global carbon dioxide monitoring satellite, and conduct experiments on key technologies for new electric propulsion, laser communications and common platforms of new-generation communications satellites. It plans to build in-orbit servicing and maintenance systems for spacecraft and make in-orbit experiments on new theories, technologies and products by tapping various resources.
（六）航天發(fā)射場
1. Space launch sites
完善現(xiàn)有航天發(fā)射場系統(tǒng)，統(tǒng)籌開展地面設(shè)施設(shè)備可靠性增長、適應(yīng)性改造和信息化建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)發(fā)射場任務(wù)互補(bǔ)和備份能力，初步具備開展多樣化發(fā)射任務(wù)的能力。探索推進(jìn)開放共享的航天發(fā)射場建設(shè)，形成分工合理、優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)、有機(jī)銜接、安全可靠的新型航天發(fā)射體系，持續(xù)提升發(fā)射場綜合能力和效益，滿足各類發(fā)射任務(wù)需求。
China will improve its existing space launch sites by raising the reliability and IT application level and conducting adaptive improvements to ground facilities and equipment, and increasing the complementarity of mission enforcement and backup capacities of space launch sites, equipping them with basic capacities to carry out various launch missions. It will explore and advance the building of space launch sites that are open to cooperation and sharing, form a new space launch system featuring rational division of work, mutual complementarity, smooth coordination, security and reliability. The integrated capacities and functions of space launch sites will be enhanced and exploited to meet various needs.
（七）航天測控
1. Space TT&C
完善現(xiàn)有航天測控系統(tǒng)，建設(shè)運(yùn)行第二代中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)，提高航天器測定軌精度，提升在軌航天器測控管理能力，加強(qiáng)測控資源綜合運(yùn)用，提升航天測控資源運(yùn)行使用效益，構(gòu)建安全可靠、響應(yīng)迅速、接入靈活、運(yùn)行高效、服務(wù)廣泛的天地一體化航天測控體系。探索發(fā)展商業(yè)航天測控系統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)新服務(wù)模式，加強(qiáng)國際合作和測控聯(lián)網(wǎng)，構(gòu)建開放共享的航天測控服務(wù)新格局。
China will enhance its existing space TT&C systems. It aims to build and operate a second-generation relay satellite system, raise the accuracy of the orbit determination process for spacecraft, improve its TT&C capabilities in managing in-orbit spacecraft, and strengthen integrated and efficient utilization of TT&C resources, to build a space-ground integrated TT&C network featuring security, reliability, quick response, flexible access, efficient operation and diverse services. It plans to explore the development of commercial TT&C systems, seek new service modes, and intensify international cooperation and networking in the field of TT&C, forming a new TT&C service pattern marked by openness and sharing.
（八）空間應(yīng)用
1. Space applications
健全空間應(yīng)用服務(wù)體系，面向行業(yè)、區(qū)域和公眾服務(wù)，大力拓展空間信息綜合應(yīng)用，加強(qiáng)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化和市場推廣，提高空間應(yīng)用規(guī)?；?、業(yè)務(wù)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平，服務(wù)國家安全、國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展。
China will improve its space application service system oriented toward industries, regions and the public, expand integrated application of space information, and improve the application and marketing of scientific and technological results. Consequently, the scale, operational standards and industrialization level of space applications will be raised to serve national security and national economic and social development.
1、行業(yè)應(yīng)用。圍繞全球測繪地理信息資源獲取、資源開發(fā)與環(huán)境保護(hù)、海洋開發(fā)管理與權(quán)益維護(hù)、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與應(yīng)急反應(yīng)、全球氣候變化治理、糧食安全、社會(huì)管理與公共服務(wù)等需求，強(qiáng)化空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施綜合應(yīng)用，提供及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、穩(wěn)定的空間信息服務(wù)，提升業(yè)務(wù)化服務(wù)能力。
(1) Industrial applications. In view of the need for global land surveying and geographic information acquisition, resource development and environmental protection, maritime development and management, and the protection of related rights and interests, natural disaster prevention and reduction and emergency response, global climate change control, food security, social management and public services, China plans to consolidate the integrated application of space infrastructure, and enhance its ability to provide timely, accurate and steady services.
2、區(qū)域應(yīng)用。面向區(qū)域城市規(guī)劃、建設(shè)、運(yùn)行管理和社會(huì)服務(wù)需求，開展新型城鎮(zhèn)化布局、“智慧城市”“智慧交通”等衛(wèi)星綜合應(yīng)用，服務(wù)東、中、西、東北地區(qū)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、京津冀協(xié)同發(fā)展、長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶建設(shè)，以及其他區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)與國家精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧工作的銜接，針對(duì)“老少邊窮”地區(qū)和海島等開展空間信息服務(wù)。
(2) Regional applications. In view of the need for regional urban planning, construction, operation management and social services, China will develop comprehensive satellite applications, such as new urbanization layout, and smart towns and smart transport applications, to serve the coordinated development of the eastern, central, western, northeastern parts of the country, collaborated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, building of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and economic and social development of other regions in China. In addition, China will intensify its services oriented toward the nationally targeted poverty alleviation and eradication, and operate space information services targeting old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minorities regions, frontier areas, poverty-stricken areas and islands in the sea.
3、公眾服務(wù)。面向智慧旅游、廣播電視、遠(yuǎn)程教育、遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療、文化傳播等大眾信息消費(fèi)與服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，開發(fā)衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用智能終端、可穿戴電子設(shè)備等，加強(qiáng)空間信息融合應(yīng)用，大力推進(jìn)空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展，培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)。
(3) Public services. Aiming at public information consumption and services, including smart tourism, broadcasting and TV, distance learning, telemedicine, and cultural communication, China is determined to develop smart terminals of satellite applications and wearable electronics, improve space information fusion applications, and advance the industrialization of space applications, fostering new growth points for the national economy.
（九）空間科學(xué)
1. Space science
面向重大科技前沿，遴選并啟動(dòng)實(shí)施一批新的空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星項(xiàng)目，建立可持續(xù)發(fā)展的空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星系列，加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)用研究，在空間科學(xué)前沿領(lǐng)域取得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)和突破，深化人類對(duì)宇宙的認(rèn)知。
Targeting major frontier areas of space science and technology, China will implement a series of new space science satellite programs, establish a series of space science satellites featuring sustainable development, and reinforce basic application research. Major discoveries and breakthroughs are expected in the frontier areas of space science to further mankind’s knowledge of the universe.
1、空間天文與空間物理。利用暗物質(zhì)粒子探測衛(wèi)星，探測宇宙高能電子及高能伽馬射線，探尋暗物質(zhì)存在的證據(jù)。發(fā)射硬X射線調(diào)制望遠(yuǎn)鏡，研究致密天體和黑洞強(qiáng)引力場中物質(zhì)動(dòng)力學(xué)和高能輻射過程。綜合利用相關(guān)資源，開展太陽風(fēng)與磁層大尺度結(jié)構(gòu)和相互作用模式、磁層亞暴變化過程響應(yīng)等研究。
(1) Space astronomy and space physics. China will seek evidence of the existence of dark matter by using dark matter particle exploration satellites to detect high-energy electrons and high-energy gamma rays in the universe. It plans to launch a hard X-ray modulation telescope to study the matter dynamics and high-energy radiation processes in the strong gravitational field of compact celestial bodies and black holes. Relevant resources will be brought into play for research into large-scale structure and interaction models of solar wind and the magnetosphere, and response to magnetospheric substorm change process.
2、空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。利用“實(shí)踐十號(hào)”返回式科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星、“嫦娥”探測器、“神舟”系列飛船、“天宮二號(hào)”空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室、“天舟一號(hào)”貨運(yùn)飛船等平臺(tái)，開展空間環(huán)境下的生物、生命、醫(yī)學(xué)、材料等方面的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究。
(2) Scientific experiments in space. The Shijian-10 recoverable satellite, Chang’e probes, Shenzhou spacecraft, Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft are to be used to implement scientific experiments and research in biology, life sciences, medicine and materials in the space environment.
3、量子科學(xué)空間實(shí)驗(yàn)。利用量子科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星，開展空間尺度上的量子密鑰傳輸、量子糾纏分發(fā)及量子隱形傳態(tài)等量子科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究。
(3) Quantum experiments in space. Quantum experiment satellites are to be used to conduct experiments and research in the fields of quantum key transmission, quantum entanglement distribution, and quantum teleportation.
4、基礎(chǔ)理論及科學(xué)應(yīng)用研究。開展日地空間環(huán)境、空間天氣、太陽活動(dòng)及其對(duì)空間天氣影響等領(lǐng)域基礎(chǔ)研究。開展空間科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科研究。發(fā)展基于X射線屬性特征、高能電子和伽馬射線能量與空間分布、空間物理環(huán)境、地外天體、地球電磁場及電離層等科學(xué)探測數(shù)據(jù)綜合分析技術(shù)，促進(jìn)空間科學(xué)成果轉(zhuǎn)化。
(4) Basic and applied research. China will carry out basic research into sun-earth space environment, space climate, and solar activity and its impact on space climate, and implement space-related interdisciplinary research as well. Comprehensive techniques will be developed for analyzing data from space observations on the properties of X-rays, the energy spectrum and spatial distribution of high-energy electrons and high-energy gamma rays, space physics, extraterrestrial celestial bodies, and the earth’s electromagnetic field and ionosphere, to promote the application of space research findings.
（十）空間環(huán)境
1. Space environment
完善空間碎片、近地小天體和空間天氣相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系。建立完善空間碎片基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)庫和共享數(shù)據(jù)模型，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)空間碎片監(jiān)測設(shè)施、預(yù)警應(yīng)急平臺(tái)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，強(qiáng)化資源綜合利用。進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)航天器防護(hù)能力。完善空間環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，構(gòu)建預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào)平臺(tái)，提升空間環(huán)境監(jiān)測及災(zāi)害預(yù)警能力。論證建設(shè)近地小天體監(jiān)測設(shè)施，提升近地小天體監(jiān)測和編目能力。
China will improve the standardization system for space debris, near-earth objects and space climate. It will enhance the space debris basic database and data-sharing model, and advance the development of space debris monitoring facilities, the early warning and emergency response platform and the online service system, through reinforcing integrated utilization of resources. The protection systems of spacecraft will be further strengthened. Furthermore, efforts will be made to improve the space environment monitoring system and to build a disaster early warning and prediction platform to raise our preventative capability. It will conduct studies on the building of facilities for monitoring near-earth objects, and put the plan into operation to elevate our capability to monitor and catalog such objects.
四、發(fā)展政策與措施
IV. Policies and Measures for Development
中國政府積極制定實(shí)施發(fā)展航天事業(yè)的政策與措施，提供有力政策保障，營造良好發(fā)展環(huán)境，推動(dòng)航天事業(yè)持續(xù)健康快速發(fā)展。
The Chinese government has formulated policies and measures to support the space industry and create favorable conditions for its sustainable, sound and rapid development.
中國國家航天局是中華人民共和國負(fù)責(zé)民用航天管理及國際空間合作的政府機(jī)構(gòu)，履行政府相應(yīng)的管理職責(zé)。
The China National Space Administration is the government agency in charge of China’s civil space activities and international space cooperation, and performs corresponding functions of administration.
（一）科學(xué)部署各項(xiàng)航天活動(dòng)
1. Space activities rationally arranged
優(yōu)先安排空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)及應(yīng)用，積極支持空間探索和空間科學(xué)研究，持續(xù)提升進(jìn)入和利用空間能力，不斷增強(qiáng)空間安全保障能力。
Priority is given to the construction and application of space infrastructure, alongside support for space exploration and space science research, in China’s ongoing efforts to expand its capacity to enter and utilize space and enhance guarantee for space security.
（二）大幅提升航天創(chuàng)新能力
1. Space innovation greatly enhanced
實(shí)施一批航天重大工程和重大科技項(xiàng)目，推動(dòng)航天科技跨越發(fā)展，帶動(dòng)國家科技整體躍升。
A number of major projects and scientific and technological programs have been implemented to promote significant progress of space science and technology, and enhance the overall level of China’s science and technology.
明確各類創(chuàng)新主體功能定位，建立政產(chǎn)學(xué)研用一體的航天協(xié)同創(chuàng)新體系，構(gòu)建航天技術(shù)創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟和產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟，圍繞產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈打造創(chuàng)新鏈。
The roles of various players are clearly defined in the formation of a framework of innovation featuring the coordinated efforts of the government, enterprises, universities, research institutions and consumers, and the creation of technical and industrial innovation partnerships, so as to shape a chain of innovation to match the overall industrial chain.
推動(dòng)建設(shè)航天領(lǐng)域研究基地（平臺(tái)），超前部署戰(zhàn)略性、基礎(chǔ)性、前瞻性科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，大幅提升原始創(chuàng)新能力，打造國家科技創(chuàng)新高地。
Efforts are being made to build a space research base and plan in advance strategic, fundamental and forward-looking research projects to tackle key technical problems, so as to substantially increase China’s capacity for original innovation and create a state-of-art platform in this field.
加強(qiáng)航天技術(shù)二次開發(fā)，推動(dòng)航天科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用，輻射帶動(dòng)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
The customization development of space technologies has been enhanced to put research findings into industrial production and lead national economic development.
（三）全面推動(dòng)航天工業(yè)能力轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)
1. Space industry capacity transformed and upgraded
構(gòu)建基于系統(tǒng)集成商、專業(yè)承包商、市場供應(yīng)商和公共服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，根植于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)、融合開放的航天科研生產(chǎn)組織體系。
Efforts are constantly being made to build an integrated and open system comprising system integrators, specialized contractors, market suppliers and public service providers, based on the national economy and covering all links from scientific research to production.
實(shí)施強(qiáng)基工程，突破關(guān)鍵材料、核心零部件、先進(jìn)工藝等基礎(chǔ)瓶頸，強(qiáng)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、計(jì)量等體系建設(shè)。
A project to reinforce space science infrastructure has got off the ground with the goal of removing the basic bottlenecks and obstacles concerning key materials, core spare parts and advanced technology, and improving such systems as standards and measurements.
加快推進(jìn)工業(yè)化與信息化的深度融合，實(shí)現(xiàn)航天工業(yè)能力向數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、智能化轉(zhuǎn)型。
Information technology has been further applied to make space industry capacity more digitalized, Internet- and artificial intelligence-based.
（四）加快發(fā)展衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)
1. Satellite application industry accelerated
完善衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策，健全國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與質(zhì)量體系，建立健全衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)共享等配套機(jī)制，完善衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)和資源共享平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)和資源共享共用，形成衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的良好環(huán)境，提升衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用整體效益。
Industrial policies related to satellite application, and national standards and quality systems have been improved. Supportive mechanisms for satellite data sharing have been established and improved, and platforms for sharing satellite data and resources upgraded to create a satisfactory environment for the satellite application industry and boost the overall performance of satellite application.
培育衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)集群和應(yīng)用市場，完善衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星融合應(yīng)用技術(shù)開發(fā)，推動(dòng)衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新興產(chǎn)業(yè)融合發(fā)展，打造新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)、新業(yè)態(tài)，培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)，助力“大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新”。
Industrial clusters and markets for satellite application are being cultivated to improve the industrial chain. Development for integration application of satellite technologies is being encouraged to promote the integrated development of satellite application with the Internet, big data, Internet of Things and other emerging industries, so as to create new products, new technologies, new modes of business and new points of growth, and give impetus to the mass entrepreneurship and innovation.
（五）著力加強(qiáng)法律法規(guī)體系建設(shè)
1. Relevant legislative work strengthened
加快推進(jìn)以航天法立法為核心的法制航天建設(shè)，研究制定空間數(shù)據(jù)與應(yīng)用管理?xiàng)l例、宇航產(chǎn)品與技術(shù)出口管理?xiàng)l例等法規(guī)，完善航天發(fā)射項(xiàng)目許可管理、空間物體登記管理、科研生產(chǎn)許可管理等法規(guī)，依法指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范各類航天活動(dòng)，為航天強(qiáng)國建設(shè)提供有力法制保障。
Efforts have been made to accelerate the formation of a legal system centering on the legislation of a national law to govern the space industry, including studying and formulating regulations on space data and their application management, the management of the export of astronautic products and technologies. The regulations in force on permits for space launch projects, registration of space-related items, and permits for scientific and technological research and production have been improved to guide and regulate various space-related activities in accordance with the law, which provides legal guarantee for building China’s space industry.
加強(qiáng)國際空間法研究，積極參與外空國際規(guī)則制定。
China has undertaken studies of international space law, and actively participated in the formulation of international rules regarding outer space.
（六）健全完善航天多元化投入體系
1. System of diverse funding improved
進(jìn)一步明確政府投資范圍，優(yōu)化政府投資安排方式，規(guī)范政府投資管理，保持政府對(duì)航天活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)支持的持續(xù)穩(wěn)定。
The scope of government investment is being clearly specified, the way in which such investment is arranged is optimized and investment management is regulated, and sustainable and steady government financial support for space activities is guaranteed.
進(jìn)一步完善準(zhǔn)入和退出機(jī)制，建立航天投資項(xiàng)目清單管理制度，鼓勵(lì)引導(dǎo)民間資本和社會(huì)力量有序參與航天科研生產(chǎn)、空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、空間信息產(chǎn)品服務(wù)、衛(wèi)星運(yùn)營等航天活動(dòng)，大力發(fā)展商業(yè)航天。
The mechanism for market access and withdrawal has been improved. A list of investment projects in the space industry has been introduced for better management in this regard. Non-governmental capital and other social sectors are encouraged to participate in space-related activities, including scientific research and production, space infrastructure, space information products and services, and use of satellites to increase the level of commercialization of the space industry.
推動(dòng)政府與社會(huì)資本合作，完善政府購買航天產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)機(jī)制。
The government has increased its cooperation with private investors, and the mechanism for government procurement of astronautic products and services has been improved.
（七）加快建設(shè)高水平航天人才隊(duì)伍
1. Training of professionals for the space industry strengthened
完善人才培養(yǎng)、評(píng)價(jià)、流動(dòng)、激勵(lì)等機(jī)制，依托重大工程和重大項(xiàng)目，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略科學(xué)家、科技領(lǐng)軍人才、企業(yè)家人才和高技能人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，培養(yǎng)國際合作專業(yè)人才，形成一支結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)優(yōu)良的航天人才隊(duì)伍。
The mechanisms related to the training, assessment, flow of and incentives for professional personnel are being improved in an effort to form a well-structured contingent of highly qualified personnel in the course of construction of important projects and major programs, which consists of strategic scientists, leading researchers and technicians, entrepreneurs and high-caliber professionals, as well as experts in international cooperation.
（八）大力開展航天科普教育
1. Knowledge about space science disseminated
積極組織開展“中國航天日”系列活動(dòng)，并充分利用“世界空間周”“全國科技活動(dòng)周”等平臺(tái)，大力開展航天科普教育，普及航天知識(shí)，宣傳航天文化，弘揚(yáng)航天精神，激發(fā)全民尤其是青少年崇尚科學(xué)、探索未知、敢于創(chuàng)新的熱情，吸引更多的優(yōu)秀人才投身航天事業(yè)。
Events have been organized around “China Space Day,” “World Space Week” and “Science and Technology Week” to disseminate knowledge and culture about space, promote the “Spirit of the Manned Space Program,” inspire the nation, especially its young people, to develop an interest in science, explore the unknown and make innovations, and attract more people into China’s space industry.
五、國際交流與合作
V. International Exchanges and Cooperation
中國政府認(rèn)為，和平探索、開發(fā)和利用外層空間及其天體是世界各國都享有的平等權(quán)利。世界各國開展外空活動(dòng)，應(yīng)有助于各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步，應(yīng)有助于人類的和平與安全、生存與發(fā)展。
The Chinese government holds that all countries in the world have equal rights to peacefully explore, develop and utilize outer space and its celestial bodies, and that all countries’ outer space activities should be beneficial to their economic development and social progress, and to the peace, security, survival and development of mankind.
國際空間合作應(yīng)遵循聯(lián)合國《關(guān)于各國探索和利用包括月球和其他天體在內(nèi)外層空間活動(dòng)的原則條約》及《關(guān)于開展探索和利用外層空間的國際合作，促進(jìn)所有國家的福利和利益，并特別要考慮到發(fā)展中國家的需要的宣言》中提出的基本原則。中國主張?jiān)谄降然ダ⒑推嚼?、包容發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，加強(qiáng)國際空間交流與合作。
International space cooperation should adhere to the fundamental principles stated in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interests of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries. China maintains that international exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization and inclusive development.
（一）基本政策
1. Fundamental policies
中國政府在開展國際空間交流與合作中，采取以下基本政策：
The Chinese government has adopted the following fundamental policies with regard to international space exchanges and cooperation:
——支持在聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)內(nèi)開展和平利用外層空間的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
– Supporting activities regarding the peaceful use of outer space within the framework of the United Nations;
——支持政府間、非政府間空間組織為促進(jìn)航天事業(yè)發(fā)展所開展的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
– Supporting all inter-governmental and non-governmental space organizations’ activities that promote development of the space industry;
——加強(qiáng)基于共同目標(biāo)、服務(wù)“一帶一路”建設(shè)的雙邊和多邊合作。
– Strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation which is based on common goals and serves the Belt and Road Initiative;
——支持亞太空間合作組織在區(qū)域性空間合作中發(fā)揮重要作用，重視在金磚國家合作機(jī)制、上海合作組織框架下開展空間合作。
– Supporting the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization to play an important role in regional space cooperation, and attaching importance to space cooperation under the BRICS cooperation mechanism and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
——鼓勵(lì)和支持國內(nèi)科研機(jī)構(gòu)、工業(yè)企業(yè)、高等院校和社會(huì)團(tuán)體，在國家有關(guān)政策和法規(guī)的指導(dǎo)下，開展多層次、多形式的國際空間交流與合作。
– Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic scientific research institutes, industrial enterprises, institutions of higher learning and social organizations to develop international space exchanges and cooperation in diverse forms and at various levels under the guidance of relevant state policies, laws and regulations.
（二）2011年以來的主要活動(dòng)
1. Major events
2011年以來，中國與29個(gè)國家、空間機(jī)構(gòu)和國際組織簽署43項(xiàng)空間合作協(xié)定或諒解備忘錄，參與聯(lián)合國及相關(guān)國際組織開展的有關(guān)活動(dòng)，推進(jìn)國際空間商業(yè)合作，取得豐碩成果。
Since 2011, China has signed 43 space cooperation agreements or memoranda of understanding with 29 countries, space agencies and international organizations. It has taken part in relevant activities sponsored by the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, and supported international commercial cooperation in space. These measures have yielded fruitful results.
1、雙邊合作
(1) Bilateral cooperation
——中國與俄羅斯在總理定期會(huì)晤委員會(huì)航天合作分委會(huì)機(jī)制下，簽署《2013－2017年中俄航天合作大綱》，積極推動(dòng)在深空探測、載人航天、對(duì)地觀測、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航、電子元器件等領(lǐng)域合作。
– China and Russia signed the Outline of China-Russia Space Cooperation from 2013 to 2017 through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee during the Prime Ministers’ Meeting between Russia and China. The two countries have actively promoted cooperation in deep space exploration, manned spaceflight, earth observation, satellite navigation, space-related electronic parts and components, and other areas.
——中國與歐洲空間局在中歐航天合作聯(lián)合委員會(huì)機(jī)制下，簽署《2015－2020年中歐航天合作大綱》，明確在深空探測、空間科學(xué)、對(duì)地觀測、測控服務(wù)、空間碎片、教育培訓(xùn)等領(lǐng)域開展合作，啟動(dòng)實(shí)施“太陽風(fēng)與磁層相互作用全景式成像衛(wèi)星”。圓滿完成“龍計(jì)劃”第三期科技合作。
– China and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed the Outline of China-ESA Space Cooperation from 2015 to 2020 within the mechanism of the China-Europe Joint Commission on Space Cooperation. The two sides have declared their determination to cooperate in deep space exploration, space science, earth observation, TT&C services, space debris, and space-related education and training, and launched the panoramic imaging satellite for solar wind and magnetosphere interaction. The two sides have completed cooperation on the Dragon 3 cooperation program.
——中國與巴西在中巴高層協(xié)調(diào)與合作委員會(huì)航天分委會(huì)機(jī)制下，持續(xù)開展中巴地球資源衛(wèi)星合作，成功發(fā)射中巴地球資源04星，簽署中巴地球資源04A星聯(lián)合研制補(bǔ)充協(xié)定以及遙感衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)與應(yīng)用合作協(xié)定，保持中巴地球資源衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)的連續(xù)性。在南非、新加坡升級(jí)改造中巴地球資源衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)接收站，擴(kuò)大該衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)在區(qū)域和全球范圍的應(yīng)用，積極推進(jìn)中巴空間天氣聯(lián)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)。
– China and Brazil, through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee of the Sino-Brazilian High-level Coordination Commission, have conducted constant cooperation in the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program. They successfully launched CBERS-4, signed the Supplementary Agreement of China and Brazil on the Joint Development of CBERS-04A and Cooperation Agreement of China and Brazil on Remote-Sensing Satellite Data and Application, maintaining CBERS data consistency. The two countries also updated CBERS data receiving stations in South Africa and Singapore, expanding CBERS data application regionally and globally. They have worked together to set up the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather.
——中國與法國在中法航天合作聯(lián)委會(huì)機(jī)制下，持續(xù)推進(jìn)中法天文、中法海洋等衛(wèi)星工程合作項(xiàng)目，簽署關(guān)于空間與氣候變化的合作意向書，推動(dòng)空間技術(shù)應(yīng)用于全球氣候變化治理。
– China and France, within the mechanism of the Sino-French Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, have engaged in bilateral cooperation on astronomic, ocean and other satellite programs. The two countries have signed a letter of intent on space and climate change, and worked to promote the application of space technology in global climate change governance.
——中國與意大利成立中意航天合作聯(lián)合委員會(huì)，穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)中意電磁監(jiān)測試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星工程研制。
– China and Italy set up the Sino-Italian Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, and have steadily carried forward research and development of the China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite Program.
——中國與英國持續(xù)推進(jìn)中英空間科學(xué)技術(shù)聯(lián)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)航天科技人才交流，啟動(dòng)中英遙感應(yīng)用合作研究。
– China and Britain have promoted construction of a joint laboratory on space science and technology, upgraded their exchanges in space science and technology personnel, and launched cooperative studies on remote-sensing applications.
——中國與德國推動(dòng)兩國航天企業(yè)間對(duì)話，加強(qiáng)兩國在航天高端制造領(lǐng)域的合作。
– China and Germany have promoted dialogue between their space industry enterprises, and strengthened cooperation in high-end space manufacturing.
——中國與荷蘭簽署空間合作諒解備忘錄，推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)、水資源、大氣環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域遙感應(yīng)用合作，明確在“嫦娥四號(hào)”任務(wù)實(shí)施中搭載荷方有效載荷。
– China and the Netherlands signed a memorandum of understanding on space cooperation, promoting cooperation in remote-sensing applications in agriculture, water resources and atmospheric environment, and stating that Chang’e-4 would carry a Dutch payload in its mission.
——中國與美國在中美戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話框架下，開展民用航天對(duì)話，明確在空間碎片、空間天氣和應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化等領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)合作。
– China and the United States, within the framework of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue, carried out a civil space dialogue, stating that the two countries would strengthen cooperation in space debris, space weather, response to global climate change, and related areas.
——中國與阿爾及利亞、阿根廷、比利時(shí)、印度、印度尼西亞、哈薩克斯坦等國簽署航天合作協(xié)定，建立雙邊航天合作機(jī)制，明確在空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用、空間科學(xué)、教育培訓(xùn)等領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)交流與合作。
– China signed space cooperation agreements and established bilateral space cooperation mechanisms with Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in such areas as space technology, space applications, and space science, education and training.
2、多邊合作
(2) Multilateral cooperation
——中國積極參加聯(lián)合國和平利用外層空間委員會(huì)及其科技小組委員會(huì)、法律小組委員會(huì)的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，積極參與外空活動(dòng)長期可持續(xù)性等國際空間規(guī)則磋商，簽署《中國國家航天局與聯(lián)合國對(duì)地觀測數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)支持諒解備忘錄》，積極推動(dòng)中國對(duì)地觀測衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)在聯(lián)合國平臺(tái)上的共享與合作。
– China takes an active part in activities organized by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientific and Technical Sub-committee and Legal Sub-committee, and negotiations on international space rules such as the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. It signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the China National Space Administration and the United Nations on Earth Observation Data and Technical Support, actively promoting data sharing and cooperation between China’s earth observation satellites on the UN platform.
——中國積極支持聯(lián)合國災(zāi)害管理與應(yīng)急響應(yīng)天基信息平臺(tái)北京辦公室開展相關(guān)工作。聯(lián)合國在北京設(shè)立空間科學(xué)與技術(shù)教育亞太區(qū)域中心（中國），促進(jìn)國際空間領(lǐng)域的人才培養(yǎng)。
– China supports the relevant work of the Beijing office of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response. The UN set up the Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China) in Beijing to promote personnel training in the international space arena.
——中國在亞太空間組織合作框架下，積極參與推動(dòng)亞太空間合作組織聯(lián)合多任務(wù)小衛(wèi)星星座項(xiàng)目，成功舉辦以“‘一帶一路’助力亞太地區(qū)空間能力建設(shè)”為主題的亞太空間合作組織發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略高層論壇，并發(fā)表北京宣言。
– Within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), China actively participated in the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program. It also organized the APSCO Development Strategy Forum with the theme of “the Belt and Road Initiative for Facilitating Regional Capacity Building of the Asia-Pacific Countries,” at which the Beijing Declaration was adopted.
——中國與巴西、俄羅斯、印度、南非等國航天機(jī)構(gòu)共同發(fā)起并積極推動(dòng)金磚國家遙感衛(wèi)星星座合作。
– China and the space agencies of Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa co-sponsored and actively promoted cooperation in the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——啟動(dòng)實(shí)施中國—東盟衛(wèi)星信息海上應(yīng)用中心、瀾滄江—湄公河空間信息交流中心建設(shè)等項(xiàng)目。
– China launched the China-ASEAN Satellite Information Maritime Application Center, and Lancang-Mekong River Spatial Information Exchange Center.
——中國積極參與機(jī)構(gòu)間空間碎片協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)、空間與重大災(zāi)害憲章、地球觀測組織等政府間國際組織的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。成功舉辦第31屆空間與重大災(zāi)害憲章理事會(huì)、第32屆機(jī)構(gòu)間空間碎片協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)等國際會(huì)議。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, Group on Earth Observations, and other intergovernmental organizations. It hosted the 31st Council of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, the 32nd Meeting of the IADC and other international conferences.
——中國積極參與全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國際委員會(huì)活動(dòng)，成功舉辦第7屆全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國際委員會(huì)大會(huì)，積極推動(dòng)北斗系統(tǒng)與其他衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)兼容與互操作，推廣普及衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航技術(shù)，與多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)開展衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用合作。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) and held the Seventh ICG Conference. It actively improved the compatibility and interoperability of the Beidou system with other satellite navigation systems, popularized satellite navigation technology, and cooperated with a number of countries and regions in satellite navigation applications.
——中國積極參與國際宇航聯(lián)合會(huì)、國際空間研究委員會(huì)、國際宇航科學(xué)院、國際空間法學(xué)會(huì)等非政府間國際組織和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，成功舉辦第64屆國際宇航大會(huì)、2014年聯(lián)合國/中國/亞太空間合作組織空間法研討會(huì)、第36屆國際地球科學(xué)與遙感大會(huì)等國際會(huì)議。在聯(lián)合國空間應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目框架下成功舉辦首屆載人航天技術(shù)研討會(huì)。
– China actively participated in activities organized by the International Astronautical Federation, International Committee on Space Research, International Academy of Astronautics, International Institute of Space Law, and other non-governmental international space organizations and academic institutes. It held the 64th International Astronautical Congress, 2014 United Nations / China / APSCO Workshop on Space Law, 36th International Conference on Earth Science and Remote-Sensing, and related international conferences. It also held the First Seminar on Manned Spaceflight Technology within the framework of the United Nations Program on Space Applications.
——中國積極參與全球防災(zāi)減災(zāi)國際事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)，通過聯(lián)合國災(zāi)害管理與應(yīng)急反應(yīng)天基信息平臺(tái)、聯(lián)合國亞洲及太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)理事會(huì)、空間與重大災(zāi)害憲章等機(jī)制，為國際重大災(zāi)害救援工作提供了衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)支持和技術(shù)服務(wù)。
– China actively participated in the international coordination of global disaster prevention and reduction, and provided satellite data support and technical services for major international disaster-relief efforts through the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, and related mechanisms.
3、商業(yè)活動(dòng)
(3) Commercial activities
中國積極鼓勵(lì)和支持企業(yè)參與空間領(lǐng)域國際商業(yè)活動(dòng)，完成尼日利亞通信衛(wèi)星、委內(nèi)瑞拉遙感衛(wèi)星一號(hào)、玻利維亞通信衛(wèi)星、老撾一號(hào)通信衛(wèi)星、白俄羅斯一號(hào)通信衛(wèi)星等衛(wèi)星出口和在軌交付，為土耳其藍(lán)突厥2號(hào)地球觀測衛(wèi)星提供商業(yè)發(fā)射服務(wù)，成功搭載發(fā)射厄瓜多爾、阿根廷、波蘭、盧森堡等國的小衛(wèi)星，積極開展空間信息商業(yè)服務(wù)。
China encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to participate in international commercial activities in the space field. It has exported satellites and made in-orbit delivery of Nigeria’s communications satellite, Venezuela’s remote-sensing satellite-1, Bolivia’s communications satellite, Laos’ communications satellite-1 and Belarus’ communications satellite-1. In addition, it provided commercial launch service for Turkey’s Gokturk-2 earth observation satellite, and when launching its own satellites took on small satellites for Ecuador, Argentina, Poland, Luxembourg and other countries. It has also provided business services concerning space information.
（三）未來五年重點(diǎn)合作領(lǐng)域
1. Key areas for future cooperation
未來五年，中國將以更加積極開放的姿態(tài)，在以下重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域廣泛開展國際空間交流與合作：
In the next five years, China will, with a more active and open attitude, conduct extensive international exchanges and cooperation concerning space in the following key areas:
——“一帶一路”空間信息走廊建設(shè)，包括對(duì)地觀測、通信廣播、導(dǎo)航定位等衛(wèi)星研制，地面和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品開發(fā)等。
– Construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning, and other types of satellite-related development; ground and application system construction; and application product development.
——金磚國家遙感衛(wèi)星星座建設(shè)。
– Construction of the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——亞太空間合作組織聯(lián)合多任務(wù)小衛(wèi)星星座和大學(xué)生小衛(wèi)星項(xiàng)目建設(shè)。
– Construction of the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program and University Small Satellite Project Development.
——月球、火星等深空探測工程與技術(shù)合作。
– The Moon, Mars and other deep space exploration programs and technical cooperation.
——載人航天空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室、空間站建設(shè)及應(yīng)用。
– Inclusion of a space laboratory and a space station in China’s manned spaceflight program.
——空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星、遙感衛(wèi)星、有效載荷等工程研制。
– Research and development of a space science satellite, a remote-sensing satellite, payloads, etc.
——數(shù)據(jù)接收站、通信關(guān)口站等地面基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。
– Construction of ground infrastructure such as data receiving stations and communications gateway stations.
——對(duì)地觀測、通信廣播、導(dǎo)航定位等衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。
– Satellite applications, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning.
——空間科學(xué)探索研究。
– Exploration and research on space science.
——航天發(fā)射及搭載服務(wù)。
– Launching and carrying services.
——航天測控支持。
– Space TT&C support.
——空間碎片監(jiān)測、預(yù)警、減緩及防護(hù)。
– Space debris monitoring, early warning, mitigation and protection.
——空間天氣領(lǐng)域合作。
– Space weather cooperation.
——衛(wèi)星整星、衛(wèi)星及運(yùn)載火箭分系統(tǒng)、零部件、電子元器件、地面設(shè)施設(shè)備等產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口和技術(shù)合作。
– Import and export of and technical cooperation in the field of whole satellites, sub-systems, spare parts and electronic components of satellites and launch vehicles, ground facilities and equipment, and related items.
——空間法律、空間政策、航天標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究。
– Research on space law, policy and standards.
——航天領(lǐng)域人員交流與培訓(xùn)等。
– Personnel exchanges and training in the space field.
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
當(dāng)今世界，越來越多的國家高度重視并積極參與航天事業(yè)發(fā)展，航天技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹姆椒矫婷?，?duì)人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)生活方式產(chǎn)生重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
In the present-day world, more and more countries are attaching importance to and taking an active part in developing space activities. Moreover, space technology is being widely applied in all aspects of our daily life, exerting a major and far-reaching influence on social production and lifestyle.
和平探索和利用外層空間是人類不懈的追求。站在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國將加快推動(dòng)航天事業(yè)發(fā)展，積極開展國際空間交流與合作，使航天活動(dòng)成果在更廣范圍、更深層次、更高水平上服務(wù)和增進(jìn)人類福祉，同各國一道，不斷把人類和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)推向前進(jìn)。
It is mankind’s unremitting pursuit to peacefully explore and utilize outer space. Standing at a new historical starting line, China is determined to quicken the pace of developing its space industry, and actively carry out international space exchanges and cooperation, so that achievements in space activities will serve and improve the well-being of mankind in a wider scope, at a deeper level and with higher standards. China will promote the lofty cause of peace and development together with other countries.
