新疆的文化保護(hù)與發(fā)展
Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang
中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2018年11月
November 2018
目錄
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分
I. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture
二、各民族語言文字廣泛使用
II. The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used
三、宗教文化受到尊重和保護(hù)
III. Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture
四、文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和傳承取得成就
IV. Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage
五、文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷發(fā)展
V. Constant Development of Cultural Undertakings and the Cultural Industry
六、對(duì)外文化交流日趨活躍
VI. Active Cultural Exchanges with Other Countries
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
中國是統(tǒng)一的多民族國家。在5000多年文明發(fā)展史中，中華各民族共同創(chuàng)造了悠久歷史、燦爛文化。新疆自古以來就是多民族遷徙聚居生活的地方，也是多種文化交流交融的舞臺(tái)。在歷史長河中，新疆各民族文化扎根中華文明沃土，既推動(dòng)了各民族文化發(fā)展，也豐富了中華文化內(nèi)涵。
China is a unified multi-ethnic country. In the course of a civilization that dates back more than 5,000 years, the various ethnic groups of China have created a long history and a splendid culture. Since ancient times many ethnic groups have made their way to Xinjiang, and it has become their home and a place for cultural integration. Various ethnic cultures of Xinjiang have their roots in the fertile soil of Chinese civilization, advancing their own cultural development while enriching the overall culture of China.
中華人民共和國成立后，中國政府高度重視新疆各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的挖掘、傳承與保護(hù)，堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展，鼓勵(lì)各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，促進(jìn)各民族交往交流交融，尊重各民族宗教信仰自由，推動(dòng)文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，推進(jìn)各民族文化現(xiàn)代化，加強(qiáng)對(duì)外文化交流，在不同文化交流互鑒中，增強(qiáng)文化自信。
Since the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Chinese government has attached great importance to documenting and protecting the excellent traditional ethnic cultures in Xinjiang, and ensuring that they are passed on to succeeding generations. It has promoted creative transformation and innovative development, encouraging these ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, promoted communication and integration, respected their freedom of religious belief, and worked to develop their cultural undertakings and industries. The government has worked to modernize ethnic cultures, to strengthen cultural exchanges with foreign countries, and to enhance each group’s cultural confidence while engaging in exchanges with and mutual learning from others.
一、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分
I. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture
新疆歷來是多民族聚居、多種文化并存地區(qū)。各民族文化長期交流交融，在中華文明沃土中枝繁葉茂，是中華文化的組成部分。
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has been home to various ethnic groups, where different ethnic cultures coexist. Through many years of communication and integration, these cultures thrive in the fertile soil of China’s civilization and are part of the Chinese culture.
各民族文化是中華文化不可分割的一部分。自古以來，中華文化因環(huán)境多樣性而呈現(xiàn)豐富多元形態(tài)。各民族文化在中華大地上交流交融，形成氣象恢宏的中華文化。各民族文化都是中華民族共有精神財(cái)富，為中華文化的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
Ethnic cultures make up an inseparable part of the Chinese culture. Since ancient times, China has been multicultural as a result of the diversity of its environment. Different ethnic cultures have communicated and integrated with each other, constituting a legacy shared by the Chinese nation that has brought into being a splendid Chinese culture.
早在先秦時(shí)期，新疆就與中原地區(qū)展開了密切交流，考古證實(shí)，新疆出土的彩陶就受到黃河中游地區(qū)仰韶文化的影響，在河南安陽的商代婦好墓中，陪葬了大量新疆和田玉制成的器物。西漢統(tǒng)一新疆地區(qū)后，漢語成為西域官府文書中的通用語之一。中原的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、禮儀制度、漢文書籍、音樂舞蹈等在西域廣泛傳播。西域的樂器與音樂傳入中原，對(duì)中原音樂產(chǎn)生重大影響。中華文化寶庫中，就包括維吾爾族十二木卡姆藝術(shù)、哈薩克族阿依特斯藝術(shù)、柯爾克孜族史詩《瑪納斯》、蒙古族衛(wèi)拉特史詩《江格爾》等各民族的優(yōu)秀文化作品。
As early as in the pre-Qin period (c. 2100-221 BC), Xinjiang was in close contact with the Central Plains. Archaeological excavations demonstrate that painted pottery-ware unearthed in Xinjiang shows the influence of the Yangshao Culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, while many articles made from Xinjiang’s Hetian jade were unearthed in the Shang-dynasty (c.1600 BC-1046 BC) Tomb of Fu Hao in Anyang, Henan in central China. After the Western Han (206 BC-AD 25) united Xinjiang, Chinese became one of the official languages used in government documents of the Western Regions where Xinjiang is located. Agricultural production techniques, the system of etiquette, Chinese-language books, music, and dances of the Central Plains spread widely in the Western Regions. Musical instruments and music from the Western Regions were introduced to the Central Plains and exerted a great influence on local music. The treasure house of Chinese culture boasts elements of the Uygur Muqam, the Kazak Aytes art, the Kirgiz epic Manas, the Jangar epic of the Oirat Mongols, and many other great cultural works of various ethnic groups.
新疆地區(qū)歷來多種文化并存。中國的歷史演進(jìn)，決定了各民族在分布上交錯(cuò)雜居、經(jīng)濟(jì)上相互依存、文化上兼收并蓄的基本特征。新疆獨(dú)特的自然地理環(huán)境造就了綠洲農(nóng)耕與草原游牧文化的相得益彰，不同生產(chǎn)生活方式的族群交流互補(bǔ)、遷徙匯聚，開創(chuàng)了多種文化并存的生動(dòng)局面。
Different cultures have long coexisted in Xinjiang. China’s historical evolution has determined that various ethnic groups live together. They are economically interdependent and embrace each other’s cultures. The unique natural environment and geographical conditions in Xinjiang resulted in the development of refined oasis farming and grassland nomadism, and migrating ethnic groups with different lifestyles and working practices communicated with, complemented and integrated with each other, creating a dynamic coexistence of different cultures.
新疆地區(qū)陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)大約20種語言文字。時(shí)至今日，漢藏語系、阿爾泰語系、印歐語系諸語言仍在新疆存在。生活中各民族語言兼用是新疆文化的傳統(tǒng)特征。新疆各民族在交往交流交融中，不同語言的互借互用成為普遍現(xiàn)象。新疆克孜爾千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、北庭故城等融合了漢、回鶻、吐蕃以及新疆古代居民的多種文化元素，是古代中國文化藝術(shù)的典范。
Around 20 different spoken and written languages have been identified in Xinjiang. The Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, and Indo-European languages still exist in Xinjiang today, and a traditional feature of Xinjiang culture is that different languages are used in daily life. It was common for different ethnic groups to borrow from and use each other’s languages. The Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, Beiting Ancient City Site, and some other Xinjiang sites that integrate multiple cultural factors from the Han, Huihu (an ancient name for modern Uygur), Tubo (an ancient name for modern Tibetan) and other ancient residents of Xinjiang are typical of the culture and art of ancient China.
歷史上新疆是中華文明向西開放的門戶和中介。絲綢之路的暢通開啟了東西方文化交流交融的新篇章。絲綢之路繁盛時(shí)期，中國的造紙術(shù)、桑蠶絲織等先進(jìn)技術(shù)通過新疆西傳，對(duì)世界文明產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。佛教、摩尼教、景教沿著絲綢之路傳播到新疆，和當(dāng)時(shí)的原始宗教一起在當(dāng)?shù)亓鱾鳌Ｔ诼L的歷史演進(jìn)中，新疆多種宗教并存的情況從未發(fā)生改變。新疆的文化景觀始終是多種文化并存、多元文化交流。
Historically, Xinjiang was the gateway and medium through which the Chinese civilization opened to the West. The Silk Road opened a new chapter in cultural exchanges and integration between East and West. China’s papermaking, sericulture, silk weaving, and other advanced technologies spread to the West via Xinjiang during the glory days of the Silk Road, exerting a far-reaching impact on world civilizations. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorianism were introduced into Xinjiang through the Silk Road, and practiced together with primitive local religions. During Xinjiang’s long historical evolution, it has always been a place where many religions have coexisted. The cultural landscape of Xinjiang has long been characterized by coexistence and communication between different cultures.
各民族文化長期交流交融。中華文化是凝聚各民族的精神紐帶。在長期的生產(chǎn)生活中，各民族文化交流交融始終貫穿于中華文化形成、發(fā)展的全過程。受中原文化影響，新疆地區(qū)的蠶桑技術(shù)與絲綢織造取得了相當(dāng)成就；最初形成于漠北時(shí)期的回鶻文化，深受我國北方游牧文化、中原文化以及佛教、摩尼教等影響。在各個(gè)歷史發(fā)展階段，各民族互學(xué)互鑒，涌現(xiàn)出一批政治家、文學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、史學(xué)家、農(nóng)學(xué)家、翻譯家等，助推新疆各民族文化在中華文化懷抱中進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。中華人民共和國成立后，在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，新疆各民族文化進(jìn)入新的繁榮發(fā)展時(shí)期，《我們的祖國是花園》《我們新疆好地方》等經(jīng)典歌曲傳唱大江南北；《冰山上的來客》《庫爾班大叔上北京》等優(yōu)秀電影在全國家喻戶曉，成為各民族共同創(chuàng)造、共同享有的精神財(cái)富。
There is a long history of different ethnic cultures communicating and integrating with each other. The Chinese culture is a bond that unites various ethnic groups, while in the course of daily life and work, the communication between and integration of different ethnic cultures has helped to form and develop the Chinese culture. Influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, Xinjiang learned and rapidly developed sericulture and silk weaving. The Huihu culture that originated in the Mobei (the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau) regime was deeply influenced by the nomadic culture of northern China, Central Plains culture, Buddhism and Manichaeism. In different stages of history, various ethnic groups learned from each other, resulting in the emergence of a number of statesmen, writers, artists, historians, agronomists, and translators who made further contribution to the development of the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang in the embrace of the Chinese culture. After the People’s Republic was founded in 1949, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang entered a new period of prosperity and development. Our Motherland Is a Garden, Xinjiang, a Good Place and other classic songs are heard around the country; Visitors on the Icy Mountain, Uncle Kurban Visits Beijing and other quality films have become widely known. They are elements of a cultural wealth that has been created by and is shared by all ethnic groups.
新疆各民族成員共居、共學(xué)、共事、共樂，在語言、飲食、服飾、音樂、舞蹈、繪畫、建筑等社會(huì)生活和文化藝術(shù)各方面相互影響、吸收融合，“你中有我，我中有你”始終是各民族文化的共同特點(diǎn)。
The ethnic groups of Xinjiang live together, study together, work together, and share happiness. They influence, assimilate and integrate with each other in language, diet, costume, music, dance, painting, architecture and other aspects of social life, culture and art. A common feature of these ethnic cultures is that all are interrelated.
二、各民族語言文字廣泛使用
II. The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used
語言文字是文化的重要載體和鮮明標(biāo)志。新疆是多語言、多文字地區(qū)，學(xué)習(xí)使用國家通用語言文字，是繁榮發(fā)展新疆各民族文化的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)。中國政府大力推廣和規(guī)范使用國家通用語言文字，依法保障各民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的自由，提倡和鼓勵(lì)各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，不斷促進(jìn)各民族語言相通、心靈相通。
Language, in both spoken and written forms, is an important carrier and a distinct symbol of culture. Xinjiang is a multilingual region, and historical experience shows that learning and using the commonly used standard Chinese as a spoken and written language has helped develop Xinjiang’s ethnic cultures. The Chinese government works hard to promote the use of the standard Chinese language, protects by law ethnic people’s freedom to use and develop their own languages, and advocates and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote language communication and ethnic unity among all Chinese people.
依法推廣國家通用語言文字。學(xué)習(xí)和使用國家通用語言文字，有利于促進(jìn)各民族交往交流交融，推動(dòng)各民族發(fā)展進(jìn)步。1982年，“國家推廣全國通用的普通話”寫入《中華人民共和國憲法》。2001年1月1日《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》正式施行，進(jìn)一步明確了普通話和規(guī)范漢字作為國家通用語言文字的法定地位。2015年修訂的《中華人民共和國教育法》規(guī)定“國家通用語言文字為學(xué)校及其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的基本教育教學(xué)語言文字”“民族自治地方以少數(shù)民族學(xué)生為主的學(xué)校及其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)，從實(shí)際出發(fā)，使用國家通用語言文字和本民族或者當(dāng)?shù)孛褡逋ㄓ玫恼Z言文字實(shí)施雙語教育”。2015年修訂的《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)語言文字工作條例》規(guī)定“大力推廣國家通用語言文字”。各民族成員為適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展及交往日漸頻繁的需要，積極主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)和使用國家通用語言文字。
Promote standard Chinese by law. Learning and using standard Chinese helps different ethnic groups to communicate, develop and progress. When the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was revised in 1982, the sentence “The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation)” was added. On January 1, 2001, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language took effect, clarifying the legitimate status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the standard Chinese language. The Educational Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised in 2015) provides: “The standard spoken and written Chinese language shall be the basic language used by schools and other educational institutions in education and teaching….Schools and other educational institutions dominated by ethnic minority students in ethnic autonomous areas shall, according to the actual circumstances, use the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of their respective ethnicities or the spoken and written language commonly used by the local ethnicities to implement bilingual education.” Regulations on the Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revised in 2015, state the need to “promote the standard spoken and written Chinese language”. Ethnic people are enthusiastic about learning and using standard Chinese to adapt to economic and social development and increased communication.
加強(qiáng)國家通用語言文字教育教學(xué)工作。響應(yīng)國家號(hào)召，上世紀(jì)50年代開始，新疆在中小學(xué)對(duì)少數(shù)民族學(xué)生開設(shè)漢語文課程。1984年，新疆提出在少數(shù)民族學(xué)校加強(qiáng)漢語教學(xué)工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)“民漢兼通”的目標(biāo)。目前，新疆在學(xué)前和中小學(xué)全面普及國家通用語言文字教學(xué)、加授本民族語言文字的雙語教育，確保到2020年少數(shù)民族學(xué)生基本掌握和使用國家通用語言文字。
We should strengthen education and teaching of standard Chinese. In the 1950s, in response to the call of the state, Xinjiang began Chinese courses for ethnic minority students at elementary and secondary schools. In 1984, Xinjiang proposed to strengthen Chinese teaching at ethnic minority schools to achieve the goal that students “master both standard Chinese and their own ethnic languages”. Currently, students at preschool institutions and elementary and secondary schools in Xinjiang have universal access to bilingual education, including teaching of standard Chinese and ethnic minority languages, ensuring that by 2020, all ethnic minority students will be able to master and use standard Chinese.
以多種形式開展國家通用語言文字培訓(xùn)工作。2013年啟動(dòng)“國家通用語言培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目”，在少數(shù)民族人口集中的縣（市）面向參加職業(yè)培訓(xùn)或創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓(xùn)的少數(shù)民族青年開展國家通用語言文字專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)。2017年啟動(dòng)實(shí)施國家通用語言文字普及攻堅(jiān)工程。
We should carry out various forms of training on the standard spoken and written Chinese language. In 2013, the “training program on the standard spoken and written Chinese language” was launched, a special program for ethnic minority youths participating in vocational or business training in counties or cities where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. In 2017, a program aimed to popularize standard Chinese by the year 2020 was launched.
科學(xué)保護(hù)各民族語言文字?！吨腥A人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》均明確規(guī)定，各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由。目前，新疆各民族主要使用10種語言和文字，少數(shù)民族語言文字在司法、行政、教育、新聞出版、廣播電視、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、社會(huì)公共事務(wù)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛使用。全國人民代表大會(huì)、中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議召開的重要會(huì)議，提供維吾爾、哈薩克、蒙古等少數(shù)民族語言文字的文稿和同聲傳譯。新疆本級(jí)和各自治州、自治縣機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行公務(wù)時(shí)，同時(shí)使用國家通用語言文字、實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的語言文字。各民族成員有權(quán)使用本民族語言文字進(jìn)行選舉或訴訟。以少數(shù)民族學(xué)生為主的學(xué)校及其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)，在課程設(shè)置和各類招生考試中均重視少數(shù)民族語言文字的學(xué)習(xí)和使用。每年一度的普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試，新疆使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古5種文字試卷。
Protect spoken and written ethnic minority languages in a scientific way. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy both clearly prescribe that all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Currently, 10 spoken and written languages are used among the various ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, internet, and public affairs. At important meetings such as those of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference documentation and simultaneous interpretation in Uygur, Kazak, Mongolian or other ethnic minority languages are provided. When performing official duties, Party and government organs of Xinjiang and lower-level autonomous prefectures and counties use at the same time standard Chinese and the languages of those ethnic minorities that exercise regional autonomy. All ethnic minorities have the right to use their own spoken and written languages in elections and judicial matters. Schools and other educational institutions where ethnic minority students are the majority highlight the study and use of ethnic minority languages in setting their curricula and in various entrance examinations. Xinjiang uses Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and Mongolian languages for the annual national higher education entrance examination.
為保護(hù)中國豐富的語言資源，中國政府自2015年起組織實(shí)施中國語言資源保護(hù)工程，收集記錄漢語方言、少數(shù)民族語言和口頭語言文化的實(shí)態(tài)語料。該工程作為目前世界上規(guī)模最大的語言資源保護(hù)項(xiàng)目，已實(shí)現(xiàn)全國范圍覆蓋，其中在新疆開展包括30多個(gè)少數(shù)民族語言調(diào)查點(diǎn)、10個(gè)漢語方言調(diào)查點(diǎn)、6個(gè)瀕危語言調(diào)查點(diǎn)和2個(gè)語言文化調(diào)查點(diǎn)的田野調(diào)查。截至目前，已完成新疆規(guī)劃調(diào)查點(diǎn)超過80%的調(diào)查任務(wù)，并形成一批標(biāo)志性成果。
In 2015, the Chinese government organized and launched a program to protect the rich language resources of China, collecting and recording physical forms of linguistic data such as Chinese dialects, spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and oral language cultures. The largest of its kind in the world, this program has covered the whole country. Field surveys have been conducted in Xinjiang, covering more than 30 survey locations of ethnic minority languages, 10 locations of Chinese dialects, six locations of endangered languages, and two locations of language cultures. To date, more than 80 percent of survey tasks in these locations have been completed, and some symbolic successes have been achieved.
多語言、多文種的新聞出版和廣播電視是新疆的一大特色。新疆使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯6種語言文字出版報(bào)紙、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物。新疆電視臺(tái)有漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜4種語言電視節(jié)目，新疆人民廣播電臺(tái)有漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古5種語言廣播節(jié)目，《新疆日?qǐng)?bào)》用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、蒙古4種文字出版。
Multilingual press and publication and radio and television are a major feature of Xinjiang. Xinjiang publishes newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six spoken and written languages – Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang TV broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, and Kirgiz. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Mongolian. Xinjiang Daily is printed in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Mongolian.
為使各民族成員共享信息化時(shí)代的成果，中國政府制定了蒙古、藏、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜等文字編碼字符集、鍵盤、字模的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，研究開發(fā)出多種少數(shù)民族文字排版系統(tǒng)、智能語音翻譯系統(tǒng)，支持少數(shù)民族語言文字網(wǎng)站和新興傳播載體有序發(fā)展，不斷提升少數(shù)民族語言文字信息化處理和社會(huì)應(yīng)用能力。新疆設(shè)立民族語言文字工作委員會(huì)和各級(jí)民族語言文字研究機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)各民族語言文字的科學(xué)研究，推動(dòng)各民族語言文字的規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、信息化。
To enable ethnic minorities to share the achievements of the information age, the Chinese government has set national specifications of coded character set, keyboard, and type matrix for Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and some other languages. It has studied and developed different typesetting systems and intelligent voice translation systems for several written ethnic minority languages. The government supports the orderly development of websites and emerging media in spoken and written ethnic minority languages, and works to improve information processing and application capabilities in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang has set up the Ethnic Language Work Committee and ethnic minority language research institutes at different levels, which are responsible for scientific research into ethnic minority languages, and which work to make them more standardized and apply them in IT.
鼓勵(lì)各民族互相學(xué)習(xí)語言文字。中國政府鼓勵(lì)民族自治地方各民族互相學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，既要求少數(shù)民族學(xué)習(xí)國家通用語言文字，也鼓勵(lì)少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的漢族居民學(xué)習(xí)少數(shù)民族語言文字，尤其重視基層公務(wù)員、新錄用公職人員、公共服務(wù)行業(yè)從業(yè)人員的雙語學(xué)習(xí)，并提供學(xué)習(xí)條件。新疆專門開辦了漢族干部學(xué)習(xí)少數(shù)民族語言培訓(xùn)班。上世紀(jì)50年代以來，國家在新疆高校開設(shè)中國少數(shù)民族語言文學(xué)（維吾爾語言、哈薩克語言方向）專業(yè)，這些專業(yè)的學(xué)生畢業(yè)后大多從事行政、教育、少數(shù)民族語言文字研究工作。多年來，新疆各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字蔚然成風(fēng)，掌握雙語、多語的人員越來越多，推動(dòng)了各民族交往交流交融。
Encourage ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other. The Chinese government encourages different ethnic groups in ethnic autonomous areas to learn languages from each other, urging ethnic minorities to learn standard Chinese while encouraging Han residents to learn ethnic minority languages. It emphasizes that grassroots civil servants, newly recruited civil servants, and employees in the public service sector should know two or more languages and provides facilities for their learning. Xinjiang conducts special training courses for Han officials to learn ethnic minority languages. Since the 1950s, the state has offered majors in ethnic minority languages and literature (Uygur and Kazak) at colleges and universities in Xinjiang; most graduates of these majors work in the fields of administration, education, and research on ethnic minority languages. For many years, it has been a common practice that different ethnic groups of Xinjiang learn languages from each other. More and more people are becoming bilingual or multilingual, which promotes communication and integration among all the ethnic groups.
三、宗教文化受到尊重和保護(hù)
III. Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture
新疆歷來是多種宗教并存地區(qū)，宗教文化豐富多樣，是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的組成部分。中國政府保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，尊重和保護(hù)宗教文化。
Since antiquity Xinjiang has seen the coexistence of a variety of religions, whose rich cultures have become part of traditional Chinese culture. China’s government is committed to protecting its citizens’ freedom of religious belief while respecting and protecting religious cultures.
多種宗教文化交融共存。新疆歷來是多種宗教傳播的重要地區(qū)，是宗教文化的匯聚之地。新疆最初流行原始宗教、薩滿教。公元前4世紀(jì)起，隨著祆教、佛教等相繼傳入，逐步形成多種宗教并存的格局。后來，道教、摩尼教、景教、伊斯蘭教等先后傳入，多種宗教并存的格局不斷發(fā)展演變。一教或兩教為主、多教并存是新疆宗教格局的歷史特點(diǎn)。多種宗教文化長期交融共存，互相借鑒，并在適應(yīng)中國社會(huì)發(fā)展過程中調(diào)整變化。目前，新疆有伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教等。薩滿教和祆教的元素遺留至今，并且以生活習(xí)俗的形式表現(xiàn)出來。佛教文化影響深遠(yuǎn)，在喀什、哈密、伊犁等地，仍可見到佛龕、蓮花圖案、蓮花寶座等遺存。
Many religious cultures blend and coexist. Xinjiang has long been a region where multiple religions are practiced and their cultures have met and blended. Primitive religion and Shamanism were practiced in Xinjiang before Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and other faiths were introduced into the region from the 4th century BC onward. Gradually, there came into being a network of coexisting religions. This network further evolved with the introduction of Taoism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, and Islam. A coexistence of multiple religions, with one or two predominant, was a basic characteristic of Xinjiang’s religious history. During their lengthy coexistence and interaction, the religious cultures in the region learned from one another and adapted to China’s social development. At present, the major religions in Xinjiang are Islam, Buddhism, Protestant and Catholic Christianity, and Taoism. Certain Shamanistic and Zoroastrian elements can still be observed in local customs today. The remains of Buddha niches, lotus patterns, and lotus seat sculptures in Kashgar, Hami, and Ili testify to the once widespread influence of Buddhism in the region.
宗教典籍文獻(xiàn)依法出版發(fā)行。國家以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍文獻(xiàn)，滿足各族信教公民的多樣化需求。新疆已翻譯出版發(fā)行漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜等多種文字的《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓(xùn)實(shí)錄精華》等宗教經(jīng)典書籍，編輯發(fā)行漢、維吾爾兩種文字的《臥爾茲演講集》系列。開辦漢、維吾爾兩種語言文字的新疆穆斯林網(wǎng)站。整理出版《金光明經(jīng)卷二》《彌勒會(huì)見記》等宗教古籍文獻(xiàn)。在專營宗教書刊的銷售點(diǎn)，可以購買《古蘭經(jīng)》《圣經(jīng)》《金光明經(jīng)》等各種宗教典籍。
Religious texts are published and distributed in accordance with the law. The state has translated, published and distributed Islamic, Buddhist, Protestant, and other religious texts to meet the diverse demand of religious believers. The Koran and Irshad al-Sari li Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari have been published in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Kirgiz languages. The New Collection of al-Wa’z Speeches series have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Uygur languages. A website (www.xjmuslim.com) available in both Chinese and Uygur languages was set up for Xinjiang’s Muslim community. Ancient religious books, including Volume II of the Golden Light Sutra (Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra) and Maitrisimit Nom Bitig, have been published. Important scriptures such as the Koran, Bible, and Golden Light Sutra are available at stores specializing in selling religious publications.
宗教文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)。目前，新疆有喀什艾提尕爾清真寺、昭蘇圣佑廟、克孜爾千佛洞等109處宗教文化古跡被列入全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位和自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位。其中，全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位46處，自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位63處。中央政府撥專款對(duì)列入國家和新疆文物保護(hù)單位的克孜爾千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、喀什艾提尕爾清真寺等進(jìn)行修繕。新疆出資維修吐魯番蘇公塔、昭蘇圣佑廟、烏魯木齊紅廟子道觀等28處宗教建筑（場所）。涉及宗教的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)也得到了保護(hù)和傳承。
Religious heritages are effectively protected. A total of 109 religious sites in Xinjiang, including Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves have been designated as major cultural heritage sites under the protection of the autonomous region and the state. Among the 109 sites, 46 are key cultural heritage sites under the protection of the state and 63 are under the protection of the autonomous region. The central government has allocated special funds to renovate cultural heritage protection sites at the state and autonomous-region levels, including the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, and Id Kah Mosque. Xinjiang has funded the repair of 28 religious venues, including the Emin Minaret in Turpan, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and Red Temple (Taoist) in Urumqi. Elements of intangible cultural heritage relating to religion are also effectively protected and passed on.
堅(jiān)持宗教中國化方向。同所在社會(huì)相適應(yīng)是宗教生存發(fā)展的規(guī)律。在中華文化兼容并蓄、求同存異、和而不同思想影響下，佛教等外來宗教都經(jīng)歷了中國化、本土化過程。佛教傳入新疆后，主動(dòng)適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展、融入主流文化，對(duì)新疆歷史和文化產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。伊斯蘭教傳入新疆后沿著中國化方向發(fā)展，經(jīng)過長期與當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)信仰和文化融合，逐漸成為中華文化的一部分，并表現(xiàn)出地域特征和民族特色。天主教的獨(dú)立自主、自辦教會(huì)，基督教的自傳、自治、自養(yǎng)等，都為實(shí)現(xiàn)宗教中國化作出了積極努力。新疆堅(jiān)持宗教中國化的歷史傳統(tǒng)，積極引導(dǎo)宗教與社會(huì)主義社會(huì)相適應(yīng)，支持宗教界深入挖掘教義教規(guī)中有利于社會(huì)和諧、時(shí)代發(fā)展、健康文明的內(nèi)容，對(duì)教義教規(guī)作出符合當(dāng)代中國發(fā)展進(jìn)步、符合中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的闡釋，引導(dǎo)各種宗教堅(jiān)持中國化方向。
Religions adapt to China’s realities. Adapting to local society is essential for the survival and development of any religion. With influence from such Chinese cultural traditions as being inclusive, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and pursuing harmony without uniformity, Buddhism and other foreign religions have all directed their efforts to localization after entering China. After Buddhism was introduced into Xinjiang, it has exerted a far-reaching influence on Xinjiang’s history and culture through proactive adaptation to local social norms and integration into the mainstream culture. Through extended fusion with local faiths and traditions, Islam gradually became part of Chinese culture and developed distinct regional and local ethnic features. The Catholic Church’s principles of independence and self-management of its religious affairs, and Protestantism’s compliance with the principles of self-propagation, self-governance, and self-support facilitated their adaptation to conditions in China. Xinjiang upholds the tradition of religious localization and provides guidance to religions on adaptation to China’s socialist system. Religious circles in Xinjiang are encouraged to promote social harmony and development as well as cultural progress with the aid of religious doctrines and rules, and elaborate on the doctrines and rules that contribute to China’s development and conform to China’s traditions.
四、文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和傳承取得成就
IV. Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage
新疆文化遺產(chǎn)豐富。中央政府和新疆地方政府不斷加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè)，推進(jìn)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工作?！吨腥A人民共和國文物保護(hù)法》和《中華人民共和國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)法》等法律法規(guī)對(duì)保護(hù)新疆各民族豐富多彩的文化遺產(chǎn)提供了重要法治保障。
Xinjiang is a region rich in cultural heritage. The central government and the local government of Xinjiang have made a continuous effort to strengthen the legal system for the protection of the region’s cultural heritage. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage provide important legal protection for the diverse cultural heritage of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.
文物保護(hù)成果豐碩。目前，新疆有各級(jí)文物保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)189個(gè)，文物保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本建成。全面完成全國不可移動(dòng)文物普查3次，可移動(dòng)文物普查1次，文化遺產(chǎn)家底進(jìn)一步摸清。截至2017年，新疆文物點(diǎn)9542處，其中世界文化遺產(chǎn)6處、全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位113處、自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位558處。文化文物系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有博物館93個(gè)（包括自治區(qū)博物館和吐魯番地區(qū)博物館2個(gè)國家一級(jí)博物館），館藏文物45萬件/套。
Protection of cultural heritage yields results. Xinjiang has formed a cultural heritage protection network comprising 189 institutions at all levels. The region has completed three surveys on fixed national cultural relics and one on movable national cultural relics, forming a comprehensive database. By the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 9,542 cultural heritage sites, of which six were World Heritage sites, 113 were key national sites, and 558 were at the autonomous-region level. Xinjiang’s cultural heritage system contains 93 public museums, including two national first-grade museums – the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum and the Turpan Museum, with a collection of 450,000 items.
新疆歷史文化名城名鎮(zhèn)名村街區(qū)保護(hù)取得顯著成效。確立國家級(jí)歷史文化名城5座、歷史文化名鎮(zhèn)3個(gè)、歷史文化名村4個(gè)、歷史文化街區(qū)2個(gè)、中國傳統(tǒng)村落17個(gè)、中國少數(shù)民族特色村寨22個(gè)。多年來，中國政府對(duì)高昌故城遺址、北庭故城遺址、惠遠(yuǎn)新老古城遺址等一大批文物古跡進(jìn)行修繕保護(hù)，搶救性保護(hù)修復(fù)3000余件珍貴文物。
Xinjiang has made great headway in protecting its historical and cultural cities, towns, villages and localities. The region now has five cities, three towns, four villages, and two localities that have been recognized as state-level historical and cultural divisions, as well as 17 traditional Chinese villages and 22 ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance. Over the years, the Chinese government has supported the repair and conservation of many cultural heritage sites, such as the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Ruins, and new and old Huiyuan Ancient City, while rescuing and restoring more than 3,000 rare cultural relics.
考古發(fā)掘成果中外矚目。截至2017年，新疆民豐尼雅遺址、尉犁營盤墓地、若羌小河墓地、庫車友誼路晉十六國磚室墓、巴里坤東黑溝遺址、吉木乃通天洞遺址等8項(xiàng)考古發(fā)掘項(xiàng)目先后被列入當(dāng)年全國十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)，出土了“五星出東方利中國”錦護(hù)臂、“王侯合昏千秋萬歲宜子孫”錦被等國寶級(jí)文物。
Archeological findings attract wide attention. By the end of 2017, eight archeological programs, including the Niya Ruins in Minfeng County, Yingpan Cemetery in Yuli County, Xiaohe Cemetery in Ruoqiang County, 3rd-4th century brick graves in Kucha County, Dongheigou Ruins in Barkol County, and the Tongtiandong Cave in Jeminay County, had been listed among the National Top 10 Archeological Discoveries of the Year. The arm protector with the inscriptions of “Five stars appear in the East, sign of Chinese victory over the Qiang” and the silk quilt with inscriptions of “Marriages between princes and dukes bring prosperity to their posterity” unearthed from the Niya Ruins are national treasures.
古籍保護(hù)力度加大。成立了新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)古籍整理出版規(guī)劃領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組及辦公室、古籍保護(hù)中心、古籍修復(fù)中心，建立少數(shù)民族古籍特藏書庫。2011年，新疆古籍保護(hù)中心啟動(dòng)第一次古籍普查工作，對(duì)重點(diǎn)、珍貴古籍的基本內(nèi)容、破損情況和保存狀況登記造冊(cè)。之后又?jǐn)?shù)次開展普查。截至2017年，完成古籍整理普查14980種。已收藏的古代典籍文獻(xiàn)包括漢文字（漢文字、西夏文和契丹文等）、阿拉美文字（佉盧文、帕赫列維文、摩尼文和回鶻文等10多種）和婆羅米文字（梵文、焉耆-龜茲文、于闐文、吐蕃文等）三大系統(tǒng)，共19種語言、28種文字，內(nèi)容涵蓋政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、宗教、天文、數(shù)學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、藝術(shù)等領(lǐng)域。古籍整理數(shù)字化建設(shè)日益加強(qiáng)。
Protection of ancient books has been strengthened. Xinjiang has set up a leading group and office in charge of the classification and publishing of the autonomous region’s ancient books, an ancient books preservation center, an ancient books restoration center, and a repository for ancient books and special collections of ethnic minorities. In 2011, the region’s Ancient Books Preservation Center started its first survey of ancient books, registering important and rare volumes and recording their content, physical condition, and preservation requirements. This was the first of several such surveys. By the end the 2017, the center had examined 14,980 books. Ancient books in its collection are written in 19 languages and 28 scripts, and fall into three language families: the Chinese language family (Chinese, Tangut, and Khitan scripts), the Aramaic family (more than 10 scripts, including the Kharosthi, Pahlavi, Manichaean, and Huihu scripts), and the Brahmi family (Sanskrit, Tocharian, Khotanese, and Tubo scripts). These books cover a wide range of subjects, including politics, the economy, society, religions, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and the arts. Digitalization of ancient books and related work are further strengthened.
中國政府支持新疆以漢文和維吾爾文翻譯、整理、出版了瀕于失傳的《福樂智慧》和《突厥語大詞典》等古籍。組織古籍專家開展學(xué)術(shù)研究、提供咨詢服務(wù)，邀請(qǐng)國內(nèi)外古籍保護(hù)工作者、研究者和管理者交流研討。2011年，國家文化部和新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民政府共同主辦“西域遺珍——新疆歷史文獻(xiàn)暨古籍保護(hù)成果展”，其中孤本古籍超過半數(shù)，受到社會(huì)各界稱贊。
The Chinese government has supported the translation, editing and publishing into Chinese and Uygur languages of Kutadgu Bilig (Wisdom of Fortune and Joy) and A Comprehensive Turki Dictionary, two works of the Karahan Kingdom period in the 11th century. The government has also organized experts in ancient books to carry out research and provide expertise in this field, and helped to arrange exchanges between Chinese and foreign professionals, researchers, and administrators engaged in the preservation of ancient books. In 2011, the Ministry of Culture and the local government of Xinjiang co-hosted an exhibition, titled “Recovered Treasures from the Western Regions: Progress in Preserving Xinjiang’s Historical Literature and Ancient Books”. More than half of the ancient books displayed at the exhibition were the only copies extant. This achievement was acclaimed by the widest range of interested parties.
非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)。按照“保護(hù)為主、搶救第一、合理利用、傳承發(fā)展”的原則，加強(qiáng)政策立法。2008年，新疆出臺(tái)《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)條例》；2010年，《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)保護(hù)條例》頒布實(shí)施。新疆出臺(tái)一系列非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)制度，為科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)地?fù)尵缺Ｗo(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)提供了制度保障。
Intangible cultural heritage is effectively protected. Under the guiding principle of giving priority to both preservation and restoration, and pursuing sound utilization and development, the policy and legislation for protecting intangible cultural heritage have been strengthened. In 2008, the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage were enacted. In 2010, the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Uygur Muqam Arts were promulgated and put into force. In addition, Xinjiang has introduced a number of rules for protecting its intangible cultural heritage, which provide institutional guarantees for rescuing and preserving this heritage in a coordinated and systematic manner.
中國政府1951年、1954年兩次搶救性錄制維吾爾十二木卡姆。上世紀(jì)60年代開始，投入大量資金和人力，整理出版了包括柯爾克孜族史詩《瑪納斯》、蒙古族史詩《江格爾》等多種民間口頭文學(xué)作品。編纂出版《中國民族民間舞蹈集成·新疆卷》《中國民間歌曲集成·新疆卷》《中國民間故事集成·新疆卷》等涵蓋各民族音樂、舞蹈、戲曲等門類的十大藝術(shù)集成志書。“中華文脈——新疆非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)記錄工程”持續(xù)實(shí)施。截至2017年，新疆完成23位國家級(jí)代表性傳承人搶救性記錄工作，運(yùn)用文字、圖片、音像等多種記錄手段，對(duì)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施了搶救性保護(hù)；創(chuàng)建了維吾爾族樂器、地毯和艾德萊斯綢織造3個(gè)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目國家級(jí)生產(chǎn)性保護(hù)示范基地；命名91個(gè)自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)傳承基地。
In 1951 and 1954, the central government made recordings of the music of the Twelve Muqams to rescue the Muqam arts. Since the 1960s, firm funding and manpower support from the government has enabled the publication of works of folk literature, including the Kirgiz epic Manas and Mongolian epic Jangar. The Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Dances (Xinjiang Volume), Collection of Chinese Folk Songs (Xinjiang Volume), and Collection of Chinese Folk Tales (Xinjiang Volume) have been compiled and published to introduce the folk music, dances, drama and other arts of the region.
The program for protecting and preserving Xinjiang’s intangible cultural heritage as part of the initiative to promote Chinese cultural traditions is well under way. By the end of 2017, to rescue and preserve its intangible cultural heritage, Xinjiang had completed the recording of intangible cultural items presented by 23 state-level representative trustees in the form of written texts, images, audios and videos. Furthermore, the region had established three state-level demonstration bases that produce Uygur musical instruments, carpets and Etles silk for the preservation of these intangible cultural items. In addition, the region had set up 91 autonomous-region level bases for preserving and handing down its intangible cultural heritage.
新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)、柯爾克孜史詩《瑪納斯》、維吾爾族麥西熱甫分別列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”和“急需保護(hù)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。入選國家級(jí)、自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性名錄的項(xiàng)目分別有83項(xiàng)、294項(xiàng)，國家級(jí)、自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性傳承人分別有112位、403位。
Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Kirgiz epic Manas were registered on the “UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity”, and Uygur Meshrep on the “List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding”. Xinjiang has 83 items on the national representative list of intangible cultural heritage and 294 items on the autonomous-region list, as well as 112 state-level representative trustees and 403 autonomous-region representative trustees of its intangible cultural heritage.
民俗文化得到尊重與傳承。新疆堅(jiān)持尊重差異、包容多樣、相互欣賞，充分尊重和保護(hù)各種民俗文化，實(shí)現(xiàn)多元文化和諧共處，各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化得到有效保護(hù)和傳承。在春節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、中秋節(jié)以及肉孜節(jié)、古爾邦節(jié)等傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，各族人民都能享受法定假期。每逢節(jié)日，新疆各地民眾用音樂、歌舞、傳統(tǒng)體育競技等文化活動(dòng)來慶祝。漢族的“元宵燈會(huì)”、維吾爾族的“麥西熱甫”、哈薩克族的“阿依特斯”、柯爾克孜族的“庫姆孜彈唱會(huì)”、蒙古族的“那達(dá)慕大會(huì)”、回族的“花兒會(huì)”等民俗活動(dòng)廣泛開展，受到各族民眾的歡迎。新疆提倡各民族相互尊重風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，倡導(dǎo)各民族在衣食住行、婚喪嫁娶、禮儀風(fēng)俗等方面崇尚科學(xué)、文明、健康的風(fēng)尚。
Folk cultures are respected and preserved. Xinjiang embraces cultural diversity and inclusiveness, and upholds mutual learning among cultures. The region fully respects and protects folk cultures, thus realizing the harmonious coexistence of different cultures and enabling the effective protection and preservation of the best traditions of all ethnic groups. All people in Xinjiang have the right to observe their own statutory festivals such as the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Ramadan, and Corban. They celebrate the festivals in many forms, such as playing music, dancing, and holding traditional sports events. Among popular folk festivals are the Han people’s Lantern Festival, the Uygur’s Meshrep, the Kazak’s Aytes, the Kirgiz’s Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui people’s Hua’er Folk Song Festival. The local government promotes mutual respect for folkways among all ethnic groups while encouraging appropriate and healthy lifestyles, wedding and funeral practices, and customs and rituals.
五、文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷發(fā)展
V. Constant Development of Cultural Undertakings and the Cultural Industry
文化發(fā)展的核心是滿足人的精神文化需求。中國政府支持新疆努力提高公共文化服務(wù)水平，促進(jìn)文學(xué)藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和新聞出版繁榮進(jìn)步，增強(qiáng)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)力，保障公民文化權(quán)利，豐富各族人民精神文化生活。《中華人民共和國公共文化服務(wù)保障法》《中華人民共和國公共圖書館法》《中華人民共和國電影產(chǎn)業(yè)促進(jìn)法》等法律法規(guī)為保障新疆各族人民基本文化需求，提供公共文化服務(wù)，促進(jìn)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供了重要法治保障。
The core of cultural development is to satisfy people’s cultural and intellectual needs. The Chinese government has given steady support to Xinjiang in its efforts to improve the quality of public cultural services, promote progress in literary and artistic creation and the press and publishing, strengthen the cultural industry, protect citizens’ cultural rights, and enrich the cultural life of all ethnic groups. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Public Cultural Service, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Public Libraries, and Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion of the Film Industry among others have served as important legal guarantee to protect the basic cultural needs of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, provide them with public cultural services and promote the development of its cultural industry.
公共文化服務(wù)水平日益提高。1955年，新疆有1個(gè)公共圖書館、各類體育場地425個(gè)。在中央政府大力支持下，近年來，新疆實(shí)施“縣級(jí)文化館、圖書館修繕工程”“文化信息資源共享工程”“鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站工程”等一系列文化基礎(chǔ)工程。截至2017年，新疆有公共圖書館112個(gè)、博物館和紀(jì)念館173個(gè)、美術(shù)館57個(gè)、文化館119個(gè)、文化站和文化室12158個(gè)，有各級(jí)各類廣播電視臺(tái)（站）302個(gè)，廣播和電視人口覆蓋率分別達(dá)到97.1%和97.4%，有體育場地29600個(gè)，形成了相對(duì)完整的各級(jí)公共文化服務(wù)體系。
The quality of public cultural services is improving. In 1955, there were only 425 sports venues and one public library in Xinjiang. With the massive support of the central government, successive cultural projects have been launched in Xinjiang such as “conservation and renovation project of county-level cultural centers and libraries”, “cultural information sharing project” and “township cultural centers project”. By the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 112 public libraries, 173 museums and memorial halls, 57 art galleries, 119 cultural centers, 12,158 cultural stations, 302 radio and television stations (covering 97.1 percent and 97.4 percent of the population, respectively), and 29,600 sports venues, representing a comparatively complete public cultural service system at all levels.
新疆積極推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)公共文化服務(wù)均等化。文化館、圖書館、博物館、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）文化站等公共文化設(shè)施免費(fèi)向社會(huì)開放?；緦?shí)現(xiàn)戶戶通廣播電視。農(nóng)村電影放映實(shí)現(xiàn)行政村全覆蓋。財(cái)政安排資金支持為貧困鄉(xiāng)村提供戲曲等多種形式的文藝演出。廣泛開展全民閱讀活動(dòng)，農(nóng)家書屋工程覆蓋所有行政村。截至2017年，共舉辦13屆自治區(qū)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)、8屆少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)、5屆老年人運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)、6屆殘疾人運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。村級(jí)“農(nóng)牧民體育健身工程”實(shí)現(xiàn)全覆蓋。新穎多樣的健身器材在邊遠(yuǎn)鄉(xiāng)村普及，豐富有趣的體育比賽和健身活動(dòng)深受各族群眾歡迎。
Xinjiang has made efforts to ensure equal access to public cultural services for both urban and rural residents. Public cultural facilities such as cultural centers, libraries, museums and cultural stations are open to the public for free. The radio and television network covers almost every household. Movie projection is available in all administrative villages. Theatrical performances of various types are given in impoverished villages with the support of government funds. A reading campaign is encouraged by ensuring full coverage of rural libraries over all administrative villages. By the end of 2017, 13 sports meetings, eight traditional ethnic minority sports meetings, five games for senior citizens and six games for disabled people had been held in Xinjiang. Fitness projects for farmers and herdsmen cover all villages. Gym equipment of all sorts is available even in remote villages. Rich and interesting sports events and fitness activities are popular with people of all ethnic groups.
文學(xué)藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和新聞出版持續(xù)繁榮。新疆文學(xué)藝術(shù)佳作紛呈，生動(dòng)展現(xiàn)了中華文化魅力。小說《天山深處的“大兵”》、詩集《神山》、散文集《在新疆》、文學(xué)評(píng)論集《西部：偏遠(yuǎn)省份的文學(xué)寫作》、油畫作品《來自高原的祈福——5·19國家記憶》、攝影作品《風(fēng)雪人生》、話劇《大巴扎》、舞劇《陽光下的舞步》《戈壁青春》、歌舞劇《情暖天山》、音樂劇《冰山上的來客》、音樂雜技劇《你好，阿凡提》、歌曲《屯墾爹娘》、廣播劇《馬蘭謠》和電影《大河》《鮮花》《真愛》《生死羅布泊》《塔克拉瑪干的鼓聲》等一批文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品獲得精神文明建設(shè)“五個(gè)一工程”獎(jiǎng)、魯迅文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)、中國電影華表獎(jiǎng)等國家級(jí)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，雜技《生命之旅》《抖杠——擔(dān)當(dāng)》等獲得國際雜技節(jié)金獎(jiǎng)。2006年，成立新疆廣播影視譯制中心，相繼在11個(gè)地、州和伊寧市、莎車縣、庫車縣、于田縣建立電視譯制部。目前，少數(shù)民族語言影視劇年譯制量達(dá)6200集左右。中華人民共和國成立前，新疆僅有2種報(bào)紙。截至2017年，新疆共有報(bào)紙126種，期刊223種，每年出版圖書、音像制品和電子出版物約1萬種。
Literary, artistic creation, press and publishing are booming. A variety of brilliant works of literature and art created in Xinjiang demonstrate the glamour of Chinese culture. The following have all won national prizes such as the Best Works Award, Lu Xun Literary Prize, China Movie Awards, and the first prize in International Acrobatic Festival:
· Soldiers from the Snow Mountain (novel),
· Holy Mountain (poetry anthology),
· In Xinjiang (collection of prose writings),
· Western China: Literary Writing in Remote Provinces (collection of literary review),
· Praying on Plateau, Chinese Mourning Day on May 19th (oil painting),
· Braving the Storm (photography),
· Grand Bazaar (drama),
· Dance Steps in the Sun and Young Blood in Gobi Desert (dance drama),
· A Uygur Mother and Visitors on the Icy Mountain (musical),
· Hello, Advanti (musical and acrobatic drama),
· My Parents Stationing and Reclaiming Wasteland in Xinjiang (song),
· A Nuclear Scientist’s Story in the Desert (radio play),
· The Great River, Flower, Genuine Love, Life and Death in Lop Nor, Taklimakan’s Drumbeat (movie).
· Travel of Life (acrobatic show),
· Somersault on Balance Beam (acrobatic show).
文化、體育和民族醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)力逐步增強(qiáng)。目前，新疆有文化企業(yè)1萬余家，已形成門類較為齊全的文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展體系，涵蓋新聞出版發(fā)行、廣播影視、演藝、文化娛樂、游戲、文化旅游、工藝美術(shù)、藝術(shù)品、動(dòng)漫、文化會(huì)展、創(chuàng)意設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)字文化服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域。截至2017年，有國家級(jí)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)示范基地6家，自治區(qū)級(jí)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)示范基地109家，獲得國家認(rèn)定的動(dòng)漫企業(yè)11家，建成各類文化產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)20家；有國家5A級(jí)景區(qū)12家，導(dǎo)游17000人。文化及旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值逐年增長。
In 2006, Xinjiang Radio, Film and Television Translation and Production Center was set up, establishing branches in 11 prefectures, Yining City, Shache, Kucha and Yutian counties. Currently, about 6,200 episodes of translated ethnic film and television programs are being produced every year. There were only two newspapers in Xinjiang before the founding of the People’s Republic of China. But by the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 126 newspapers, 223 periodicals, and publishes around 10,000 titles of books, audio and video products and electronic publications every year.
Strength in cultural, sports and ethnic medicine industries is growing. At present, Xinjiang has over 10,000 cultural companies covering press, publishing and distribution, radio, film and television, performances, entertainment, games, cultural tourism, arts and crafts, artwork, animation, cultural exhibitions, innovation design and digital cultural services. By the end of 2017, there were six model bases for cultural industries at national level, 109 at autonomous region level, 11 government-approved animation companies, 20 cultural industry parks, 12 national 5A tourist attractions and 17,000 tourist guides. The added value of the cultural and tourist industries is growing every year.
成立一批職業(yè)體育俱樂部，體育競賽與表演市場日趨活躍。環(huán)塔克拉瑪干汽車摩托車越野拉力賽、中國籃球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽新疆區(qū)比賽保持較高市場化運(yùn)作水平。以中國國際露營大會(huì)、國際沙漠越野挑戰(zhàn)賽、環(huán)艾丁湖摩托車賽、環(huán)賽里木湖公路自行車賽等為代表的體育休閑市場日趨成熟。賽馬、冰雪運(yùn)動(dòng)、航空體育產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?jié)摿薮蟆?/span>
A group of professional sports clubs have been set up, with sports competitions and sports show flourishing. The Taklimakan Rally is a commercial success and China Basketball Association (CBA) in Xinjiang is doing well. The sports leisure market is maturing as demonstrated by the success of the China International Camping Congress, International Desert Cross Rally, Aydingkol Motorcycle Rally, and Sayram Bicycle Rally. Huge potential is also apparent in horseracing, winter sports and aviation sports.
新疆已形成中華醫(yī)藥（含民族藥）、醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)制劑、食品（含保健食品）、醫(yī)療器械和藥用包裝材料等門類較為齊全的醫(yī)藥健康產(chǎn)業(yè)體系。其中維吾爾醫(yī)藥、哈薩克醫(yī)藥、蒙醫(yī)藥等少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥歷史悠久，是中華文化瑰寶，許多藥材被納入國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和國家相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究項(xiàng)目。新疆民族醫(yī)藥銷售產(chǎn)值占制藥行業(yè)銷售總產(chǎn)值比重逐年提高；民族醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品在不斷開拓國內(nèi)市場的同時(shí)，還銷往周邊國家和地區(qū)，進(jìn)入國際市場。
Xinjiang has formed a complete industrial system of medicine and health covering Chinese medicine (including ethnic medicine), hospital-made preparations, foods (including health foods), medical equipment, and packaging for medicines. Among ethnic medicines, many Uygur medicines, Kazak medicines, and Mongolian medicines – boasting a long history and regarded as cultural treasures – have been categorized under national standards or included in national standardization research projects. The sales of ethnic medicines in Xinjiang’s pharmaceutical industry are increasing year by year, and ethnic medicine companies are expanding sales not only in domestic markets, but also in neighboring countries and regions as an effort to enter the international markets.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化蓬勃發(fā)展。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在中國的不斷發(fā)展，近年來，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來越成為新疆各族人民學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活的新空間，獲取公共服務(wù)的新平臺(tái)。截至2017年，新疆備案網(wǎng)站11520家，固定寬帶用戶達(dá)569.9萬戶，移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶達(dá)1855.8萬戶。微信公眾平臺(tái)“最后一公里”用戶遍及全國所有省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和幾十個(gè)國家、地區(qū)。先后實(shí)施爭做中國好網(wǎng)民、艾德萊斯網(wǎng)絡(luò)引領(lǐng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)融情等工程，開展“網(wǎng)絡(luò)中國節(jié)”“我是一顆石榴籽”“艾德萊斯出天山”等系列網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化活動(dòng)30余項(xiàng)，示范帶動(dòng)新疆各地開展各類網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化活動(dòng)7000余項(xiàng)。2017年，新疆本地消費(fèi)者網(wǎng)購零售額達(dá)569.1億元，比上年增長29.8%。蓬勃發(fā)展的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化引領(lǐng)了向上向善的社會(huì)風(fēng)尚。
Internet culture develops rapidly. The rapid development of the internet in China has made it the new space for people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang to study, work and live, and a new platform to access public services. By the end of 2017, Xinjiang had 11,520 registered websites, 5.7 million fixed broadband subscribers, and 18.56 million mobile internet users. The subscribers on the official WeChat platform “Last Kilometer” extend across all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and dozens of countries and regions. Over 30 internet cultural projects such as “making a good netizen”, “Etles Silk from Tianshan to the World” and “video programs on ethnic solidarity” launched more than 7,000 online cultural activities across Xinjiang. In 2017, online retail sales to Xinjiang consumers reached 56.91 billion yuan, an increase of 29.8 percent over 2016. The prosperity of Xinjiang’s internet culture helps to foster healthy social morals.
六、對(duì)外文化交流日趨活躍
VI. Active Cultural Exchanges with Other Countries
新疆是中華文明向西開放的重要門戶，在東西方文明交流互鑒中發(fā)揮了重要作用。在中央政府支持下，新疆已形成全方位、多層次的對(duì)外文化交流格局。
Xinjiang has been an important gateway for China’s civilization to open to the West, and has played a significant role in cultural communication and mutual learning between East and West. Supported by the central government, Xinjiang has created a framework of cultural exchanges with other countries in all sectors and at all levels.
以多種形式參與國際文化交流與合作。中國新疆國際民族舞蹈節(jié)、中國－亞歐博覽會(huì)“中外文化展示周”和“出版博覽會(huì)”等成為具有一定國際影響力的文化交流品牌。2009年以來，舉辦了7屆“中國·新疆國際青少年藝術(shù)節(jié)”，邀請(qǐng)中亞四國及俄羅斯、蒙古、巴基斯坦、印度、馬來西亞、泰國、韓國、阿塞拜疆等12個(gè)國家及國內(nèi)共119個(gè)文藝團(tuán)體的2330余名青少年來新疆演出交流。2012年至2017年，新疆連續(xù)舉辦7期“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶相關(guān)國家媒體負(fù)責(zé)人研修班”，邀請(qǐng)了25個(gè)國家的100多家媒體負(fù)責(zé)人來新疆研修、交流、考察。
Xinjiang participates in international cultural exchanges and cooperation in various forms. Xinjiang International Ethnic Dance Festival, Chinese and Foreign Culture Week of China-Eurasia Expo, and Publishing Expo have become branded cultural exchange projects of considerable international influence. Since 2009, Xinjiang has held seven China International Youth Arts festivals, inviting more than 2,330 young people representing 119 art troupes from Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan of Central Asia and Russia, Mongolia, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Thailand, the Republic of Korea and Azerbaijan. From 2012 to 2017, Xinjiang has held seven seminars for directors of media from countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt, inviting directors of more than 100 media from 25 countries to Xinjiang on study, communication and visits.
近年來，新疆積極推進(jìn)“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”核心區(qū)建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)與沿線國家的人文科技交流。2016年，舉辦第五屆中國－亞歐博覽會(huì)科技合作論壇，30多個(gè)國家和國際組織的154名嘉賓受邀參加。建成12個(gè)國家級(jí)國際科技合作基地，與30多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)以及10個(gè)國際組織和研究機(jī)構(gòu)開展了國際科技合作與交流，涉及農(nóng)業(yè)、資源環(huán)境、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、天文、煤化工、生物醫(yī)藥、能源等領(lǐng)域。穩(wěn)步實(shí)施“留學(xué)中國計(jì)劃”，逐步擴(kuò)大絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶沿線國家優(yōu)秀留學(xué)生獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金資助規(guī)模。新疆高校積極開展國際交流與合作，留學(xué)生教育規(guī)模逐年增加、質(zhì)量不斷提升。從1985年開始，截至2017年，新疆高校接收外國留學(xué)生達(dá)5萬人次。新疆積極發(fā)揮包括維吾爾醫(yī)藥、哈薩克醫(yī)藥在內(nèi)的中華醫(yī)學(xué)特色優(yōu)勢，籌建中外聯(lián)合中醫(yī)機(jī)構(gòu)，開展中醫(yī)民族醫(yī)藥國際醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，吸引了越來越多的周邊國家患者前來就醫(yī)。2015年至2017年，烏魯木齊市有5家醫(yī)院開展國際醫(yī)療服務(wù)，累計(jì)接診外籍患者1.7萬人次。新疆舉辦一系列高水平體育賽事，吸引大批國際優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員和體育愛好者積極參與。
In recent years, Xinjiang has been active in building the core area along the Silk Road Economic Belt, strengthening cultural and scientific and technological exchanges with countries along the Belt. In 2016, it hosted the scientific and technological cooperation forum of the Fifth China-Eurasia Expo, inviting 154 guests from more than 30 countries and international organizations. Xinjiang has built 12 state-level bases for international sci-tech cooperation, launching cooperation and exchanges with more than 30 countries and regions and 10 international organizations and research institutes in such fields as agriculture, resources and the environment, processing of agricultural products, astronomy, coal chemicals, bio-medicine, and energy.
It has steadily implemented the “Study-in-China” initiative, gradually increasing scholarships for outstanding students from countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt. Institutions of higher learning in Xinjiang engage in active international exchanges and cooperation, and their foreign students are growing in number and their teaching quality is much improved. From 1985 to 2017, colleges and universities of Xinjiang enrolled 50,000 foreign students.
With its particular strength in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Uygur and Kazak medicine, Xinjiang plans to establish Chinese-foreign institutions of traditional Chinese medicine and worked to establish a system of international medical services for TCM including ethnic minority medicine, attracting more and more patients from neighboring countries. From 2015 to 2017, five hospitals in Urumqi began to offer international medical services, accepting 17,000 foreign patients in total. Xinjiang has held a series of high-level sports events, attracting numerous international athletes and sports fans.
積極對(duì)外展示新疆各民族文化風(fēng)采。從上世紀(jì)末開始，“中國新疆古代絲綢之路文物展”“絲路奧秘——新疆文物大展”等新疆文物精品展覽陸續(xù)在日本、美國、德國、韓國等國家舉行。一批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目赴聯(lián)合國總部、英國、日本、法國及新疆周邊國家進(jìn)行表演展示。近年來，“感知中國——中國西部文化行·新疆篇”“中國新疆文化交流團(tuán)”“中國新疆文化周”分別在美國、加拿大、德國、法國、意大利、西班牙、澳大利亞、新西蘭、俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、格魯吉亞、埃及、土耳其、伊朗、沙特、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、馬來西亞、文萊、老撾等國舉辦多種文化交流活動(dòng)。新疆多次組團(tuán)代表中國參加國際伊塞克湖運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，加強(qiáng)了與上海合作組織成員國之間的體育交流與合作。
Xinjiang presents different ethnic cultures to foreign countries. Since the late 20th century, quality exhibitions of Xinjiang cultural relics, such as the “Exhibition of Ancient Silk Road Cultural Relics of Xinjiang” and “Secrets of the Silk Road – Exhibition of Xinjiang Cultural Relics”, have been held in Japan, the United States, Germany, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries. Some of Xinjiang’s intangible cultural heritage items have been presented in performances or exhibitions in the UN headquarters, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and in those countries adjacent to Xinjiang. In recent years, cultural communication events such as “Experiencing Xinjiang – Cultural Exploration of Xinjiang, West China”, “Xinjiang Cultural Exchange Forum”, and “Xinjiang Culture Week” have been held in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Brunei, and Laos. Xinjiang has also sent several delegations on behalf of China to attend the World Nomad Games on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul, strengthening sports exchanges and cooperation with other member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
中華文化是中國各族人民共同創(chuàng)造、傳承和發(fā)展的，是民族團(tuán)結(jié)和國家統(tǒng)一的精神紐帶。事實(shí)證明，新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分，中華文化始終是新疆各民族的情感依托、心靈歸宿和精神家園，也是新疆各民族文化發(fā)展的動(dòng)力源泉。
The Chinese culture was created, carried forward and developed by all ethnic groups of China, and is a bond of ethnic unity and national unification. Facts have proven that ethnic cultures of Xinjiang are components of the Chinese culture, which is always the emotional attachment and spiritual home for all ethnic people in Xinjiang, as well as the dynamic source for the development of ethnic cultures.
中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平指出：“中國共產(chǎn)黨從成立之日起，既是中國先進(jìn)文化的積極引領(lǐng)者和踐行者，又是中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的忠實(shí)傳承者和弘揚(yáng)者。當(dāng)代中國共產(chǎn)黨人和中國人民應(yīng)該而且一定能夠擔(dān)負(fù)起新的文化使命，在實(shí)踐創(chuàng)造中進(jìn)行文化創(chuàng)造，在歷史進(jìn)步中實(shí)現(xiàn)文化進(jìn)步！”今天，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中華民族已經(jīng)走進(jìn)新時(shí)代，踏上新征程，在文化交流交融的舞臺(tái)上，新疆各族人民應(yīng)該而且一定能夠擔(dān)負(fù)起自己新的文化使命，在文化創(chuàng)造中鑄就新繁榮，在文化進(jìn)步中取得新發(fā)展！
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Chinese President and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, pointed out: “Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has actively guided and promoted China’s advanced culture while keeping China’s fine traditional culture alive and strong. Today, we Chinese Communists and the Chinese people should and can shoulder our new cultural mission, make cultural creations through practice, and promote cultural advancement along with the progress of history.” Today, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core, the Chinese nation has marched into a new era and onto a new journey. On the stage of cultural exchanges and integration, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang should and can shoulder their new cultural mission to create a new boom in cultural creations and make new developments along with cultural progress.
