青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)狀況
Ecological Progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2018年7月
July 2018
目錄
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、生態(tài)文明制度逐步健全
I. An Improving System for Ensuring Ecological Progress
二、生態(tài)保育成效顯著
II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation
三、環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)穩(wěn)定
III. Steady Improvement of Environmental Quality
四、綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展
IV. Steady Development of Green Industry
五、科技支撐體系基本建立
V. Sci-tech Support System Is in Place
六、生態(tài)文化逐漸形成
VI. A Developing Culture That Values Ecological Awareness
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
青藏高原位于中國西南部，包括西藏和青海兩省區(qū)全部，以及四川、云南、甘肅和新疆等四省區(qū)部分地區(qū)，總面積約260萬平方公里，大部分地區(qū)海拔超過4000米。青藏高原被譽(yù)為“世界屋脊”“地球第三極”“亞洲水塔”，是珍稀野生動物的天然棲息地和高原物種基因庫，是中國乃至亞洲重要的生態(tài)安全屏障，是中國生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重點(diǎn)地區(qū)之一。
Located in Southwest China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covers the entire Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, in addition to parts of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Xinjiang. It is about 2.6 million sq km in area and most of it lies at an altitude of more than 4,000 m above sea level. Hailed as the “roof of the world”, the “third pole” and the “water tower of Asia”, the Plateau is a natural habitat for rare animals and a gene pool of plateau life. It is a key eco-safety barrier in China and Asia, and a focus of China’s drive to promote ecological progress.
中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府高度重視生態(tài)文明建設(shè)。中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國代表大會以來，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，視建設(shè)生態(tài)文明為中華民族永續(xù)發(fā)展的根本大計(jì)，將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化與社會建設(shè)一起納入中國特色社會主義事業(yè)“五位一體”總體布局。中國大力樹立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念，像對待生命一樣對待生態(tài)環(huán)境，堅(jiān)持走文明發(fā)展之路，努力建設(shè)美麗中國。
The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government have always valued ecological progress. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has laid down ecological progress as a cornerstone for sustainable development of the Chinese nation, and made it one of the integral components of the development strategy for Chinese socialism together with economic, political, cultural, and social progress. China is striving to raise the awareness that “clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets” and to put it into practice. We will value the ecological environment as we value our lives, and we will continue to pursue green development and build a beautiful China.
青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，對推動高原可持續(xù)發(fā)展、促進(jìn)中國和全球生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)有著十分重要的影響。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府堅(jiān)持生態(tài)保護(hù)第一，將保護(hù)好青藏高原生態(tài)作為關(guān)系中華民族生存和發(fā)展的大事。目前，青藏高原生態(tài)文明制度逐步健全，生態(tài)保育成效明顯，環(huán)境質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定良好，綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，科技支撐體系基本建立，生態(tài)文化逐漸形成，青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范作用正在顯現(xiàn)。
Ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a vital bearing on sustainable growth in the region and environmental protection in China and around the globe. The CPC and the Chinese government have taken ecological conservation as a top priority, and protection of the Plateau as a vital task for China’s survival and development. Now a system in this regard is being improved step by step on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with solid achievements in improving ecological conservation and environment quality. Steady growth has been witnessed in the local green industry with a system of technological support in place, and an eco-culture is taking shape to showcase the Plateau’s exemplary role in ecological development.
一、生態(tài)文明制度逐步健全
I. An Improving System for Ensuring Ecological Progress
隨著國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的不斷推進(jìn)，青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)相關(guān)政策和法規(guī)日益完善，高原生態(tài)文明制度體系逐步健全。
As China advances in environmental conservation, it is also improving its ecology-related policies and regulations for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to form an increasingly complete system for ensuring ecological progress.
生態(tài)文明建設(shè)法律法規(guī)逐步完善
Ecology-related laws and regulations have been improved.
近年來，國家制定或修改了《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法》《中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法》《中華人民共和國水污染防治法》《中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)稅法》《中華人民共和國環(huán)境影響評價(jià)法》《中華人民共和國野生動物保護(hù)法》《中華人民共和國水法》《中華人民共和國氣象法》《中華人民共和國草原法》等。這些法律的制定和實(shí)施，為青藏高原生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與區(qū)域社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了重要的法律制度保障。
In recent years, China has enacted, amended or revised the following laws:
Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China,
Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China,
Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China,
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environment Pollution Caused by Solid Wastes,
Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China,
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment,
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife,
Water Law of the People’s Republic of China,
Meteorology Law of the People’s Republic of China, and
Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China.
The promulgation and implementation of these laws has provided a legal guarantee for protecting the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and boosting regional socio-economic development.
2015年，《中共中央國務(wù)院關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的意見》和《生態(tài)文明體制改革總體方案》發(fā)布，提出生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和生態(tài)文明體制改革的總體要求、目標(biāo)愿景、重點(diǎn)任務(wù)和制度體系，明確了路線圖和時(shí)間表。目前，中國已建立起覆蓋全國的主體功能區(qū)制度和資源環(huán)境管理制度，中央環(huán)保督察實(shí)現(xiàn)了31個(gè)省區(qū)市全覆蓋，對省以下環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)測監(jiān)察執(zhí)法實(shí)行垂直管理，并全面實(shí)行河長制、湖長制及控制污染物排放許可制。開展按流域設(shè)置環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)試點(diǎn)，增強(qiáng)流域環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法合力，實(shí)現(xiàn)流域環(huán)境保護(hù)統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、統(tǒng)一環(huán)評、統(tǒng)一監(jiān)測、統(tǒng)一執(zhí)法。確立生態(tài)文明建設(shè)目標(biāo)評價(jià)考核、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部自然資源資產(chǎn)離任審計(jì)等監(jiān)督機(jī)制，形成環(huán)保職責(zé)明確、追究嚴(yán)格的責(zé)任制度鏈條，落實(shí)“黨政同責(zé)”“一崗雙責(zé)”。推動建立生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線制度，制定自然資源統(tǒng)一確權(quán)登記、自然生態(tài)空間用途管制辦法和全民所有自然資源資產(chǎn)有償使用制度改革的指導(dǎo)意見，推進(jìn)“多規(guī)合一”、國家公園體制等試點(diǎn)。健全生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制，設(shè)置跨地區(qū)環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)生態(tài)環(huán)境損害賠償制度改革試點(diǎn)。
Two documents were issued in 2015, and they were the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Accelerating Ecological Progress, and the General Plan for Reforming the System for Ecological Conservation, laying out the overall requirements, prospected goals, key tasks, and institutional arrangements to ensure ecological progress and reform the ecological sector, complete with a roadmap and timetable. To date, China has established a nationwide system of main functional areas and a resource-environment administration system. The central supervisory mechanism for environmental protection covers all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with the central environment watchdog directly overseeing the activities of environmental protection organs below provincial level, such as those commissioned for environmental monitoring, inspection, and law enforcement. It has also put in place a “river and lake chief” system – where selected local Party and government officials ensure their assigned rivers and lakes are free from pollution – and a licensing mechanism for controlling pollutant discharge. China has run pilot programs to carry out river basin-related environment monitoring and law enforcement, in order to strengthen supervision in different river basins and boost synergistic law enforcement, and to have unified planning, standards, assessment, monitoring, and law enforcement activities within the same basins. To assess the performance of officials in providing leadership to ecological conservation, China has set up an ecological goal appraisal system, and a supervisory system for auditing the natural resource assets when a relevant official leaves office. In this way, a clear-cut and rigorous liability mechanism has been put in place so that both Party and government officials take responsibility for environmental protection, and they both fulfill official duties and uphold clean governance. The state has set red lines for ecological conservation, and put in force unified registration of natural resource rights, measures for managing natural and ecological space, and guidelines on reforming paid use of natural resource assets owned by the whole people. Different regulations and measures have been integrated for simplification, and pilot programs on state parks have been rolled out. China has improved its ecological compensation mechanism, and run trials to reform the ecological damage compensation system coordinated between cross-regional environmental protection institutions.
與此同時(shí)，西藏、青海、四川、甘肅、云南等省區(qū)結(jié)合高原實(shí)際，制定了與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)相關(guān)的地方性法規(guī)和實(shí)施辦法。西藏自治區(qū)制定了《關(guān)于著力構(gòu)筑國家重要生態(tài)安全屏障 加快推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的實(shí)施意見》《關(guān)于建設(shè)美麗西藏的意見》《西藏自治區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)考核辦法》等。青海省制定了《青海省生態(tài)文明制度建設(shè)總體方案》《青海省生態(tài)文明建設(shè)促進(jìn)條例》《青海省創(chuàng)建全國生態(tài)文明先行區(qū)行動方案》等。四川省制定了《四川省自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理?xiàng)l例》等。甘肅省制定了《甘肅祁連山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理?xiàng)l例》等。云南省制定了《迪慶州“兩江”流域生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)規(guī)劃》《滇西北生物多樣性保護(hù)行動計(jì)劃》等。青藏高原諸省區(qū)生態(tài)文明制度體系基本形成。
Each taking into account their local geographical conditions, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan have formulated their own regulations and measures regarding ecological conservation. The Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Opinions on Building an Important National Barrier for Ecological Security and Accelerating Ecological Progress, Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, and Measures of Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Conservation Appraisal. Qinghai Province released the General Plan of Qinghai Province on Developing a System for Ecological Progress, Regulations of Qinghai Province on Promoting Ecological Progress, and Action Plan of Qinghai Province on Pioneering an Ecological Model. Sichuan issued the Regulations of Sichuan Province on the Management of Nature Reserves; Gansu, the Regulations on the Management of Qilian Mountain State Nature Reserve; and Yunnan, the Plan on the Protection of the Two Rivers Ecological Barrier in Deqen Prefecture and Action Plan on the Protection of Biodiversity in Northwest Yunnan. Through these efforts a system has been established in all relevant provinces and autonomous regions to ensure ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
自然保護(hù)地體系初步建立
A system of protected natural areas has been set up.
自然保護(hù)地體系是保護(hù)生物多樣性、維護(hù)自然資本和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、保障國家乃至全球民眾福祉的重要管理手段。目前，青藏高原自然保護(hù)地體系正在由以自然保護(hù)區(qū)為主體向以國家公園為主體轉(zhuǎn)變。
The system of protected natural areas is an important means of management to protect biodiversity, preserve natural capital, maintain ecosystem services, and safeguard the wellbeing of Chinese people and the peoples of the world. Currently, the protected natural areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are more and more composed of national parks than of nature reserves.
1963年，青藏高原第一個(gè)國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)（現(xiàn)白水江國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)）成立。1994年《中華人民共和國自然保護(hù)區(qū)條例》頒布實(shí)施后，明確了自然保護(hù)區(qū)等級體系、管理機(jī)構(gòu)和功能區(qū)，青藏高原的自然保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)進(jìn)入快速穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段。目前，青藏高原已經(jīng)建成各級自然保護(hù)區(qū)155個(gè)（其中國家級41個(gè)、省級64個(gè)），面積達(dá)82.24萬平方公里，約占高原總面積的31.63%，占中國陸地自然保護(hù)區(qū)總面積的57.56%，基本涵蓋了高原獨(dú)特和脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及珍稀物種資源。
In 1963, the Plateau delineated its first state nature reserve (now the Baishuijiang State Nature Reserve). The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, promulgated in 1994, defined the ranking system, the management structure and the function zones of nature reserves, ushering in a period of rapid development of nature reserves on the Plateau. To date, the Plateau has established in total 155 nature reserves at all levels (41 state and 64 provincial ones), covering a total area of 822,400 sq km. This is equivalent to 31.63 percent of the Plateau’s landmass and represents 57.56 percent of China’s land nature reserve areas. Basically, all of the Plateau’s unique and fragile ecosystems and rare species can be found in these reserves.
隨著生態(tài)文明體制改革的深入推進(jìn)，中國政府提出建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系。2016年，國家正式批準(zhǔn)《三江源國家公園體制試點(diǎn)方案》，這是中國第一個(gè)國家公園體制改革試點(diǎn)，核心是實(shí)現(xiàn)三江源重要自然生態(tài)資源國家所有、全民共享、世代傳承。青海省制定了《三江源國家公園條例（試行）》，從公園本底調(diào)查、保護(hù)對象、產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表、生物多樣性保護(hù)、生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測、文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)、檢驗(yàn)檢疫等方面對公園管理做出明確規(guī)定。2018年1月，國家發(fā)展改革委印發(fā)《三江源國家公園總體規(guī)劃》，進(jìn)一步明確了三江源國家公園建設(shè)的基本原則、總體布局、功能定位和管理目標(biāo)等。三江源國家公園建設(shè)將為青藏高原及周邊地區(qū)的綠色發(fā)展發(fā)揮引領(lǐng)和示范作用。
As China reforms its system for ecological progress, the government has issued a directive to establish a system of protected natural areas, with state parks as the main element. In 2016, the state ratified the Plan for the Trial Run of the State Park at Sanjiangyuan (literally, source of three large rivers), the first pilot reform program to introduce state parks in China. The core aim is to make sure that the ecological resources of the Sanjiangyuan area, where the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River converge, are owned by the state, shared by the people, and passed down to future generations. The Regulations of Sanjiangyuan State Park (Trial), issued by Qinghai Province, defines clear provisions on the parks’ management in terms of background survey, targets of protection, ownership structure, assets and liabilities, biodiversity preservation, environmental monitoring, cultural legacy protection, ecological compensation, disaster prevention and reduction, and inspection and quarantine. In January 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission released the Overall Plan of Sanjiangyuan State Park, which further clarified the principles of running the park, its layout, functions, and management targets. The park will serve as a role model to guide green development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in surrounding areas.
生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度得到確立
An ecological compensation mechanism is in place.
生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度是國家保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要舉措。國家在青藏高原建立了重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付、森林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、濕地生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償?shù)壬鷳B(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。2008－2017年，中央財(cái)政分別下達(dá)青海、西藏兩省區(qū)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付資金162.89億元和83.49億元，補(bǔ)助范圍涉及兩省區(qū)77個(gè)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)縣域和所有國家級禁止開發(fā)區(qū)。
The ecological compensation mechanism is an important step taken by the state to protect the environment. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, China has initiated a series of ecological compensation mechanisms, including transfer payments to key ecological function zones, forest ecological benefit compensation, grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward, and wetland ecological benefit compensation. In 2008-2017, the central government made transfer payments of RMB16.29 billion and RMB8.35 billion to the key ecological function zones in Qinghai and Tibet, covering 77 key counties and all areas prohibited to development by the state.
“十五”（2001－2005年）以來，西藏自治區(qū)獲得國家下達(dá)的森林、草原、濕地、重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)等各類生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金累計(jì)達(dá)316億元。其中，“十二五”（2011－2015年）期間，國家累計(jì)下達(dá)西藏草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)資金108.8億元。2015年以來，自治區(qū)探索建立野生動物肇事補(bǔ)償機(jī)制，投入8500萬元幫助牧民減輕因野生動物肇事帶來的損失。
Since the 10th Five-year Plan period (2001-2005), Tibet Autonomous Region has received RMB31.6 billion in ecological compensation for its forests, grasslands, wetlands, and key ecological function zones. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), the state paid a total of RMB10.9 billion to Tibet in grassland conservation subsidy and rewards. Since 2015, the autonomous region has been experimenting with a compensation program for damage caused by wildlife, mitigating herdsmen’s losses to a total amount of RMB85 million.
國家對青海省生態(tài)建設(shè)投入力度不斷加大。2013年起，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)安排資金164億元，陸續(xù)實(shí)施了草原、森林和濕地等生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償類項(xiàng)目。為實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)保護(hù)和脫貧有機(jī)結(jié)合，青海省推出生態(tài)公益管護(hù)員制度，每年安排補(bǔ)助資金8.8億元。“十二五”以來，青海省有62.23萬戶農(nóng)牧民住房得到改善，162.4萬人喝上潔凈水，65萬無電人口用上可靠電，人民生活水平得到較大改善。云南省迪慶州自2009年起實(shí)施公益林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償制度，至2017年國家累計(jì)補(bǔ)助資金達(dá)11.03億元。2017年，四川省甘孜州和阿壩州有效管護(hù)集體公益林分別為128.23萬公頃和69.60萬公頃，公益林森林生態(tài)效益年度補(bǔ)償資金分別為2.84億元和1.54億元。
Funds to encourage ecological progress in Qinghai Province have been increased. Since 2013, the central government has allotted a total of RMB16.4 billion in ecological compensation for grasslands, forests and wetlands in Qinghai. To integrate conservation and poverty reduction, Qinghai has initiated a public ranger program to monitor the environment, with an annual subsidy of RMB880 million. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period the state has helped 622,300 farming and herding households in Qinghai to obtain better housing, provided clean drinking water to 1.6 million people, and ensured reliable power access to 650,000 people. This represents a considerable improvement of quality of life. In Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan Province, an ecological compensation mechanism for public benefit forests has been in place since 2009, receiving a total of RMB1.1 billion in state subsidies by 2017. In 2017, Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province had 1,282,300 ha of public benefit forests under effective protection and received RMB284 million in ecological compensation; the corresponding figures for Aba Prefecture were 696,000 ha and RMB154 million.
二、生態(tài)保育成效顯著
II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation
20世紀(jì)60年代以來，特別是90年代以來，中國政府在青藏高原部署了類型多樣的生態(tài)保育工程，包括野生動植物保護(hù)及自然保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)、重點(diǎn)防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)、天然林資源保護(hù)、退耕還林還草、退牧還草、水土流失治理以及濕地保護(hù)與恢復(fù)等。西藏自治區(qū)實(shí)施了生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)工程和“兩江四河”（雅魯藏布江、怒江、拉薩河、年楚河、雅礱河、獅泉河）流域造林綠化工程等。青海省實(shí)施了祁連山“山水林田湖草”生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程、青海湖流域生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與綜合治理工程、三江源生態(tài)保護(hù)和建設(shè)等重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程。2011年，《青藏高原區(qū)域生態(tài)建設(shè)與環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃（2011－2030年）》頒布實(shí)施。一系列生態(tài)建設(shè)工程的實(shí)施在生態(tài)保育方面取得了積極效果，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的趨勢得到控制，生物多樣性持續(xù)恢復(fù)，一些重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程區(qū)的生態(tài)功能全面好轉(zhuǎn)。
Since the 1960s, and especially over the last three decades, the Chinese government has put in place various ecosystem conservation projects, including wildlife protection and nature reserve development, the construction of key shelter forests, natural forest conservation, returning farmland to forest and grassland, restoring grazing land to grassland, water and soil conservation, and wetland conservation and restoration. The Tibet Autonomous Region has implemented a project for the protection and construction of an eco-safety barrier, and a project for afforestation in the basins of the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong, and Shiquan rivers. Qinghai Province implemented a project for the conservation and restoration of the Qilian Mountain ecosystem, composed of mountains, rivers, forest, farmland, lakes, and grassland, a project for the conservation and comprehensive improvement of the Qinghai Lake ecosystem, and a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve. In 2011, the Chinese government issued and implemented the Plan for Regional Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2011-2030). A number of eco-projects have been implemented, achieving positive results in ecosystem conservation, bringing under control the degradation of the local ecosystem, restoring the biodiversity, and the ecological functions of several regions where key eco-projects were implemented have been comprehensively improved.
生態(tài)退化得到有效控制
Ecological degradation is under control.
高寒草地是青藏高原最主要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型，發(fā)揮著重要的生態(tài)安全屏障功能，也是高原畜牧業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。由于氣候變化和超載過牧等原因，高寒草地不斷退化，至20世紀(jì)80年代中期，西藏自治區(qū)和青海省的草地面積為82萬平方公里。此后，隨著退牧還草、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)政策以及草原鼠蟲害防治等一系列草地生態(tài)保護(hù)建設(shè)工程的陸續(xù)實(shí)施，青藏高原草地保育成效逐步顯現(xiàn)。研究表明，1982－2009年，青藏高原草地覆蓋度和凈初級生產(chǎn)力總體呈增加態(tài)勢，草地覆蓋度增加的區(qū)域約占草地總面積的47%，凈初級生產(chǎn)力明顯增加的面積達(dá)32%以上。近十年來，草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定向好。
Alpine grassland is a major ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, playing an important role as an eco-safety barrier, and serving as the basis of highland animal husbandry. Climate change, overgrazing and some other reasons caused continuous degradation of alpine grasslands. By the mid-1980s, the grassland area in Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province had been reduced to 820,000 sq km in total. Later, due to the implementation by the government of such policies as issuance of allowances for restoring grazing land to grassland and protecting the grassland ecosystem, and the undertaking of a number of grassland ecological conservation projects, such as pest and rodent prevention and control, progress was made in grassland ecosystem conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. According to research, from 1982 to 2009 the grassland coverage rate of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its net primary productivity (NPP) showed an overall increase, with newly-added grassland coverage accounting for 47 percent of the total, and the area with a dramatic NPP increase reaching more than 32 percent of the total. In the recent decade, the local grassland ecosystem has maintained steady and positive improvement.
青藏高原森林主要分布在滇西北、藏東南、川西、甘南和青海東部地區(qū)。1950年以來，森林資源在面積、蓄積、類型及空間分布格局等方面均發(fā)生了顯著變化。2016年第九次全國森林資源清查結(jié)果顯示，西藏林地面積達(dá)1798.19萬公頃，森林面積1490.99萬公頃，森林覆蓋率12.14%，活立木總蓄積23.05億立方米，與2011年第八次全國森林資源清查結(jié)果相比，林地與森林面積分別增加14.75萬和19.87萬公頃，森林覆蓋率提高0.16個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，森林蓄積量增加2047萬立方米，實(shí)現(xiàn)了森林面積和蓄積“雙增”。
The forests on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly distributed in northwest Yunnan, southeast Tibet, west Sichuan, south Gansu, and east Qinghai. Since the 1950s, great changes have taken place in terms of coverage, reserve, type, and spatial distribution of the forests. According to the results of the Ninth National Forest Resource Survey in 2016, in Tibet, the area of forested land was 17.98 million ha, that of forests was 14.91 million ha, the forest coverage rate was 12.14 percent, and the total stock of timber reached 2.3 billion cu m. Compared with the results of the Eighth National Forest Resource Survey conducted in 2011, in Tibet, the area of forested land and that of forests had increased by 147,500 ha and 198,700 ha respectively, the rate of forest coverage went up by 0.16 percentage point, and the stock of timber by 20.47 million cu m, an increase in both forest area and timber stock.
青藏高原是中國濕地分布最廣、面積最大的區(qū)域。1990年，青藏高原濕地面積約為13.45萬平方公里。1990－2006年，青藏高原濕地呈現(xiàn)出持續(xù)退化狀態(tài)，以每年0.13%的速率減少，總面積減少了約3000平方公里。2006年以來，在濕地保護(hù)與自然因素綜合作用下，濕地面積明顯回升。至2011年，僅西藏自治區(qū)和青海省濕地面積已達(dá)14.67萬平方公里，濕地退化態(tài)勢總體上得到遏制。至2014年，青海省濕地面積達(dá)8.14萬平方公里。近年來，隨著保護(hù)力度的加大，濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步好轉(zhuǎn)。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau boasts the most and largest area of wetlands in China. In 1990, the total area of wetlands on the Plateau was about 134,500 sq km. From 1990 to 2006, local wetlands suffered continuous degradation at an annual rate of 0.13 percent. In this period, the total area of wetlands had been reduced by 3,000 sq km. Since 2006, due to efforts in conservation and natural environmental factors, the area of wetlands has picked up obviously. By 2011, the wetland area in Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province alone had reached 146,700 sq km, and the trend of wetland degradation had generally been contained. By 2014, the wetland area in Qinghai had reached 81,400 sq km. In recent years, as China has intensified efforts in conservation, further improvement has been witnessed in the local wetland ecosystem.
生物多樣性保護(hù)成效顯著
Significant achievements have been made in biodiversity protection.
青藏高原是全球生物多樣性最豐富的地區(qū)之一，羌塘－三江源、岷山－橫斷山北段、喜馬拉雅東南部和橫斷山南段等區(qū)域是我國生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域。高原特有種子植物3760余種，特有脊椎動物280余種，珍稀瀕危高等植物300余種，珍稀瀕危動物120余種。已建立的自然保護(hù)區(qū)，有效保護(hù)了青藏高原特有與珍稀瀕危的動植物及其生存環(huán)境。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the regions with the richest biodiversity in the world. The Qiangtang-Sanjiangyuan area, the area extending from the Minshan Mountain to the northern range of Hengduan Mountains, the area southeast of the Himalayas, and the southern range of Hengduan Mountains are key biodiversity conservation zones in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has about 3,760 distinctive spermatophyte species, 280 distinctive vertebrate species, 300 rare and endangered species of higher plants, and 120 species of rare and endangered animals. The nature reserves established have effectively protected the rare and endangered wildlife unique to the Plateau as well as their habitats.
珍稀瀕危物種種群的恢復(fù)與擴(kuò)大是生物多樣性保護(hù)成效的明顯標(biāo)志。研究表明，青藏高原黑頸鶴、藏羚羊、普氏原羚、野牦牛、馬鹿、滇金絲猴等的個(gè)體數(shù)量正在穩(wěn)步增加。雅魯藏布江中游河谷黑頸鶴國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)建立以來，到此越冬的黑頸鶴逐年增加，約占全球黑頸鶴數(shù)量的80%，已成為全球最大的黑頸鶴越冬地。羌塘高原藏羚羊個(gè)體數(shù)量從2000年的6萬多只恢復(fù)到2016年的20萬只以上，野牦牛個(gè)體數(shù)量由保護(hù)前的6000多頭恢復(fù)到2016年的10000多頭。白馬雪山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)滇金絲猴個(gè)體數(shù)量由保護(hù)區(qū)建立前的約2000只恢復(fù)到2014年的約2500只。此外，在一些地方還發(fā)現(xiàn)新的珍稀瀕危物種。國際上認(rèn)為早已滅絕的西藏馬鹿，1995年在西藏自治區(qū)桑日縣被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)，且個(gè)體數(shù)量不斷擴(kuò)大。高黎貢山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)極度瀕危物種怒江金絲猴。尕海－則岔國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)監(jiān)測到黑頭噪鴉等。
The restoration and expansion of rare and endangered species is obvious evidence of success in biodiversity conservation. According to research, the numbers of black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), Tibetan antelope (Pantholopshodgsonii), Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapraprze walskii), wild yak (Bosmutus), red deer (Cervuselaphus), and Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopi thecusbieti), have increased steadily. Since the establishment of the Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve on the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet Autonomous Region in 1993, the number of overwintering black-necked crane has increased year by year, accounting for 80 percent of the world’s total, and the nature reserve has become the world’s largest wintering ground for black-necked cranes. The number of Tibetan antelope on the Qiangtang Plateau in Tibet Autonomous Region increased from about 60,000 in 2000 to over 200,000 in 2016. And the number of wild yak in this area increased from 6,000 before it was included for protection to 10,000 in 2016. At the Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, the number of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys increased from about 2,000 in 1988, when the nature reserve was established, to about 2,500 in 2014. Additionally, new populations of rare and endangered species have been found at several localities. The Tibet red deer, which had been considered extinct, was rediscovered in Sangri County, Tibetan Autonomous Region in 1995, and its number is increasing. The Burmese snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopith ecusstrykeri), one of the most endangered species, was found at the Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province. The Sichuan Jay (Perisoreus internigrans) was found at the Gahai-Zecha National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province.
改善生物棲息地是生物多樣性保護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)，青藏高原植被改善在整體上提升了野生動物棲息地環(huán)境質(zhì)量。1998－2009年，西藏珠穆朗瑪峰國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)核心區(qū)植被明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。2005年以來，三江源自然保護(hù)區(qū)荒漠化得到遏制，濕地面積增加，植被生態(tài)狀況改善，野生動物棲息地破碎化趨勢減緩且完整性逐步提高，生態(tài)環(huán)境明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。尕海－則岔國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)的尕海湖面積由2003年的480公頃增加到2013年的2354公頃，且近年來基本保持在2000公頃，水域面積增加促進(jìn)了水禽類的繁衍生息。
Improvement of the wildlife habitats is the basis for protecting biodiversity. The improvement of vegetation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has improved the environmental quality of local wildlife habitats. From 1998 to 2009, marked improvement had been observed in the vegetation of core areas of the Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve in Tibet Autonomous Region. Since 2005, at the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, desertification has been contained, the area of wetlands has been increased, vegetation has improved, wildlife habitat fragmentation has been slowed, and the eco-environment has notably improved. In the Gahai-Zecha National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, the area of the Gahai Lake increased from 480 ha in 2003 to 2,354 ha in 2013, and has maintained a coverage in excess of 2,000 ha in recent years; this increase in the water surface area has helped water fowl to survive and multiply.
重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程初見成效
Key eco-projects have produced preliminary results.
2009年，國家批準(zhǔn)《西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)規(guī)劃（2008－2030年）》，在西藏實(shí)施保護(hù)、建設(shè)和支撐保障三大類10項(xiàng)工程，截至2017年年底已累計(jì)投入96億元。一期工程（2008－2014年）初步建成西藏生態(tài)工程的主體框架，部分重點(diǎn)工程已取得明顯的生態(tài)環(huán)境效益，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能逐步提升，生態(tài)屏障功能穩(wěn)定向好。
In 2009, the state approved the Plan for the Protection and Construction of the Eco-safety Barrier in Tibet (2008-2030). By the end of 2017, 10 projects concerning ecological conservation, construction, and support had been implemented, with a total investment of RMB9.6 billion. The first-stage project (2008-2014) completed the framework of Tibet’s eco-projects; several key projects have begun to yield notable ecological effects; local ecosystem service functions improved steadily; and the functions of the ecological barrier remained stable and showed continuous improvement.
2005年，國家啟動三江源自然保護(hù)區(qū)生態(tài)保護(hù)與建設(shè)工程，截至2017年年底已累計(jì)投入80億元。2013年完成一期工程，草地退化趨勢得到初步遏制，水體與濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整體恢復(fù)，水源涵養(yǎng)和流域水供給能力提高。與2004年相比，長江、黃河、瀾滄江三大江河年均向下游多輸出58億立方米的優(yōu)質(zhì)水，為區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展提供了有力支撐。
In 2005, China launched a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve; by the end of 2017, the total investment amounted to RMB8 billion. By the end of the first-stage of the project in 2013, grassland degradation had been contained; water and wetland ecosystems had been restored; and water conservation and water supply capacity in river basins had improved. Compared with 2004, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River provided their lower reaches with additional 5.8 billion cu m of quality water annually on the average – a forceful support for regional social and economic development.
三、環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)穩(wěn)定
III. Steady Improvement of Environmental Quality
國家及地方政府在流域綜合治理、農(nóng)村與城鎮(zhèn)人居環(huán)境改善、工礦污染防控等方面實(shí)施了一系列的環(huán)境保護(hù)工程。青藏高原環(huán)境質(zhì)量及人居環(huán)境持續(xù)向好。
The central and local governments have carried out a number of environmental protection projects for comprehensive improvement of river basins, improvement of urban and rural living conditions, and prevention and control of pollution from factories and mines. As a result, the environmental quality and living conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have steadily turned better.
水環(huán)境質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定良好
Quality of the water environment has kept improving.
青藏高原是亞洲多條主要江河的源頭區(qū)，也是中國水資源管理和水環(huán)境保護(hù)最嚴(yán)格的區(qū)域之一。國家不斷加大對青藏高原水環(huán)境保護(hù)力度，主要措施包括：編制重要水域綜合規(guī)劃，劃定江河湖泊水功能區(qū)，明確水域功能和水質(zhì)保護(hù)目標(biāo)，核定重要江河湖泊水功能區(qū)納污能力和限排總量，實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格的水資源管理制度。建立?。▍^(qū)）、地（市）、縣（區(qū)）三級行政區(qū)考核指標(biāo)體系，推進(jìn)水生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與修復(fù)，保障青藏高原水生態(tài)環(huán)境安全。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is where a number of Asia’s largest rivers see their headwaters; it is one of the regions under the strictest water resource management and water environment protection in China. The state has reinforced protection on the Plateau with a set of key measures including: compiling comprehensive planning for major water bodies, demarcating the functional zones of rivers and lakes, clearly defining the functions of water bodies and the goals of water quality protection, determining the pollution accommodating capacity of major rivers and lakes and the total volume of discharges allowed, and introducing a strictest system of water resource management. A system of assessment quotas has been established at three administrative levels – province (autonomous region), prefecture (city) and county (district) – as a measure to promote water environment protection and restoration and ensure the security of water ecology on the Plateau.
“十二五”期間，國家投入253.12億元，用于青藏高原農(nóng)村飲水、水土保持、牧區(qū)水利等工程建設(shè)，解決了457.1萬農(nóng)牧民的飲水安全問題，并建成1400多座寺廟通水工程，保障了高氟、高砷、苦咸、污染水及局部嚴(yán)重缺水地區(qū)的飲水安全。2014年，國家投入4.78億元，支持納木錯(cuò)、羊卓雍錯(cuò)、克魯克湖和黃河源湖泊群等湖泊流域的環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)修復(fù)。近年來，實(shí)施小流域生態(tài)綜合治理、坡耕地水土流失綜合整治等工程，新增水土流失治理面積1730平方公里。實(shí)施三江源、青海湖、祁連山生態(tài)保護(hù)等工程，每年向下游輸送600億立方米的優(yōu)質(zhì)水。目前，青藏高原主要江河湖泊基本處于天然狀態(tài)，水質(zhì)狀況保持良好。
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state spent RMB25.31 billion on Plateau projects related to rural drinking water, water and soil conservation, and water conservation on pasture land, providing safe drinking water to 4.57 million farmers and herdsmen, and building water supply facilities for 1,400 monasteries. Drinking water is now safe in areas where local water has high fluoride and arsenide levels, tastes bitter and salty or is highly polluted, and in places that are seriously short of water. In 2014, the state invested RMB478 million in the environmental improvement and ecological restoration projects of Namco, Yamzho Yumco, Keluke Lake and the lakes at the source of the Yellow River. In recent years, a total of 1,730 sq km of land have been saved from soil erosion due to the effort invested in small river basin ecological improvement and hillside land soil conservation. Thanks to the ecological protection endeavors at the source of three large rivers, the Qinghai Lake and the Qilian Mountains, 60 billion cu m of quality water is supplied to downstream areas every year. At present, the major rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are basically in their original natural conditions with good water quality.
土壤功能有效提升
Soil functions have been effectively enhanced.
青藏高原是全球受污染最少的地區(qū)之一，土壤環(huán)境總體處于自然本底狀態(tài)。土壤類型和重金屬元素含量受控于成土母巖性質(zhì)和氣候條件，人類活動的影響較小。高原湖泊沉積物中銅、鎳、鉛等重金屬元素含量低于人類活動頻繁區(qū)湖泊沉積物。從耕地土壤來看，西藏大部分耕地土壤重金屬元素含量優(yōu)于國家一級土壤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the least polluted areas on Earth, and the soil environment is overall in its original environmental background state. The soil types and the heavy metal element content are determined by the property of parent rocks and climatic conditions, and little impacted by human activities. The content of copper, nickel, lead and other heavy metals in the local lake deposits is lower than those of lake deposits in places more frequented by humans. The heavy metal content in the arable soils is lower than the national standards for soil of Grade I.
隨著生態(tài)建設(shè)與環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)措施的逐步實(shí)施，青藏高原土壤生態(tài)功能得到有效提升。近50年，中國草地土壤碳儲量呈波動式增加趨勢，其中青藏高原草地土壤碳儲量的貢獻(xiàn)最大（63.1%），高原高寒草地3米深的土壤無機(jī)碳庫約占全國土壤無機(jī)碳庫的70%。從水源涵養(yǎng)能力看，青藏高原年均水源涵養(yǎng)量達(dá)3450億立方米。三江源生態(tài)保護(hù)與建設(shè)一期工程完成后，林草生態(tài)系統(tǒng)年均水源涵養(yǎng)量比工程實(shí)施前增加了15.60%；圍欄封育等措施也促進(jìn)了土壤有機(jī)碳、土壤水分、土壤微生物環(huán)境等性狀改善。
Along with the implementation of ecological and environmental protection measures, the ecological functions of the local soils have been effectively enhanced. Over the last 50 years, the carbon storage in China’s grassland soils has displayed a tendency of undulating increase, with the grasslands on the Plateau contributing the most (63.1 percent) and the inorganic carbon pool in the soils three meters under the alpine grasslands accounting for 70 percent of the national total. The annual water conservation volume is 345 billion cu m. Following the completion of phase I of the Sanjiangyuan ecological protection and construction project, the annual water conservation volume of the forest and grassland ecosystems has increased by 15.6 percent, and fencing the forests has also contributed to improvement in the organic carbon, moisture and micro-organics content in the soils.
大氣環(huán)境保持優(yōu)良
Air environment has maintained good quality.
青藏高原人類活動強(qiáng)度較低，空氣質(zhì)量受人類活動影響較小，污染物種類較少，濃度較低，各類污染物含量與北極地區(qū)相當(dāng)。隨著綠色能源推廣、生態(tài)城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)和農(nóng)村環(huán)境綜合治理的不斷推進(jìn)，青藏高原空氣質(zhì)量進(jìn)一步改善。2016年，全國顆粒物年均濃度達(dá)標(biāo)的96個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市中，16個(gè)位于青藏高原。目前，青藏高原地區(qū)仍然是地球上最潔凈的地區(qū)之一。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a low intensity of human activity. The air quality is little impacted, the types of pollutants are few and the density is low, and the content of pollutants is similar to those at the North Pole. With the promotion of use of green energy, the progress in building ecological towns, and efforts to improve rural environment, the air quality on the Plateau has seen further improvement. Of the 96 key cities whose annual density of particles met relevant standards in 2016, 16 were located on the Plateau. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is still one of the cleanest regions on Earth.
人居環(huán)境顯著改善
Living environment has notably improved.
2009年以來，國家累計(jì)投入62.94億元，支持西藏自治區(qū)、青海省以及四川、云南、甘肅藏區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)的生活污水垃圾處理設(shè)施及污水管網(wǎng)項(xiàng)目，提高了當(dāng)?shù)爻擎?zhèn)生活污水、垃圾處理能力?！笆濉币詠?，國家累計(jì)投入54.52億元，支持高原諸省區(qū)開展農(nóng)村環(huán)境綜合整治。其中，安排西藏自治區(qū)3.49億元、四川省16.31億元、云南省14.54億元、甘肅省8.99億元、青海省11.19億元。
The state has spent some RMB6.3 billion since 2009 on domestic sewage and waste disposal projects and sewage conduits in the towns of Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and the Tibetan-inhabited towns in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu provinces, leading to a significant increase in local disposal capacity. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state has invested RMB5.45 billion improving the rural environment on the Plateau. Of this sum, RMB349 million went to Tibet, 1.63 billion to Sichuan, 1.45 billion to Yunnan, 899 million to Gansu, and 1.12 billion to Qinghai.
西藏自治區(qū)加強(qiáng)城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)綠化美化，解決垃圾分類處理、噪聲污染處理、污水排放、秸稈焚燒等問題。2010年以來，西藏自治區(qū)安排資金118.18億元，開展5261個(gè)村人居環(huán)境建設(shè)和環(huán)境綜合整治工作，建立農(nóng)村環(huán)境長效管護(hù)機(jī)制，改善了環(huán)境質(zhì)量。2008年以來，青海省開展農(nóng)村環(huán)境連片整治工作，累計(jì)投入專項(xiàng)資金17.4億元，對3015個(gè)村莊和游牧民定居點(diǎn)實(shí)施了環(huán)境綜合整治，受益人口220萬人，占全省農(nóng)村總?cè)丝诘?6%。2014年，青海省啟動高原美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)工作，截至2017年年底，已完成建設(shè)投資107.7億元。目前，青海省城市生活污水處理率、生活垃圾無害化處理率分別達(dá)到78.02%和96.69%，城鎮(zhèn)人居環(huán)境明顯改善。四川省甘孜州實(shí)施“垃圾污水三年行動”，2017年落實(shí)地方政府專項(xiàng)債券資金2.75億元用于新型城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)。截至2017年年底，四川省阿壩州共投資5.85億元用于建設(shè)污水、垃圾處理設(shè)施。云南省迪慶州禁止在轄區(qū)內(nèi)銷售、提供、使用不降解的塑料制品，水污染、土壤污染和大氣污染治理取得明顯成效。甘肅省甘南州已投入52.46億元，實(shí)施703個(gè)生態(tài)文明小康村建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，改善了這些村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)、社會保障和生態(tài)環(huán)境等生產(chǎn)生活條件。
The Tibet Autonomous Region has worked to improve the living conditions of urban and rural communities and address problems related to garbage classification, noise pollution, sewage discharge, and straw burning. Since 2010, it has allocated RMB11.82 billion for the improvement of living conditions in more than 5,261 villages, and introduced long-term mechanisms for rural environment management and protection. Since 2008, Qinghai Province has allocated RMB1.74 billion of special funds for the environmental improvement of over 3,015 villages and settlements of nomadic people, benefiting 2.2 million people – 76 percent of its rural population. In 2014, Qinghai started a beautiful village project, in which it had invested RMB10.77 billion by the end of 2017. Today, the rate of urban domestic sewage disposal has reached 78 percent and domestic waste bio-safety disposal 96.69 percent, and the living conditions have been notably improved in cities and towns. The Garze Prefecture of Sichuan Province has carried out a three-year action to address waste and sewage problems, and directed RMB275 million of local government special bond funds into new urbanization efforts. By the end of 2017, the Aba Prefecture of Sichuan Province had invested RMB585 million in sewage and waste disposal facilities. The Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan Province has prohibited the sale, supply and usage of non-degradable plastic products in the areas under its jurisdiction, and achieved marked progress in water, soil and air pollution control. The Gannan Prefecture of Gansu Province has spent RMB5.25 billion creating 703 “well-off villages” with a pleasant ecological environment, ending up in improving their infrastructure, public services, and social security.
四、綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展
IV. Steady Development of Green Industry
為保護(hù)脆弱生態(tài)環(huán)境，青藏高原各省區(qū)努力控制資源開發(fā)利用強(qiáng)度，在保持良好環(huán)境質(zhì)量和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)較高公眾滿意度的同時(shí)，努力探索綠色發(fā)展途徑。目前，青藏高原各省區(qū)以循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)、可再生能源、特色產(chǎn)業(yè)為特點(diǎn)的綠色發(fā)展模式已初步建立，綠色發(fā)展水平不斷提高。
With the goal of protecting the fragile ecological environment, the provinces and autonomous regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau work hard to control the intensity of resource exploitation and utilization. Efforts are made to maintain a good environment and a high degree of public satisfaction with ecological progress, and to achieve green development. An economic model featuring a circular economy, renewable energy, and distinctive industries, is forming on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, signaling an increasing level of green development.
綠色生產(chǎn)初具規(guī)模
Green production has begun to take shape.
青藏高原經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展堅(jiān)持走生態(tài)環(huán)境友好、資源節(jié)約集約的道路，努力形成綠色發(fā)展方式。
In their efforts to create a green development model, provinces and autonomous regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are committed to an eco-friendly path to economic growth involving low and intensive utilization of resources.
國家在青海省設(shè)立了柴達(dá)木循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)試驗(yàn)區(qū)、西寧經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)2個(gè)國家級循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)試點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)園。柴達(dá)木循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)試驗(yàn)區(qū)形成了鹽湖化工、油氣化工、金屬冶金、煤炭綜合利用、新能源、新材料、特色生物等產(chǎn)業(yè)，園區(qū)資源集約利用水平不斷提升；西寧經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)基本形成了有色金屬、化工、高原生物制品、中藥（含藏藥）、藏毯絨紡等產(chǎn)業(yè)，園區(qū)發(fā)展的質(zhì)量和效益不斷提高，示范帶動作用明顯。通過大力推動國家循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展先行區(qū)建設(shè)，綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)框架初步構(gòu)建，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條不斷延伸，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施逐步完善。
The state has established two national circular economy pilot industrial parks in Qinghai Province – Qaidam Circular Economy Pilot Area and Xining Economic and Technological Development Zone. Industrial activities in Qaidam Circular Economy Pilot Area include salt lake chemical, oil and gas chemical, metallurgy, comprehensive utilization of coal, new energy, new materials and special biological industries, with more intensive utilization of the local resources. Xining Economic and Technological Development Zone features nonferrous metals, chemicals, alpine biological products, traditional Chinese medicine (including Tibetan medicine), Tibetan carpets, playing a leading and exemplary role in improving the quality and increasing the benefits of development. A basic green industry framework is now in place, extending the industrial chain and improving the infrastructure.
西藏自治區(qū)依托資源優(yōu)勢，加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級，制定了《西藏自治區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃（2013－2020年）》，大力發(fā)展清潔能源、旅游、文化、特色食品、天然飲用水以及交通運(yùn)輸、商貿(mào)物流、金融、信息服務(wù)等綠色低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)。2016年，拉薩市被列為國家循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)示范城市，目前正按照國家審定的《西藏自治區(qū)拉薩市循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)示范城市創(chuàng)建實(shí)施方案》推進(jìn)試點(diǎn)示范建設(shè)。
Based on its resource strengths, the Tibet Autonomous Region has been endeavoring to optimize and upgrade its industrial structure. It has worked out the Circular Economy Development Plan of the Tibet Autonomous Region (2013-2020). Efforts are focused on clean energy, tourism, culture, characteristic foods, natural drinking water, transport, commerce, logistics, finance, information services, and other green low-carbon economic activities. In 2016 Lhasa was designated as a national demonstration city for the circular economy, and is now working in accordance with the Establishing the Implementation Plan of Circular Economy Demonstration City for Lhasa of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
云南省迪慶州依托優(yōu)勢資源，實(shí)施食品、藥品、飲品、觀賞品4大工程和綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)建設(shè)，全州生物產(chǎn)業(yè)呈現(xiàn)蓬勃發(fā)展的態(tài)勢。甘肅省甘南州按照區(qū)域生態(tài)功能區(qū)的定位，確立“生態(tài)立州”戰(zhàn)略，明確了綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方向。
Relying on its resource strengths, Yunnan Province’s Deqen Prefecture is focusing on four major sectors (foods, drugs, beverages and ornamental products) and on the construction of green industrial parks, along with a burgeoning biological industry. In accordance with the ecological functions of local areas, Gansu Province’s Gannan Prefecture has developed a strategy of “building an eco-friendly prefecture”, and defined the future direction of green industry.
特色農(nóng)牧業(yè)優(yōu)勢凸顯
Unique strengths of local agriculture and animal husbandry have become increasingly outstanding.
青藏高原各省區(qū)著力發(fā)展特色農(nóng)牧業(yè)，培育綠色、有機(jī)農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品品牌，建設(shè)生態(tài)農(nóng)牧業(yè)試驗(yàn)區(qū)。特色農(nóng)牧業(yè)已成為青藏高原綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分。
Provinces and autonomous regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau focus on unique agriculture and animal husbandry, cultivating green and organic agricultural and livestock products and brands, and building pilot areas for ecological agriculture and animal husbandry. These have become an important part of the green economy on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
2004年以來，國家累計(jì)投入30余億元，在西藏實(shí)施青稞、牦牛、藏藥材等10多類450多個(gè)農(nóng)牧業(yè)特色產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，培育龍頭企業(yè)100多家，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)牧民增收11.82億元，使175.4萬人受益。西藏自治區(qū)推動地理標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證，培育特色品牌，加快特色農(nóng)牧產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。目前已有帕里牦牛、崗巴羊、隆子黑青稞、察隅獼猴桃、波密天麻等10多個(gè)農(nóng)牧地理標(biāo)志保護(hù)產(chǎn)品獲得國家有關(guān)部門認(rèn)證。
Since 2004, the state has invested more than RMB3 billion in Tibet, directed to more than 450 projects in 10 categories related to agriculture and animal husbandry unique to the region, including highland barley, yak-breeding, and traditional Tibetan medicine. More than 100 leading enterprises have emerged as a result, increasing the incomes of local farmers and herdsmen by RMB1.18 billion and benefiting 1.75 million people. The Tibet Autonomous Region is pressing forward with the certification of products of specified geographical origin, developing unique brands, and speeding up development of animal husbandry and agricultural products. To date, more than 10 farm and pastoral products of specified geographical origin have been certified by relevant government departments, including Pagri yak, Gamba sheep, Lhünzê black highland barley, Zayü kiwi fruit and Bomê Gastrodiaelata.
青海省著力打造糧油種植、畜禽養(yǎng)殖、果品蔬菜和枸杞沙棘“四個(gè)百億元”產(chǎn)業(yè)。種植業(yè)“糧經(jīng)飼”三元結(jié)構(gòu)加快優(yōu)化，全國草地生態(tài)畜牧業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)建設(shè)穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)和產(chǎn)業(yè)園加快建設(shè)。截至“十二五”末，全省家庭農(nóng)牧場發(fā)展到1879家，各類合作社發(fā)展到8876家，培育農(nóng)牧業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)451家。特色作物種植比重達(dá)到85%，農(nóng)作物、畜禽和水產(chǎn)品良種覆蓋率分別達(dá)到96%、62%和95%。無公害、綠色和有機(jī)農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品年生產(chǎn)總量達(dá)109萬噸，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量追溯體系逐步建立。東部特色種養(yǎng)高效示范區(qū)、環(huán)湖農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)循環(huán)發(fā)展先行區(qū)、青南生態(tài)有機(jī)畜牧業(yè)保護(hù)發(fā)展區(qū)和沿黃冷水養(yǎng)殖適度開發(fā)帶“三區(qū)一帶”農(nóng)牧業(yè)發(fā)展格局初步形成。
Qinghai Province focuses on four industries, i.e., grain and oil crop, livestock and poultry, fruit and vegetable, and Chinese wolfberry and sea buckthorn. Each of these represents output value of more than RMB10 billion. The speed of optimization of a ternary structure of grain, cash and forage crops is picking up. The building of national grassland ecological animal husbandry pilot areas, modern agriculture demonstration zones and industrial parks are making headway. By the end of the 12th Five-year Plan, there were 1,879 family farms and pastures, 8,876 cooperatives of various types, and 451 leading agriculture and animal husbandry enterprises in Qinghai. Crops unique to the region represented 85 percent of planting by area, and the coverage rate of improved varieties of crops was 96 percent. The corresponding figures for improved breeds of livestock & poultry and aquatic products were 62 percent and 95 percent. The total annual output of eco-friendly green and organic agricultural and livestock products reached 1.09 million tons. An agricultural products quality traceability system has been implemented. A “three areas and one zone” development framework for agriculture and animal husbandry is in place; this refers to a characteristic planting and high efficiency demonstration area in the east, a circular economic development pilot area in a farming-pastoral ecotone area around the lake, an ecological and organic animal husbandry protection and development area in southern Qinghai, and a cold water moderate aquaculture development zone along the Yellow River.
甘肅省甘南州實(shí)施藏區(qū)青稞基地及產(chǎn)業(yè)化工程和高原優(yōu)質(zhì)油菜、高原中藥材（含藏藥材）基地建設(shè)，加快發(fā)展特色種植業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)林果業(yè)和林下產(chǎn)業(yè)。四川省甘孜州、阿壩州實(shí)施生態(tài)文明建設(shè)與發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)結(jié)合，打造特色農(nóng)牧業(yè)和特色林果業(yè)“兩個(gè)百萬畝”產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，以及花椒、森林蔬菜、木本藥材等特色種植基地。云南省迪慶州高原特色農(nóng)業(yè)種植面積達(dá)9.07萬公頃，2017年產(chǎn)值達(dá)19億元。
In order to accelerate the development of its growing industry unique to the region, forest & fruit industries, and the industry of byproducts of forests, Gansu Province’s Gannan Prefecture focuses on the building of a highland barley base and barley industrialization project in the Tibetan-inhabited area, construction of the bases of highland quality rape and traditional Chinese medicine (including Tibetan medicine). Sichuan Province’s Garze Prefecture and Aba Prefecture integrate ecological progress with ecological agriculture, construct bases for characteristic agriculture & animal husbandry and the forest & fruit industries each covering a total area of more than 100 million mu (133,400 ha.), and develop planting bases for Chinese prickly ash, forest vegetables, and woody herbs. In 2017, the area for growing crops unique to the locality in Yunnan Province’s Deqen Prefecture reached 90,700 ha., turning out an output value of RMB1.9 billion.
綠色能源產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展
Green energy develops rapidly.
青藏高原擁有豐富的水能、太陽能、地?zé)崮艿染G色能源。近年來，青藏高原各省區(qū)基本構(gòu)建了以水電、太陽能等為主體的可再生能源產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，保障了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)的協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in hydro energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, and other green energies. In recent years, the provinces and autonomous regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have each built its own basic renewable energy industry system focusing on hydroelectricity and solar energy to support the coordinated development of the regional economy and environmental protection.
青藏高原多條大江大河流經(jīng)高山峽谷，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的水能資源。西藏水能資源技術(shù)可開發(fā)量為1.74億千瓦，位居全國第一，近年來建成了多布、金河、直孔等中型水電站，至2017年年底，全區(qū)水電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到177萬千瓦，占全區(qū)總裝機(jī)容量的56.54%。青海水能資源技術(shù)可開發(fā)量為2400萬千瓦，建成了龍羊峽、拉西瓦、李家峽等一批大型水電工程，至2016年年底，青海省水電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)1192萬千瓦。四川省甘孜州和阿壩州水能技術(shù)可開發(fā)量約5663萬千瓦，已建成水電總裝機(jī)容量達(dá)1708萬千瓦。
On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, many big rivers, running through high mountains and canyons, boast significant potential for hydropower development. Tibet leads the country with 174 million kW of potential hydropower. In recent years, Tibet has built three medium-scale hydropower stations, i.e., Duobu, Jinhe and Drigung. By the end of 2017, Tibet’s installed hydropower capacity was 1.77 million kW, accounting for 56.54 percent of the region’s total installed capacity.
With 24 million kW of exploitable hydropower resources, Qinghai Province has built three large hydropower projects, i.e., Longyang Gorge, Laxiwa, and Lijia Gorge. By the end of 2016, Qinghai’s installed hydropower capacity was 11.92 million kW.
Sichuan Province’s Garze Prefecture and Aba Prefecture boast 56.63 million kW of exploitable hydropower, and 17.08 million kW of installed capacity in completed hydropower stations.
青藏高原是世界上太陽能最豐富的地區(qū)之一，年太陽總輻射量高達(dá)5400－8000兆焦/平方米，比同緯度低海拔地區(qū)高50%－100%。青海省在柴達(dá)木盆地實(shí)施數(shù)個(gè)百萬千瓦級光伏電站群建設(shè)工程，打造國際最大規(guī)模的光伏電站。至2016年年底，青海光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)682萬千瓦。2014年，西藏被國家列為不受光伏發(fā)電建設(shè)規(guī)模限制的地區(qū)，優(yōu)先支持西藏開發(fā)光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目。到2017年年底，西藏光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)79萬千瓦。四川省甘孜州和阿壩州太陽能可開發(fā)量超過2000萬千瓦，已建成投產(chǎn)35萬千瓦光伏電站。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area is a world-leading source of solar energy, with 5,400-8,000MJ per sq m of annual total solar radiation, 50-100 percent higher than low-elevation areas on the same latitude. Qinghai Province has launched several photovoltaic (PV) power station projects in the Qaidam Basin, each with a capacity of at least one million kW, and is planning to build the world’s largest PV power station. By the end of 2016, Qinghai’s installed PV capacity had reached 6.82 million kW.
In 2014, Tibet received approval from the state to develop PV power stations without limit in scale of construction and enjoying priority state support. By the end of 2017, Tibet’s installed PV capacity was 790,000 kW.
Sichuan Province’s Garze Prefecture and Aba Prefecture have more than 20 million kW of exploitable solar energy, and PV power stations with a total capacity of 350,000 kW are in service.
旅游業(yè)助力綠色發(fā)展
Tourism boosts green development.
青藏高原獨(dú)特的自然與人文景觀，為旅游業(yè)發(fā)展提供了豐富資源。旅游發(fā)展帶動了餐飲、住宿、交通、文化娛樂等產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、傳統(tǒng)手藝傳承和特色產(chǎn)品開發(fā)。旅游業(yè)已成為青藏高原實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色增長和農(nóng)牧民增收致富的重要途徑。
The unique natural and cultural landscape on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provides rich potential for tourism, encouraging the catering, accommodation, transport, culture, and entertainment sectors, and protecting cultural heritage and the survival of traditional crafts, and the development of characteristic products. Tourism has become an important channel for green growth and higher incomes for farmers and herdsmen.
青藏高原各省區(qū)在生態(tài)保護(hù)第一的前提下，大力發(fā)展特色旅游業(yè)，推進(jìn)全域旅游，加快旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和配套設(shè)施建設(shè)，提升旅游業(yè)開放水平，促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)與文化、體育、康養(yǎng)等產(chǎn)業(yè)深度融合。西藏自治區(qū)依托自然保護(hù)區(qū)、國家森林公園、國家濕地公園建設(shè)發(fā)展生態(tài)旅游，打造全域旅游精品路線。四川省開發(fā)大九寨、大草原等旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)圈，推動阿壩州、甘孜州國家全域旅游示范區(qū)建設(shè)。甘肅省大力培育山水生態(tài)游、草原濕地游等，甘南州開展全域旅游無垃圾示范區(qū)建設(shè)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)雙贏。
Giving top priority to ecological protection, provinces and autonomous regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are promoting characteristic and holistic tourism, building new tourism infrastructure and supporting facilities, and encouraging tourism to integrate with the cultural, sports and health industries. The Tibet Autonomous Region is developing ecological tourism and quality holistic tourist routes based on nature reserves, national forest parks, and national wetland parks. Sichuan Province focuses on developing the Jiuzhaigou-Ruoergai Grassland tourism economic circle, and holistic tourism demonstration areas in Aba Prefecture and Garze Prefecture. Gansu Province is cultivating landscape and prairie & wetland eco-tours, building garbage-free demonstration areas for holistic tourism in Gannan Prefecture, and coordinating growth in tourism with eco-environmental protection.
2017年，西藏自治區(qū)共接待游客2561.4萬人次，旅游收入達(dá)379.4億元，占當(dāng)年全區(qū)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的28.95%；青海省接待游客3484.1萬人次，旅游收入達(dá)381.53億元，占當(dāng)年全省國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的14.44%。2017年，云南省迪慶州接待游客2676萬人次，旅游收入達(dá)298億元。甘肅省高原區(qū)域接待旅游人數(shù)、旅游收入連續(xù)7年保持兩位數(shù)增長，2017年接待游客1105.6萬人次，旅游收入達(dá)51.35億元。
In 2017, Tibet hosted more than 25.61 million visitors and its revenues totaled RMB37.94 billion, representing 28.95 percent of the region’s GDP; Qinghai received 34.84 million visitors and its revenues totaled RMB38.15 billion, representing 14.44 percent of the province’s GDP. In 2017, Yunnan Province’s Deqen Prefecture received 26.76 million visitors, providing revenues of RMB29.8 billion. The number of visitors to and the tourism revenues of the plateau region of Gansu Province have grown at a double-digit rate for the last seven years. In 2017, it received 11.06 million tourists providing revenues of more than RMB5.14 billion.
五、科技支撐體系基本建立
V. Sci-tech Support System Is in Place
新中國成立以來，青藏高原科學(xué)研究經(jīng)歷了從局部到整體、從單學(xué)科研究到綜合研究、從國內(nèi)合作到國際合作的發(fā)展過程，現(xiàn)已形成較高水平的科研力量，建成了較為完備的生態(tài)與環(huán)境監(jiān)測體系。在青藏高原社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中，科技發(fā)揮著越來越重要的支撐作用。
Since the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, scientific research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has developed from partial, single-subject, domestic research to integrated, comprehensive research involving international cooperation. A team of high-caliber researchers has been established, together with an ecological and environmental monitoring system. Sci-tech is playing an ever more important supporting role in socio-economic development and ecological progress on the Plateau.
一流的科技隊(duì)伍與科技成果
Top-notch researchers and sci-tech achievements
中國科技工作者從20世紀(jì)50年代開始對青藏高原局部地區(qū)開展短期、小范圍的科學(xué)考察。20世紀(jì)70年代初至80年代末持續(xù)開展了大規(guī)模的綜合科學(xué)考察，獲得了數(shù)百萬字的第一手科學(xué)考察資料，出版了包括43部專著的《青藏高原科學(xué)考察叢書》，成為第一套青藏高原百科全書。早在1978年全國科學(xué)大會上，中國科學(xué)院青藏高原綜合科學(xué)考察隊(duì)就獲得國務(wù)院嘉獎(jiǎng)。“青藏高原隆起及其對自然環(huán)境與人類活動影響的綜合研究”于1987年獲國家自然科學(xué)一等獎(jiǎng)。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，結(jié)合青藏高原社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)的需求，開展了區(qū)域資源合理開發(fā)、生態(tài)環(huán)境恢復(fù)與治理、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃等研究工作，并對青藏高原的形成演化、影響等科學(xué)問題開展了相關(guān)學(xué)科的系統(tǒng)研究。第二次青藏高原綜合科學(xué)考察研究將持續(xù)為高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)提供全面科技支撐，聚焦水、生態(tài)、人類活動，著力解決青藏高原資源環(huán)境承載力、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、綠色發(fā)展途徑等方面的問題。
Chinese sci-tech workers started short-term, small-scale scientific studies on part of the Plateau in the 1950s. Large-scale and comprehensive investigation work was carried out from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, generating first-hand materials totaling several million Chinese characters. Based on the materials, quite a number of books, including 43 monographs, on the Plateau research were published, making up the first Qinghai-Tibet Plateau encyclopedia. The team under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was commended by the State Council at the commended 1978 National Conference on Science. Comprehensive Research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau’s Rise and on Its Effects on Environment and Human Activities won the first prize of the 1987 National Award for Natural Science. Since the 1990s, to meet the needs of socio-economic development and environmental improvement on the Plateau, the Chinese government has launched research programs on the rational development of regional resources, ecological restoration and environmental governance, and planning for socio-economic development, and carried out systematic research in related subjects on the formation, evolution, and influence of the Plateau, and some other scientific issues. The second round of comprehensive investigation and research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will continue providing comprehensive sci-tech support for local ecological progress, with focus on water, ecology, and human activities, and with the goal of solving such problems as environmental carrying capacity, disaster risks, and approaches to green development.
60多年來，以中國科學(xué)院為主的科技隊(duì)伍在青藏高原基礎(chǔ)研究及應(yīng)用研究方面取得許多開拓性科學(xué)成就。例如，劉東生院士在青藏高原隆起與東亞季風(fēng)變化研究的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了構(gòu)造－氣候科學(xué)學(xué)說；葉篤正院士提出青藏高原在夏季是熱源的見解，開拓了大地形熱力作用研究，創(chuàng)立了青藏高原氣象學(xué)。這些創(chuàng)新成果推動了相關(guān)學(xué)科的發(fā)展，在區(qū)域社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)中發(fā)揮了科技支撐作用。
Over the past 60 years or more, the sci-tech workers, with those from the CAS as mainstay, have made pioneering achievements in basic and applied research on the Plateau. For example, Academician Liu Dongsheng established the tectonics-climate theory based on his research on the Plateau’s rise and East Asian monsoon climate change; Academician Ye Duzheng proposed that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a thermal source in summer, and thus pioneered research on topography and thermodynamic activities and established the basics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau meteorology theory. These innovative achievements have driven related subjects forward, and played a supporting role in the region’s socio-economic development, infrastructure construction and environmental improvement.
目前，中國已擁有一支積累雄厚、學(xué)科配套、老中青相結(jié)合的從事青藏高原研究的科技隊(duì)伍，包括40多位中國科學(xué)院院士和中國工程院院士、100多名“千人計(jì)劃”和“萬人計(jì)劃”入選者、國家杰出青年基金獲得者等領(lǐng)軍人才。其中，劉東生、葉篤正和吳征鎰分別榮獲2003、2005和2007年國家最高科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)，孫鴻烈榮獲2009年“艾托里·馬約拉納-伊利斯科學(xué)和平獎(jiǎng)”，姚檀棟榮獲2017年“瑞典人類學(xué)和地理學(xué)會維加獎(jiǎng)”，他們關(guān)于青藏高原的研究成就享譽(yù)國際。
China now boasts a sci-tech team engaged in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau research, with accumulated experience and expertise and supported by relevant subjects. The team has senior, middle-aged and young researchers, including more than 40 academicians of the CAS and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, more than 100 awardees of the Plan for Introducing Overseas High-level Talents (also called the Thousand Talents Plan) and the Special National Plan for High-level Talents (also called the 10,000 Talents Plan), and winners of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and some other leading talent. Among them, Liu Dongsheng won the 2003 Highest Science and Technology Award of China, Ye Duzheng, the 2005 award, and Wu Zhengyi, the 2007 award; Sun Honglie won the Ettore Majorana-Erice Science for Peace Prize 2009; and Yao Tandong won the 2017 Vega Medal of Svenska S?llskapet f?r Antropologi och Geografi. These scientists are renowned around the world for their research achievements on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
日益健全的生態(tài)與環(huán)境監(jiān)測體系
An improved eco-environmental monitoring system
為監(jiān)測青藏高原的生態(tài)環(huán)境變化，中國建立了較為完備的監(jiān)測體系，包括中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)、高寒區(qū)地表過程與環(huán)境監(jiān)測研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及環(huán)保、國土、農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、水利、氣象等專業(yè)觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，形成了天地一體化的監(jiān)測預(yù)警體系。中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)在青藏高原及周邊建有森林、草地、農(nóng)田和荒漠等8個(gè)不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型的觀測臺站，對高原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)變化開展長期的定位監(jiān)測，揭示生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及環(huán)境要素的變化規(guī)律及其動因。高寒區(qū)地表過程與環(huán)境監(jiān)測研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對青藏高原地表環(huán)境變化過程的連續(xù)監(jiān)測?！笆濉逼陂g，氣象部門在青藏高原增建了9部新一代天氣雷達(dá)、18個(gè)高空氣象觀測站、123個(gè)國家級地面氣象觀測站、1361個(gè)區(qū)域氣象觀測站，發(fā)射了3顆風(fēng)云系列氣象衛(wèi)星，完善了氣象觀測試驗(yàn)站網(wǎng)。西藏自治區(qū)和青海省目前分別建成國家地表水考核斷面22個(gè)和19個(gè)、國控城市空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測站點(diǎn)18個(gè)和11個(gè)。在一些重點(diǎn)區(qū)域，如三江源地區(qū)，相關(guān)部門構(gòu)建了星－機(jī)－地生態(tài)綜合立體監(jiān)測與評估系統(tǒng)，建立了該區(qū)域時(shí)間序列最長、數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)最全的高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)庫。生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)的健全與數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的提高，促進(jìn)了環(huán)境管理水平和效率大幅提升。
To monitor eco-environmental changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China has set up a relatively complete monitoring and early-warning system that integrates air and land networks, including a Chinese ecosystem research network, a network for monitoring and studying earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, and observation networks in environmental protection, land, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and some other fields. Under the Chinese ecosystem research network, observation stations for eight different ecosystems, including forest, grassland, farmland and desert, have been set up on the Plateau and surrounding areas, offering long-term located monitoring of changes of the Plateau ecosystem and thus revealing laws for and causes of changes in the ecosystem and environmental factors. With the network for monitoring and studying earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, researchers have performed continuous monitoring of environmental change on the Plateau surface. During the 12th Five-year Plan period, meteorological departments set up nine new-generation weather radars, 18 aerological observation stations, 123 state-level ground meteorological observation stations, and 1,361 regional meteorological observation stations, and launched three Fengyun meteorological satellites, thereby improving the network of meteorological observation and test stations. Tibet Autonomous Region has set up 22 state-level surface water inspection sections and 18 state-controlled air quality monitoring stations; the corresponding figures for Qinghai Province are 19 and 11. In some key areas, for example Sanjiangyuan, relevant departments have established a satellite-aircraft-earth integrated, stereoscopic monitoring and evaluation system, and a high-quality database spanning the longest time period and containing the most data items in this area. With improved ecological and environmental monitoring networks and enhanced data quality, environmental governance has improved greatly in terms of capability and efficiency.
科技支撐綠色發(fā)展
Sci-tech-supported green development
在青藏高原經(jīng)濟(jì)社會和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中，科技的支撐作用日益顯現(xiàn)。
Sci-tech is playing a more obvious supporting role in socio-economic development and ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
青藏鐵路的建設(shè)和運(yùn)營是科技創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)綠色發(fā)展的標(biāo)志性工程。青藏鐵路格爾木－拉薩段（格拉段）全長1142公里，工程建設(shè)面臨凍土消融、高寒缺氧、生態(tài)脆弱三大世界性工程難題。格拉段穿越連續(xù)多年凍土區(qū)546.4公里，基于大量觀測數(shù)據(jù)和科技成果，科技人員設(shè)計(jì)采用了以橋代路、片石通風(fēng)路基、通風(fēng)管路基、碎石和片石護(hù)坡、熱棒、保溫板、綜合防排水體系等措施，保障了鐵路修建。青藏鐵路穿越可可西里、三江源、色林錯(cuò)等多個(gè)國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)，為保護(hù)藏羚羊等野生動物的生存環(huán)境，鐵路全線建立了33處野生動物專用通道；為保護(hù)沿線生態(tài)環(huán)境，采取了沙害治理、植草綠化、草皮移植等一系列生態(tài)保護(hù)措施。青藏鐵路建成運(yùn)營后，多年凍土保持穩(wěn)定，鐵路兩側(cè)生態(tài)得到持續(xù)恢復(fù)，局部區(qū)域已接近甚至優(yōu)于周邊自然狀態(tài)。青藏鐵路建設(shè)成就在國際上獲得高度評價(jià)。政府間氣候變化專業(yè)委員會（IPCC）第四次和第五次《氣候變化評估報(bào)告》認(rèn)為，青藏鐵路為其他國家和地區(qū)建設(shè)適應(yīng)于氣候變化的綠色鐵路提供了成功案例。美國《科學(xué)》雜志2007年4月27日刊文指出，青藏鐵路終將提升中國西部生態(tài)、社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，它不僅是一個(gè)鐵路工程，更是一個(gè)生態(tài)奇跡。“青藏鐵路工程”獲得2008年度國家科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)特等獎(jiǎng)。
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a landmark project, demonstrating the guidance given by sci-tech innovation to green development. The Golmud-Lhasa section extends 1,142 km, and construction workers were confronted with three extreme engineering problems: melting permafrost, hypoxia at high altitude, and a vulnerable ecology. As the section runs through permafrost regions for almost 546.4 km, sci-tech personnel designed and adopted such measures as replacing surface routes with viaducts, rubble ventilated embankments, ventiduct roadbeds, gravel and rubble revetments, heat conducting poles, insulation boards, and integrated waterproof and drainage systems. These were based on a great volume of observation data and previous technological achievements, ensuring the successful completion of this section. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway also runs through some national nature reserves, including Hoh Xil, Sanjiangyuan and Siling Co. To protect the living environment of Tibetan antelopes and other wild animals, 33 special passageways were added along the railway; to protect the ecological environment, a series of measures were taken, including sand hazard control, grass planting, and turf transplanting. Since the railway was brought into operation, the permafrost has been stable, and the ecology along the line is recovering, with some areas approaching or even surpassing the level of their surroundings. The achievements of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have earned international acclaim. As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated in its fourth and fifth assessment reports, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway offers a successful example for other countries and regions in building “green” railways adapted to climate change. Science magazine in the United States published an article on April 27, 2007, pointing out that the railway will “ultimately promote the sustainable ecological, social, and economic development of western China”, describing it as not only an engineering accomplishment, but also “an ecological miracle”. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project won the special award of the 2008 National Award for Scientific and Technological Progress.
在三江源區(qū)退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的治理過程中，科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)揮了強(qiáng)有力的支撐作用。三江源“黑土灘”草地恢復(fù)技術(shù)體系，使“黑土灘”治理取得突破，相關(guān)科技成果獲國家科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)。牧草品種的原種籽栽培技術(shù)，為典型退化草地治理和人工種草提供了優(yōu)質(zhì)草種。
Sci-tech has played a strong supporting role in controlling the ecosystem degradation of the Sanjiangyuan region. A technical system for restoring degraded alpine meadows (Heitutan, or black soil land) has achieved big breakthroughs in relevant researches, and the achievements won a Class-II prize in the National Award for Scientific and Technological Progress. A technique for cultivating breeder seeds of forage grass has provided high-quality seeds for controlling typical degraded pastures and artificial grass planting.
藏醫(yī)藥是維護(hù)高原人民健康的寶貴財(cái)富，也是青藏高原發(fā)展特色經(jīng)濟(jì)的重大優(yōu)勢資源。為促進(jìn)藏醫(yī)藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、現(xiàn)代化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展，科技部門大力推動藏藥材人工種植及野生撫育等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與示范，積極開展藏醫(yī)藥基礎(chǔ)及應(yīng)用研究，不斷完善藏醫(yī)藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和檢驗(yàn)監(jiān)測體系。在疾病防治、藥物研發(fā)、養(yǎng)生保健等領(lǐng)域培育了一批創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)，打造了一系列藏藥品牌產(chǎn)品。
Traditional Tibetan medicine is a precious health treasure for people living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and a major resource strength for the Plateau to develop a local specialty economy. To develop Tibetan medicine in a standard, modern and industrialized way, sci-tech departments have promoted research on and demonstration of key techniques, such as artificial planting and wild tending of Tibetan medicinal materials. They have carried out basic and applied research on Tibetan medicine, and kept improving the standards and the inspection and monitoring system of Tibetan medicine. They have fostered a group of innovative enterprises in prevention and treatment of diseases, research and development of drugs, and health preservation, and created a series of branded Tibetan medicine products.
六、生態(tài)文化逐漸形成
VI. A Developing Culture That Values Ecological Awareness
隨著青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的不斷推進(jìn)，人們的思想觀念和生活方式發(fā)生了深刻變化，保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境就是保護(hù)美好家園已經(jīng)成為社會共識，生態(tài)文化自信日益增強(qiáng)。
With advances in ecological conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there has been a profound change in how people think and live. It has become widely recognized that protecting the environment means protecting our common home, with growing confidence in our eco-culture.
生態(tài)文明理念日益深入人心
Ecological awareness is taking root.
生態(tài)文明建設(shè)過程中，青藏高原諸省區(qū)通過加大環(huán)境保護(hù)宣傳、建設(shè)文化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、開展教育培訓(xùn)、提升民眾參與度、表彰先進(jìn)人員、創(chuàng)建生態(tài)節(jié)日等，使生態(tài)文明理念逐步普及?！翱可匠陨?、靠水吃水”的傳統(tǒng)觀念逐漸被“青山綠水是金山銀山、冰天雪地也是金山銀山”的新觀念取代；尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然的理念得到推崇。
To promote ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the relevant provinces and autonomous regions have taken active measures to increase public awareness of eco-conservation, such as strengthening public campaigns on environmental protection, building cultural infrastructure, organizing education and training sessions, encouraging public participation, rewarding role models, and introducing eco-themed holidays. In the past, people would exhaust their natural environment for food and wealth, but now they are beginning to understand that green mountains and clear water, and even snow and ice, are valuable assets that represent our true wealth. The idea of respecting nature, following nature’s law, and protecting nature has become popular.
“十二五”期間，西藏自治區(qū)開展重點(diǎn)公共文化設(shè)施建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，實(shí)施了綜合文化體育設(shè)施工程、流動電影服務(wù)工程、農(nóng)家書屋工程、村級廣播信息資源共享工程、村衛(wèi)生室醫(yī)療設(shè)備完善工程、太陽能公共照明工程等建設(shè)工程，建成文化廣場1616個(gè)；實(shí)現(xiàn)了地（市）群藝館，縣（區(qū)）綜合文化活動中心、新華書店，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站和農(nóng)家書屋全覆蓋。同時(shí)，開展年度節(jié)能宣傳周和低碳日宣傳活動，增強(qiáng)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)意識。在文明城市、文明村鎮(zhèn)等各類精神文明創(chuàng)建中，將生態(tài)環(huán)保作為評選表彰各類先進(jìn)典型的重要依據(jù)。拉薩市通過實(shí)施“環(huán)境立市”戰(zhàn)略，提升城市環(huán)境質(zhì)量，并持續(xù)開展“家在社區(qū)、五美家庭”等群眾性精神文明創(chuàng)建活動；持續(xù)開展凈化環(huán)境、保護(hù)生態(tài)等志愿服務(wù)。在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)開展“美麗鄉(xiāng)村文明養(yǎng)成”精神文明活動；組建村（居）志愿服務(wù)工作隊(duì)，開展打掃村莊衛(wèi)生、植樹造林、水源及動植物保護(hù)等活動。
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, Tibet Autonomous Region built a series of key public cultural facilities, and initiated such programs as cultural and sports facilities, movie circuits, village libraries, sharing village-level broadcasting resource, upgrading village clinic equipment, and solar lighting for public use. During the period, 1,616 cultural plazas were opened in Tibet, which now boasts an extensive network of cultural facilities, including public arts galleries at the prefecture/city level, cultural centers at the county/district level, Xinhua bookstores, township cultural stations, and village libraries. The autonomous region has also carried out “energy-conserving week” and “l(fā)ow-carbon day” campaigns to enhance the public’s awareness of environmental protection, which has also become an important basis for evaluating the performance of villages, towns, and cities when selecting role models in this regard. Emphasizing the importance of the environment, Lhasa City is striving to improve its urban environment; it encourages the public, with families as units, to take part in related community activities, and organizes volunteers to clean the streets and protect the natural ecology. Similar campaigns have also been rolled out in farming and pastoral areas, where villagers and residents are grouped as volunteers to keep their villages clean, plant trees, and protect water sources and wildlife.
甘肅省甘南州開展生態(tài)文明先行示范區(qū)建設(shè)。通過實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的源頭保護(hù)制度、損害賠償制度、責(zé)任追究制度等，完善環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)修復(fù)機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的引領(lǐng)導(dǎo)向作用。并將生態(tài)環(huán)保理念納入全州干部在線學(xué)習(xí)教育內(nèi)容，編寫發(fā)行面向全州中小學(xué)生、黨政干部、農(nóng)牧民等不同層次的《甘南州生態(tài)文明教育讀本》，開通環(huán)保網(wǎng)站，播放環(huán)保公益廣告，推送手機(jī)環(huán)保短信，舉辦“生態(tài)立州”有獎(jiǎng)?wù)魑?，?qiáng)化各級干部群眾生態(tài)環(huán)保理念，提高人們對生態(tài)保護(hù)重要性的認(rèn)識，營造愛護(hù)環(huán)境的良好風(fēng)氣。
Gannan Prefecture in Gansu Province is working to be a model area of ecological conservation by enacting strict measures on water source protection, damage compensation and accountability. Much is being done to improve the environmental management and ecological remediation systems, and strengthen the guiding role of ecological progress. To enhance public awareness of environmental protection, the prefecture has included eco-education in the online study materials for its officials. It has also compiled various eco-education readings to distribute to elementary and secondary school students, Party and government officials, and farmers and herdsmen, opened a website on ecological education, aired eco-themed public-service advertisements, pushed text messages to mobile phones, and held writing contests on conservation.
青海省印發(fā)《關(guān)于開展“文明青海”建設(shè)活動的實(shí)施意見》，開展“清潔三江源，保護(hù)母親河”“青海湖生態(tài)保護(hù)”等大型志愿服務(wù)活動，倡導(dǎo)移風(fēng)易俗和生產(chǎn)生活新風(fēng)尚。算好“綠色賬”，走好“綠色路”，打好“綠色牌”的環(huán)保觀念和“生態(tài)似水、發(fā)展如舟”的生態(tài)意識逐步深入人心。
Qinghai Province has issued the Opinions on Promoting Green Lifestyles in Qinghai, and held major campaigns to clean the Sanjiangyuan area and protect the environment of Qinghai Lake. The government encourages the public to abandon outdated habits and embrace new and green lifestyles, enhance ecological awareness, and correctly understand the interdependent relationship between good ecology and sound development.
綠色生活方式日益形成
Green lifestyle is bedding in.
隨著生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的不斷深入，高原農(nóng)牧民“人畜混居”、燃薪燒糞等生活方式逐步發(fā)生變化，綠色建筑、綠色能源、潔凈居住、綠色出行日益成為受歡迎的生活方式。
As ecological awareness spreads on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, fewer farmers and herdsmen keep livestock in their houses or burn firewood and dung for heating. Green housing, green energy, living on clean energy, and green travel have become increasingly popular lifestyle habits.
青藏高原諸省區(qū)積極推進(jìn)新能源多元化利用，以太陽能為主的新能源已廣泛應(yīng)用于取暖、做飯、照明、灌溉、通訊等生產(chǎn)生活的各個(gè)方面。被動式太陽房是西藏太陽能利用較早的技術(shù)之一，20世紀(jì)80年代開始在阿里、那曲、拉薩等地市推廣應(yīng)用。太陽房能基本滿足冬季采暖要求，改善了生活環(huán)境，提高了生活質(zhì)量。房屋節(jié)能環(huán)保程度已成為農(nóng)牧民建房時(shí)的重要決策因素。截至2017年年底，以水能、太陽能、沼氣為主的清潔能源已達(dá)到西藏自治區(qū)電力總裝機(jī)容量的87%，推廣太陽灶40多萬臺，太陽能熱水器45萬平方米，被動式太陽房約42萬平方米，降低了農(nóng)牧民對傳統(tǒng)燃料的依賴。
On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, new energy is being used for a diversity of purposes. Solar energy and other new energy have been widely applied in heating, cooking, lighting, irrigation, telecommunications, and other areas of daily life and work. In Tibet, passive solar housing is one of the first solar technologies introduced – it first appeared in Ali, Naqu and Lhasa in the 1980s. In addition to providing heating in winter, solar housing offers a better home environment and raises people’s living standards. Energy conservation and environmental protection have become important factors for farmers and herdsmen on the Plateau to consider when they build houses. By the end of 2017 clean energy – mainly water power, solar energy and biogas – contributed 87 percent of the total installed capacity of electricity in Tibet Autonomous Region. There were more than 400,000 solar stoves in use, with solar water heating systems covering 450,000 sq m of floor space and passive solar housing some 420,000 sq m. All of this is reducing the public’s reliance on traditional fuels.
青海省實(shí)施省級農(nóng)牧區(qū)被動式太陽能暖房建設(shè)工程，推廣太陽灶、太陽能熱水器、太陽能電池、戶用風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)，推動“以電代煤”“以電代糞”等項(xiàng)目。截至2017年年底，青海省累計(jì)推廣太陽灶10.22萬臺、太陽能熱水器1.28萬臺、太陽能電池9200套；建設(shè)被動式太陽能暖房1.31萬套，示范面積達(dá)130.5萬平方米。電熱炕、光伏供熱等取暖方式逐步替代了燃燒牛糞和煤塊的傳統(tǒng)方式，減少了污染排放，改善了生活環(huán)境，提高了生活水平，同時(shí)降低了對草地的過度索取，促進(jìn)了草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)和改善。
In Qinghai, provincial-level programs have been initiated in farming and pastoral areas to promote passive solar housing, solar stoves, solar water heaters, solar batteries, and household wind turbines, and to replace the burning of coal and dung with electricity for heating. By the end of 2017, support from the province had resulted in the use of 102,200 solar stoves, 12,800 solar water heaters, and 9,200 sets of solar batteries; 13,100 passive solar housing units had been built as demonstration projects, totaling 1,305,000 sq m. Electric and photovoltaic heating have gradually replaced dung and coal-burning, contributing to reduced pollutant emissions, a better home environment, and higher living standards. This has also reined in excess exploitation of grasslands, beneficial to the remediation and improvement of the grassland ecosystem.
青藏高原諸省區(qū)通過建設(shè)生態(tài)文明小康村，開展改廁、改圈、改房等活動，實(shí)施生活垃圾收集轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、生活污水收集處理、飲用水水源地保護(hù)、秸稈綜合利用、噪聲綜合治理、人畜糞便污染綜合治理等工程，減少了垃圾亂陳、私搭亂建、亂采亂挖、隨意焚燒等不文明現(xiàn)象，住房、飲水、出行等居住環(huán)境和生活條件明顯改善，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了干凈、整潔和便利。
In villages on the Plateau, a number of measures have been taken to improve the environment. By building modern-standard toilets, livestock pens, and housing, and undertaking domestic garbage collection and disposal, domestic wastewater collection and treatment, drinking water source protection, efficient crop stalk utilization, noise abatement, and human and livestock feces pollution control, the local governments have effectively addressed such problems as random dumping of garbage, illegal construction or extension of houses, unauthorized mining, and open-air burning of crop stalks. People on the Plateau now enjoy better housing, drinking water and transport, and a clean environment and convenient facilities.
2017年，共享單車進(jìn)入西藏拉薩，迅速成為老百姓出行的選擇，形成了美麗的城市風(fēng)景線；拉薩、西寧等高原城市新能源汽車數(shù)量穩(wěn)步提升，珠穆朗瑪峰、納帕海等自然保護(hù)區(qū)核心區(qū)已實(shí)現(xiàn)新能源汽車運(yùn)營服務(wù)。綠色交通、文明旅游成為新的出行方式。
In 2017, shared bicycle services entered Lhasa. These bicycles quickly became a favored choice for the locals when they needed to go somewhere, adding flavor to the city’s charms. In Lhasa, Xining and other high-altitude cities, the number of new-energy vehicles keeps increasing; in core protection areas such as the Qomolangma and Napa Lake transport services are provided by new-energy vehicles. Green transport and tourism have become the preferred options of the public.
生態(tài)文化自信持續(xù)增強(qiáng)
Confidence in the ecological culture is getting enhanced.
青藏高原美麗的風(fēng)景，良好的生態(tài)本底，以及生態(tài)文明建設(shè)取得的成就，極大地提升了當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣袢罕姷纳鷳B(tài)文化自信。美麗鄉(xiāng)村、文明校園、文明家庭等多種形式的生態(tài)文明建設(shè)活動，使高原人民的精神面貌煥然一新。人們參與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的積極性、主動性不斷增強(qiáng)，幸福感、獲得感不斷提升，對擁有青山綠水和冰天雪地倍感自豪。
The beauty of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, its sound ecological base, and the progress made in conservation have significantly boosted local people’s confidence in their ecological culture. Eco-themed public campaigns in villages, on campus and in communities have breathed fresh air into the people’s lives and lifted their spirit. People are increasingly active in joining ecological efforts, and are more content with life and have a greater sense of gain. They are proud of the ice and snow as much as the green mountains and clear water.
至2017年，西藏自治區(qū)圍繞建設(shè)美麗西藏，建成自治區(qū)級10個(gè)生態(tài)縣、173個(gè)生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、1924個(gè)生態(tài)村；林芝市巴宜區(qū)被授予全國第一批生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范縣。青海省建成1200個(gè)高原美麗鄉(xiāng)村，西寧市成為國家森林城市。四川省阿壩州創(chuàng)建省級生態(tài)縣1個(gè)、國家級和省級生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)16個(gè)和50個(gè)，省級生態(tài)村30個(gè)。云南省迪慶州建成了45個(gè)州級生態(tài)文明村。甘肅省甘南州分別創(chuàng)建國家級和省級生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)2個(gè)和14個(gè)，國家級和省級生態(tài)村14個(gè)和11個(gè)。這些生態(tài)文明建設(shè)成就顯著改善了人居環(huán)境和民生條件，增強(qiáng)了高原人民保護(hù)好最后一片凈土的信心。
By 2017, 10 counties, 173 towns and townships, and 1,924 villages in Tibet had been designated as models of eco-preservation at the provincial level. Bayi District in Nyingchi City became one of the first state-level model counties for ecological progress. In Qinghai, 1,200 villages were honored “beautiful plateau villages”, and Xining became a state-level forest city. In Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, one county was selected as the provincial eco-progress model, 16 towns were commended as eco-progress models at state level, 50 towns and 30 villages at provincial level. In Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan, 45 eco-progress villages have been selected as eco-progress models at prefectural level. In Gannan Prefecture of Gansu Province, the figures were two towns and 14 villages at national level, and 14 towns and 11 villages at provincial level. These achievements have not only improved people’s living conditions and daily life, but also enhanced their commitment to safeguarding the serenity of the Plateau.
2017年，青?？煽晌骼镌诼?lián)合國教科文組織第41屆世界遺產(chǎn)委員會會議上被成功列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》，成為中國面積最大、平均海拔最高的世界自然遺產(chǎn)地。世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟在評估報(bào)告中說，可可西里一望無垠，幾乎沒有受到現(xiàn)代人類活動的沖擊，美景“令人贊嘆不已”?？煽晌骼锷赀z成功提高了生活在高原上的人們保護(hù)自然、關(guān)愛生命的意識，進(jìn)一步激發(fā)了人們建設(shè)生態(tài)文明的自豪感、責(zé)任感。
In 2017, at the 41st session of the World Heritage Committee, Hol Xil of Qinghai Province was included in UNESCO’s World Heritage List, making it China’s largest and highest natural heritage site. In its assessment report, the World Conservation Union took note of Hol Xil’s expansive natural beauty – free of human activity – describing it as “an amazing scene to behold”. Hol Xil’s inclusion in the World Heritage List has succeeded in raising public awareness of nature and wildlife, further boosting their sense of responsibility and pride in ecological conservation.
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
經(jīng)過長期不懈努力，青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)取得了顯著成效，促進(jìn)了高原生態(tài)安全屏障功能的穩(wěn)定與區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展，提升了人民福祉。
Through years of rigorous effort, marked progress has been made in ecological conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The function of the Plateau as an eco-safety barrier has been further consolidated, with increased levels of regional sustainability and public wellbeing.
同時(shí)，青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)仍然面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)。突出表現(xiàn)在：受全球變化影響，冰川退縮、凍土消融、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大的威脅依然存在；經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中，保護(hù)與發(fā)展的矛盾仍然突出。鞏固和提升生態(tài)文明建設(shè)成果，任務(wù)依然艱巨。
That said, the Plateau still faces many ecological challenges. The main ones are glacier retreat, melting permafrost, and other growing disaster risks due to global warming, and prominent contradictions between protection and development in the course of economic growth. We still face an arduous task in consolidating and furthering our ecological achievements.
在今后的青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中，中國將不斷改革生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)管體制，促進(jìn)生態(tài)文明制度創(chuàng)新；科學(xué)調(diào)控人類活動，實(shí)施生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)和環(huán)境保護(hù)重大工程，優(yōu)化生態(tài)安全屏障體系，著力解決突出的生態(tài)與環(huán)境問題；完善低碳循環(huán)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系和安全高效的能源體系，轉(zhuǎn)變生產(chǎn)生活方式，推進(jìn)綠色發(fā)展；健全高原生態(tài)文化建設(shè)平臺體系與功能，弘揚(yáng)生態(tài)文明理念。
In the future, China will continue to work on the following measures:
reform its environmental monitoring system,
promote institutional reform in ecological conservation,
efficiently control human activity,
restore the ecology and environment through major programs,
improve the eco-safety barrier system,
strive to solve pressing ecological and environmental problems,
refine the low-carbon and circular economy and safe and efficient energy system,
transform the approach to daily life and work,
promote green development,
improve the functions of the plateau eco-culture platform, and
spread the idea of ecological conservation.
青藏高原是大自然賜予中國人民和全人類的財(cái)富，保護(hù)好青藏高原的生態(tài)環(huán)境，是中國人民的責(zé)任。中共中央總書記習(xí)近平在中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九次全國代表大會上指出：“我們要建設(shè)的現(xiàn)代化是人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化，既要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造更多物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神財(cái)富以滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要，也要提供更多優(yōu)質(zhì)生態(tài)產(chǎn)品以滿足人民日益增長的優(yōu)美生態(tài)環(huán)境需要?！毙聲r(shí)代青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，是“建設(shè)美麗中國”的重要內(nèi)容。中國人民有信心建設(shè)更加美麗的青藏高原，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然的和諧共處。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a wealth endowed by nature to the Chinese people and humanity as a whole. It is the Chinese people’s responsibility to protect the ecology of the Plateau. At the 19th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, “The modernization that we pursue is one characterized by harmonious coexistence between man and nature. In addition to creating more material and cultural wealth to meet people’s ever-increasing expectation of a better life, we need also to provide more quality ecological goods to meet people’s ever-growing demands for a beautiful environment.” Ecological progress on the Plateau in the new era is an important component of the Beautiful China initiative. The Chinese people are committed to making the Plateau an even more beautiful place, and to realizing harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
