新時(shí)代的中國(guó)國(guó)防
China’s National Defense in the New Era
中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2019年7月
July 2019
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、國(guó)際安全形勢(shì)
I. International Security Situation
二、新時(shí)代中國(guó)防御性國(guó)防政策
II. China’s Defensive National Defense Policy in the New Era
三、履行新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)使命任務(wù)
III. Fulfilling the Missions and Tasks of China’s Armed Forces in the New Era
四、改革中的中國(guó)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)
IV. Reform in China’s National Defense and Armed Forces
五、合理適度的國(guó)防開支
V. Reasonable and Appropriate Defense Expenditure
六、積極服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體
VI. Actively Contributing to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Closing Remarks
前言
Preface
當(dāng)今世界，人類日益成為利益交融、安危與共的命運(yùn)共同體。當(dāng)今中國(guó)，正處于全面建成小康社會(huì)、開啟全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家新征程的關(guān)鍵階段，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入了新時(shí)代。
Today, with their interests and security intertwined, people across the world are becoming members of a community with a shared future. China is at a critical stage of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and embarking on the new journey of building a modernized socialist country in an all-round way. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.
為宣示新時(shí)代中國(guó)防御性國(guó)防政策，介紹中國(guó)建設(shè)鞏固國(guó)防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)的實(shí)踐、目的、意義，增進(jìn)國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)防的理解，中國(guó)政府發(fā)表《新時(shí)代的中國(guó)國(guó)防》白皮書。
The Chinese government is issuing China’s National Defense in the New Era to expound on China’s defensive national defense policy and explain the practice, purposes and significance of China’s efforts to build a fortified national defense and a strong military, with a view to helping the international community better understand China’s national defense.
一、國(guó)際安全形勢(shì)
I. International Security Situation
當(dāng)今世界正經(jīng)歷百年未有之大變局，世界多極化、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、社會(huì)信息化、文化多樣化深入發(fā)展，和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏的時(shí)代潮流不可逆轉(zhuǎn)，但國(guó)際安全面臨的不穩(wěn)定性不確定性更加突出，世界并不太平。
The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. As economic globalization, the information society, and cultural diversification develop in an increasingly multi-polar world, peace, development and win-win cooperation remain the irreversible trends of the times. Nonetheless, there are prominent destabilizing factors and uncertainties in international security. The world is not yet a tranquil place.
國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略格局深刻演變
The International Strategic Landscape Is Going Through Profound Changes
國(guó)際力量加快分化組合，新興市場(chǎng)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家力量持續(xù)上升，戰(zhàn)略力量對(duì)比此消彼長(zhǎng)、更趨均衡，促和平、求穩(wěn)定、謀發(fā)展已成為國(guó)際社會(huì)的普遍訴求，和平力量的上升遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)因素的增長(zhǎng)。但是，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治、單邊主義時(shí)有抬頭，地區(qū)沖突和局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)不斷，國(guó)際安全體系和秩序受到?jīng)_擊。
As the realignment of international powers accelerates and the strength of emerging markets and developing countries keeps growing, the configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced. The pursuit of peace, stability and development has become a universal aspiration of the international community with forces for peace predominating over elements of war. However, international security system and order are undermined by growing hegemonism, power politics, unilateralism and constant regional conflicts and wars.
國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)呈上升之勢(shì)。美國(guó)調(diào)整國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略和國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略，奉行單邊主義政策，挑起和加劇大國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，大幅增加軍費(fèi)投入，加快提升核、太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、導(dǎo)彈防御等領(lǐng)域能力，損害全球戰(zhàn)略穩(wěn)定。北約持續(xù)擴(kuò)員，加強(qiáng)在中東歐地區(qū)軍事部署，頻繁舉行軍事演習(xí)。俄羅斯強(qiáng)化核、非核戰(zhàn)略遏制能力，努力維護(hù)戰(zhàn)略安全空間和自身利益。歐盟獨(dú)立維護(hù)自身安全的傾向增強(qiáng)，加快推進(jìn)安全和防務(wù)一體化建設(shè)。
International strategic competition is on the rise. The US has adjusted its national security and defense strategies, and adopted unilateral policies. It has provoked and intensified competition among major countries, significantly increased its defense expenditure, pushed for additional capacity in nuclear, outer space, cyber and missile defense, and undermined global strategic stability. NATO has continued its enlargement, stepped up military deployment in Central and Eastern Europe, and conducted frequent military exercises. Russia is strengthening its nuclear and non-nuclear capabilities for strategic containment, and striving to safeguard its strategic security space and interests. The European Union (EU) is accelerating its security and defense integration to be more independent in its own security.
全球和地區(qū)性安全問(wèn)題持續(xù)增多。國(guó)際軍控和裁軍遭遇挫折，軍備競(jìng)賽趨勢(shì)顯現(xiàn)。防止大規(guī)模殺傷性武器擴(kuò)散形勢(shì)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，國(guó)際防擴(kuò)散機(jī)制受到實(shí)用主義和雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)危害，面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。極端主義、恐怖主義不斷蔓延，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全、生物安全、海盜活動(dòng)等非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅日益凸顯。伊朗核問(wèn)題解決出現(xiàn)波折，敘利亞問(wèn)題政治解決仍面臨困難。各國(guó)安全的交融性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、互動(dòng)性不斷增強(qiáng)，沒(méi)有哪一個(gè)國(guó)家能夠獨(dú)立應(yīng)對(duì)或獨(dú)善其身。
Global and regional security issues are on the increase. International arms control and disarmament efforts have suffered setbacks, with growing signs of arms races. The non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction remains problematic. The international non-proliferation regime is compromised by pragmatism and double standards, and hence faces new challenges. Extremism and terrorism keep spreading. Non-traditional security threats involving cyber security, bio-security and piracy are becoming more pronounced. The Iranian nuclear issue has taken an unexpected turn, and there is no easy political solution to the Syrian issue. The security of individual countries is becoming increasingly intertwined, interlinked and interactive. No country can respond alone or stand aloof.
亞太安全形勢(shì)總體穩(wěn)定
The Asia-Pacific Security Situation Remains Generally Stable
亞太各國(guó)命運(yùn)共同體意識(shí)增強(qiáng)，通過(guò)對(duì)話協(xié)商處理分歧和爭(zhēng)端成為主要政策取向，推動(dòng)本地區(qū)成為全球格局中的穩(wěn)定板塊。上海合作組織構(gòu)建不結(jié)盟、不對(duì)抗、不針對(duì)第三方的建設(shè)性伙伴關(guān)系，拓展防務(wù)安全領(lǐng)域合作，開創(chuàng)區(qū)域安全合作新模式。中國(guó)－東盟防長(zhǎng)非正式會(huì)晤、東盟防長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)大會(huì)發(fā)揮積極作用，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)軍事交流合作等途徑促進(jìn)相互信任。南海形勢(shì)趨穩(wěn)向好，域內(nèi)國(guó)家妥善管控風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分歧。地區(qū)國(guó)家軍隊(duì)反恐協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制等合作不斷深化。均衡穩(wěn)定、開放包容的亞洲特色安全架構(gòu)不斷發(fā)展。
Asia-Pacific countries are increasingly aware that they are members of a community with shared destiny. Addressing differences and disputes through dialogue and consultation has become a preferred policy option for regional countries, making the region a stable part of the global landscape. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is forging a constructive partnership of non-alliance and non-confrontation that targets no third party, expanding security and defense cooperation and creating a new model for regional security cooperation. The China-ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Informal Meeting and the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) play positive roles in enhancing trust among regional countries through military exchanges and cooperation. The situation of the South China Sea is generally stable and improving as regional countries are properly managing risks and differences. Steady progress has been made in building a coordinated counter-terrorism mechanism among the militaries of the regional countries. A balanced, stable, open and inclusive Asian security architecture continues to develop.
世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和戰(zhàn)略重心繼續(xù)向亞太地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移，亞太地區(qū)成為大國(guó)博弈的焦點(diǎn)，給地區(qū)安全帶來(lái)不確定性。美國(guó)強(qiáng)化亞太軍事同盟，加大軍事部署和干預(yù)力度，給亞太安全增添復(fù)雜因素。美國(guó)在韓國(guó)部署“薩德”反導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，嚴(yán)重破壞地區(qū)戰(zhàn)略平衡，嚴(yán)重?fù)p害地區(qū)國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略安全利益。日本調(diào)整軍事安全政策，增加投入，謀求突破“戰(zhàn)后體制”，軍事外向性增強(qiáng)。澳大利亞持續(xù)鞏固與美國(guó)的軍事同盟，強(qiáng)化亞太地區(qū)軍事參與力度，試圖在安全事務(wù)中發(fā)揮更大作用。
As the world economic and strategic center continues to shift towards the Asia-Pacific, the region has become a focus of major country competition, bringing uncertainties to regional security. The US is strengthening its Asia-Pacific military alliances and reinforcing military deployment and intervention, adding complexity to regional security. The deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in the Republic of Korea (ROK) by the US has severely undermined the regional strategic balance and the strategic security interests of regional countries. In an attempt to circumvent the post-war mechanism, Japan has adjusted its military and security policies and increased input accordingly, thus becoming more outward-looking in its military endeavors. Australia continues to strengthen its military alliance with the US and its military engagement in the Asia-Pacific, seeking a bigger role in security affairs.
地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)和爭(zhēng)議問(wèn)題依然存在。朝鮮半島局勢(shì)有所緩和但仍存在不確定因素，南亞形勢(shì)總體穩(wěn)定但印巴沖突不時(shí)發(fā)生，阿富汗國(guó)內(nèi)政治和解和重建艱難推進(jìn)。部分國(guó)家之間的領(lǐng)土和海洋權(quán)益爭(zhēng)端、民族宗教矛盾等問(wèn)題仍然存在，地區(qū)安全熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題時(shí)起時(shí)伏。
Regional hotspots and disputes are yet to be resolved. Despite positive progress, the Korean Peninsula still faces uncertainty. South Asia is generally stable while conflicts between India and Pakistan flare up from time to time. Political reconciliation and reconstruction in Afghanistan is making progress in the face of difficulties. Problems still exist among regional countries, including disputes over territorial and maritime rights and interests, as well as discord for ethnic and religious reasons. Security hotspots rise from time to time in the region.
國(guó)家安全面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)不容忽視
China’s Security Risks and Challenges Should Not Be Overlooked
中國(guó)繼續(xù)保持政治安定、民族團(tuán)結(jié)、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的良好局面，綜合國(guó)力、國(guó)際影響力、抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力明顯增強(qiáng)，仍處于發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，同時(shí)也面臨多元復(fù)雜的安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)。
China continues to enjoy political stability, ethnic unity and social stability. There has been a notable increase in China’s overall national strength, global influence, and resilience to risks. China is still in an important period of strategic opportunity for development. Nevertheless, it also faces diverse and complex security threats and challenges.
反分裂斗爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)更加嚴(yán)峻，民進(jìn)黨當(dāng)局頑固堅(jiān)持“臺(tái)獨(dú)”分裂立場(chǎng)，拒不承認(rèn)體現(xiàn)一個(gè)中國(guó)原則的“九二共識(shí)”，加緊推行“去中國(guó)化”“漸進(jìn)臺(tái)獨(dú)”，圖謀推動(dòng)“法理臺(tái)獨(dú)”，強(qiáng)化敵意對(duì)抗，挾洋自重，在分裂道路上越走越遠(yuǎn)?！芭_(tái)獨(dú)”分裂勢(shì)力及其活動(dòng)始終是臺(tái)海和平穩(wěn)定的最大現(xiàn)實(shí)威脅，是祖國(guó)和平統(tǒng)一的最大障礙。境外“藏獨(dú)”“東突”等分裂勢(shì)力活動(dòng)頻繁，對(duì)國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定構(gòu)成威脅。
The fight against separatists is becoming more acute. The Taiwan authorities, led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), stubbornly stick to “Taiwan independence” and refuse to recognize the 1992 Consensus, which embodies the one-China principle. They have gone further down the path of separatism by stepping up efforts to sever the connection with the mainland in favor of gradual independence, pushing for de jure independence, intensifying hostility and confrontation, and borrowing the strength of foreign influence. The “Taiwan independence” separatist forces and their actions remain the gravest immediate threat to peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the biggest barrier hindering the peaceful reunification of the country. External separatist forces for “Tibet independence” and the creation of “East Turkistan” launch frequent actions, posing threats to China’s national security and social stability.
國(guó)土安全依然面臨威脅，陸地邊界爭(zhēng)議尚未徹底解決，島嶼領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題和海洋劃界爭(zhēng)端依然存在，個(gè)別域外國(guó)家艦機(jī)對(duì)中國(guó)頻繁實(shí)施抵近偵察，多次非法闖入中國(guó)領(lǐng)海及有關(guān)島礁鄰近?？沼?，危害中國(guó)國(guó)家安全。
China’s homeland security still faces threats. Land territorial disputes are yet to be completely resolved. Disputes still exist over the territorial sovereignty of some islands and reefs, as well as maritime demarcation. Countries from outside the region conduct frequent close-in reconnaissance on China by air and sea, and illegally enter China’s territorial waters and the waters and airspace near China’s islands and reefs, undermining China’s national security.
中國(guó)海外利益面臨國(guó)際和地區(qū)動(dòng)蕩、恐怖主義、海盜活動(dòng)等現(xiàn)實(shí)威脅，駐外機(jī)構(gòu)、海外企業(yè)及人員多次遭到襲擊。太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全威脅日益顯現(xiàn)，自然災(zāi)害、重大疫情等非傳統(tǒng)安全問(wèn)題的危害上升。
China’s overseas interests are endangered by immediate threats such as international and regional turmoil, terrorism, and piracy. Chinese diplomatic missions, enterprises and personnel around the world have been attacked on multiple occasions. Threats to outer space and cyber security loom large and the threat of non-traditional security issues posed by natural disasters and major epidemics is on the rise.
國(guó)際軍事競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈
Global Military Competition Is Intensifying
世界各主要國(guó)家紛紛調(diào)整安全戰(zhàn)略、軍事戰(zhàn)略，調(diào)整軍隊(duì)組織形態(tài)，發(fā)展新型作戰(zhàn)力量，搶占軍事競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略制高點(diǎn)。美國(guó)進(jìn)行軍事技術(shù)和體制創(chuàng)新，謀求絕對(duì)軍事優(yōu)勢(shì)。俄羅斯深入推進(jìn)“新面貌”軍事改革，英國(guó)、法國(guó)、德國(guó)、日本、印度等國(guó)都在調(diào)整優(yōu)化軍事力量體系。
Major countries around the world are readjusting their security and military strategies and military organizational structures. They are developing new types of combat forces to seize the strategic commanding heights in military competition. The US is engaging in technological and institutional innovation in pursuit of absolute military superiority. Russia is advancing its New Look military reform. Meanwhile, the UK, France, Germany, Japan and India are rebalancing and optimizing the structure of their military forces.
在新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革推動(dòng)下，人工智能、量子信息、大數(shù)據(jù)、云計(jì)算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等前沿科技加速應(yīng)用于軍事領(lǐng)域，國(guó)際軍事競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局正在發(fā)生歷史性變化。以信息技術(shù)為核心的軍事高新技術(shù)日新月異，武器裝備遠(yuǎn)程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無(wú)人化趨勢(shì)更加明顯，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形態(tài)加速向信息化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)演變，智能化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初現(xiàn)端倪。
Driven by the new round of technological and industrial revolution, the application of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum information, big data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things is gathering pace in the military field. International military competition is undergoing historic changes. New and high-tech military technologies based on IT are developing rapidly. There is a prevailing trend to develop long-range precision, intelligent, stealthy or unmanned weaponry and equipment. War is evolving in form towards informationized warfare, and intelligent warfare is on the horizon.
中國(guó)特色軍事變革取得重大進(jìn)展，但機(jī)械化建設(shè)任務(wù)尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術(shù)突襲和技術(shù)代差被拉大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化水平與國(guó)家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進(jìn)軍事水平相比差距還很大。
Great progress has been made in the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) with Chinese characteristics. However, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has yet to complete the task of mechanization, and is in urgent need of improving its informationization. China’s military security is confronted by risks from technology surprise and growing technological generation gap. Greater efforts have to be invested in military modernization to meet national security demands. The PLA still lags far behind the world’s leading militaries.
二、新時(shí)代中國(guó)防御性國(guó)防政策
II. China’s Defensive National Defense Policy in the New Era
中國(guó)的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家性質(zhì)，走和平發(fā)展道路的戰(zhàn)略抉擇，獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，“和為貴”的中華文化傳統(tǒng)，決定了中國(guó)始終不渝奉行防御性國(guó)防政策。
The socialist system of China, the strategic decision to follow the path of peaceful development, the independent foreign policy of peace, and the best of cultural traditions – considering peace and harmony as fundamentals – determine that China will pursue a national defense policy that is defensive in nature.
堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益
Resolutely Safeguarding China’s Sovereignty, Security and Development Interests
這是新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防的根本目標(biāo)。
This is the fundamental goal of China’s national defense in the new era.
懾止和抵抗侵略，保衛(wèi)國(guó)家政治安全、人民安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，反對(duì)和遏制“臺(tái)獨(dú)”，打擊“藏獨(dú)”“東突”等分裂勢(shì)力，保衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、統(tǒng)一、領(lǐng)土完整和安全。維護(hù)國(guó)家海洋權(quán)益，維護(hù)國(guó)家在太空、電磁、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間等安全利益，維護(hù)國(guó)家海外利益，支撐國(guó)家可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
China’s national defense aims:
· to deter and resist aggression;
· to safeguard national political security, the people’s security and social stability;
· to oppose and contain “Taiwan independence”;
· to crack down on proponents of separatist movements such as “Tibet independence” and the creation of “East Turkistan”;
· to safeguard national sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity and security;
· to safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests;
· to safeguard China’s security interests in outer space, electromagnetic space and cyberspace;
· to safeguard China’s overseas interests; and
· to support the sustainable development of the country.
中國(guó)堅(jiān)定維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整。南海諸島、釣魚島及其附屬島嶼是中國(guó)固有領(lǐng)土。中國(guó)在南海島礁進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，部署必要的防御性力量，在東海釣魚島海域進(jìn)行巡航，是依法行使國(guó)家主權(quán)。中國(guó)致力于同直接有關(guān)的當(dāng)事國(guó)在尊重歷史事實(shí)和國(guó)際法的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)談判協(xié)商解決有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持同地區(qū)國(guó)家一道維護(hù)和平穩(wěn)定，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)各國(guó)依據(jù)國(guó)際法所享有的航行和飛越自由，維護(hù)海上通道安全。
China resolutely safeguards its national sovereignty and territorial integrity. The South China Sea islands and Diaoyu Islands are inalienable parts of the Chinese territory. China exercises its national sovereignty to build infrastructure and deploy necessary defensive capabilities on the islands and reefs in the South China Sea, and to conduct patrols in the waters of Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea. China is committed to resolving related disputes through negotiations with those states directly involved on the basis of respecting historical facts and international law. China continues to work with regional countries to jointly maintain peace and stability. It firmly upholds freedom of navigation and overflight by all countries in accordance with international law and safeguards the security of sea lines of communication (SLOCs).
解決臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家完全統(tǒng)一，是中華民族的根本利益，是實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的必然要求。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持“和平統(tǒng)一、一國(guó)兩制”方針，推動(dòng)兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展，推進(jìn)中國(guó)和平統(tǒng)一進(jìn)程，堅(jiān)決反對(duì)一切分裂中國(guó)的圖謀和行徑，堅(jiān)決反對(duì)任何外國(guó)勢(shì)力干涉。中國(guó)必須統(tǒng)一，也必然統(tǒng)一。中國(guó)有堅(jiān)定決心和強(qiáng)大能力維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，決不允許任何人、任何組織、任何政黨、在任何時(shí)候、以任何形式、把任何一塊中國(guó)領(lǐng)土從中國(guó)分裂出去。我們不承諾放棄使用武力，保留采取一切必要措施的選項(xiàng)，針對(duì)的是外部勢(shì)力干涉和極少數(shù)“臺(tái)獨(dú)”分裂分子及其分裂活動(dòng)，絕非針對(duì)臺(tái)灣同胞。如果有人要把臺(tái)灣從中國(guó)分裂出去，中國(guó)軍隊(duì)將不惜一切代價(jià)，堅(jiān)決予以挫敗，捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一。
To solve the Taiwan question and achieve complete reunification of the country is in the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation and essential to realizing national rejuvenation. China adheres to the principles of “peaceful reunification”, and “one country, two systems”, promotes peaceful development of cross-Strait relations, and advances peaceful reunification of the country. Meanwhile, China resolutely opposes any attempts or actions to split the country and any foreign interference to this end. China must be and will be reunited. China has the firm resolve and the ability to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and will never allow the secession of any part of its territory by anyone, any organization or any political party by any means at any time. We make no promise to renounce the use of force, and reserve the option of taking all necessary measures. This is by no means targeted at our compatriots in Taiwan, but at the interference of external forces and the very small number of “Taiwan independence” separatists and their activities. The PLA will resolutely defeat anyone attempting to separate Taiwan from China and safeguard national unity at all costs.
堅(jiān)持永不稱霸、永不擴(kuò)張、永不謀求勢(shì)力范圍
Never Seeking Hegemony, Expansion or Spheres of Influence
這是新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防的鮮明特征。
This is the distinctive feature of China’s national defense in the new era.
國(guó)雖大，好戰(zhàn)必亡。中華民族歷來(lái)愛好和平。近代以來(lái)，中國(guó)人民飽受侵略和戰(zhàn)亂之苦，深感和平之珍貴、發(fā)展之迫切，決不會(huì)把自己經(jīng)受過(guò)的悲慘遭遇強(qiáng)加于人。新中國(guó)成立70年來(lái)，中國(guó)沒(méi)有主動(dòng)挑起過(guò)任何一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和沖突。改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)致力于促進(jìn)世界和平，主動(dòng)裁減軍隊(duì)員額400余萬(wàn)。中國(guó)由積貧積弱發(fā)展成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，靠的不是別人的施舍，更不是軍事擴(kuò)張和殖民掠奪，而是人民勤勞、維護(hù)和平。中國(guó)既通過(guò)維護(hù)世界和平為自身發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利條件，又通過(guò)自身發(fā)展促進(jìn)世界和平，真誠(chéng)希望所有國(guó)家都選擇和平發(fā)展道路，共同防范沖突和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
Though a country may become strong, bellicosity will lead to its ruin. The Chinese nation has always loved peace. Since the beginning of modern times, the Chinese people have suffered from aggressions and wars, and have learned the value of peace and the pressing need for development. Therefore, China will never inflict such sufferings on any other country. Since its founding 70 years ago, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has never started any war or conflict. Since the introduction of reform and opening-up, China has been committed to promoting world peace, and has voluntarily downsized the PLA by over 4 million troops. China has grown from a poor and weak country to be the world’s second largest economy neither by receiving handouts from others nor by engaging in military expansion or colonial plunder. Instead, it has developed through its people’s hard work and its efforts to maintain peace. China has made every effort to create favorable conditions for its development through maintaining world peace, and has equally endeavored to promote world peace through its own development. China sincerely hopes that all countries will choose the path of peaceful development and jointly prevent conflicts and wars.
中國(guó)堅(jiān)持在和平共處五項(xiàng)原則基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展同各國(guó)的友好合作，尊重各國(guó)人民自主選擇發(fā)展道路的權(quán)利，主張通過(guò)平等對(duì)話和談判協(xié)商解決國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端，反對(duì)干涉別國(guó)內(nèi)政，反對(duì)恃強(qiáng)凌弱，反對(duì)把自己的意志強(qiáng)加于人。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持結(jié)伴不結(jié)盟，不參加任何軍事集團(tuán)，反對(duì)侵略擴(kuò)張，反對(duì)動(dòng)輒使用武力或以武力相威脅。中國(guó)的國(guó)防建設(shè)和發(fā)展，始終著眼于滿足自身安全的正當(dāng)需要，始終是世界和平力量的增長(zhǎng)。歷史已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)證明，中國(guó)決不走追逐霸權(quán)、“國(guó)強(qiáng)必霸”的老路。無(wú)論將來(lái)發(fā)展到哪一步，中國(guó)都不會(huì)威脅誰(shuí)，都不會(huì)謀求建立勢(shì)力范圍。
China is committed to developing friendly cooperation with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. It respects the rights of all peoples to independently choose their own development path, and stands for the settlement of international disputes through equal dialogue, negotiation and consultation. China is opposed to interference in the internal affairs of others, abuse of the weak by the strong, and any attempt to impose one’s will on others. China advocates partnerships rather than alliances and does not join any military bloc. It stands against aggression and expansion, and opposes arbitrary use or threat of arms. The development of China’s national defense aims to meet its rightful security needs and contribute to the growth of the world’s peaceful forces. History proves and will continue to prove that China will never follow the beaten track of big powers in seeking hegemony. No matter how it might develop, China will never threaten any other country or seek any sphere of influence.
貫徹落實(shí)新時(shí)代軍事戰(zhàn)略方針
Implementing the Military Strategic Guideline for a New Era
這是新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防的戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)。
This is the strategic guidance for China’s national defense in the new era.
新時(shí)代軍事戰(zhàn)略方針，堅(jiān)持防御、自衛(wèi)、后發(fā)制人原則，實(shí)行積極防御，堅(jiān)持“人不犯我、我不犯人，人若犯我、我必犯人”，強(qiáng)調(diào)遏制戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與打贏戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)相統(tǒng)一，強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)略上防御與戰(zhàn)役戰(zhàn)斗上進(jìn)攻相統(tǒng)一。
The military strategic guideline for a new era adheres to the principles of defense, self-defense and post-strike response, and adopts active defense. It keeps to the stance that “we will not attack unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked”, places emphasis on both containing and winning wars, and underscores the unity of strategic defense and offense at operational and tactical levels.
貫徹落實(shí)新時(shí)代軍事戰(zhàn)略方針，服從服務(wù)黨和國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略全局，落實(shí)總體國(guó)家安全觀，強(qiáng)化憂患意識(shí)、危機(jī)意識(shí)、打仗意識(shí)，積極適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)新格局、國(guó)家安全新需求、現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)新形態(tài)，有效履行新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)使命任務(wù)。根據(jù)國(guó)家面臨的安全威脅，扎實(shí)做好軍事斗爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備，全面提高新時(shí)代備戰(zhàn)打仗能力，構(gòu)建立足防御、多域統(tǒng)籌、均衡穩(wěn)定的新時(shí)代軍事戰(zhàn)略布局。堅(jiān)持全民國(guó)防，創(chuàng)新人民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)和內(nèi)容方法，充分發(fā)揮人民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)整體威力。
Implementing the military strategic guideline for a new era, China’s armed forces strive to keep in alignment with and contribute to the general strategies of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the country, adopt a holistic approach to national security, strengthen the awareness of potential dangers, crises and wars, and actively adapt to the new landscape of strategic competition, the new demands of national security, and new developments in modern warfare, so as to effectively fulfill their tasks and missions in the new era.
To respond to the security threats facing the country, China’s armed forces take solid steps to strengthen military preparedness and comprehensively enhance combat capabilities for the new era. Efforts have been made to build the military strategy into a balanced and stable one for the new era, which focuses on defense and coordinates multiple domains. Based on the idea that China’s national defense is the responsibility of all Chinese people, China’s armed forces give full play to the overall power of the people’s war by innovating in its strategies, tactics and measures.
中國(guó)始終奉行在任何時(shí)候和任何情況下都不首先使用核武器、無(wú)條件不對(duì)無(wú)核武器國(guó)家和無(wú)核武器區(qū)使用或威脅使用核武器的核政策，主張最終全面禁止和徹底銷毀核武器，不會(huì)與任何國(guó)家進(jìn)行核軍備競(jìng)賽，始終把自身核力量維持在國(guó)家安全需要的最低水平。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持自衛(wèi)防御核戰(zhàn)略，目的是遏制他國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)使用或威脅使用核武器，確保國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略安全。
China is always committed to a nuclear policy of no first use of nuclear weapons at any time and under any circumstances, and not using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones unconditionally. China advocates the ultimate complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. China does not engage in any nuclear arms race with any other country and keeps its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for national security. China pursues a nuclear strategy of self-defense, the goal of which is to maintain national strategic security by deterring other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China.
堅(jiān)持走中國(guó)特色強(qiáng)軍之路
Continuing to Strengthen the Military in the Chinese Way
這是新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防的發(fā)展路徑。
This is the path forward for China’s national defense in the new era.
建設(shè)同國(guó)際地位相稱、同國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國(guó)防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，是中國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)，是堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路的安全保障，是總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的必然選擇。
Building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing and its security and development interests is a strategic task for China’s socialist modernization. Drawing lessons from history, China strengthens its national defense and military to provide security guarantee for its peaceful development.
新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)，深入貫徹習(xí)近平強(qiáng)軍思想，深入貫徹習(xí)近平軍事戰(zhàn)略思想，堅(jiān)持政治建軍、改革強(qiáng)軍、科技興軍、依法治軍，聚焦能打仗、打勝仗，推動(dòng)機(jī)械化信息化融合發(fā)展，加快軍事智能化發(fā)展，構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系，完善和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義軍事制度，不斷提高履行新時(shí)代使命任務(wù)的能力。
To strengthen China’s national defense and military in the new era, it is imperative to comprehensively implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, thoroughly deliver on Xi Jinping’s thinking on military strategy, continue to enhance the political loyalty of the armed forces, strengthen them through reform and technology, run them in accordance with the law, and focus on the capabilities to fight and win. Efforts will be made to advance the integrated development of mechanization and informationization, speed up the development of intelligent military, create a modernized military force structure with Chinese characteristics, improve and develop socialist military institutions with Chinese features, and constantly enhance the capabilities to fulfill the missions and tasks in the new era.
新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是，到2020年基本實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化，信息化建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展，戰(zhàn)略能力有大的提升。同國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程相一致，全面推進(jìn)軍事理論現(xiàn)代化、軍隊(duì)組織形態(tài)現(xiàn)代化、軍事人員現(xiàn)代化、武器裝備現(xiàn)代化，力爭(zhēng)到2035年基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化，到本世紀(jì)中葉把人民軍隊(duì)全面建成世界一流軍隊(duì)。
The strategic goals for the development of China’s national defense and military in the new era are:
· to generally achieve mechanization by the year 2020 with significantly enhanced informationization and greatly improved strategic capabilities;
· to comprehensively advance the modernization of military theory, organizational structure, military personnel, and weaponry and equipment in step with the modernization of the country and basically complete the modernization of national defense and the military by 2035; and
· to fully transform the people’s armed forces into world-class forces by the mid-21st century.
服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體
In the Service of Building of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind
這是新時(shí)代中國(guó)國(guó)防的世界意義。
This is the global significance of China’s national defense in the new era.
中國(guó)人民的夢(mèng)想與世界人民的夢(mèng)想息息相通。一個(gè)和平穩(wěn)定繁榮的中國(guó)，是世界的機(jī)遇和福祉。一支強(qiáng)大的中國(guó)軍隊(duì)，是維護(hù)世界和平穩(wěn)定、服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體的堅(jiān)定力量。
The dream of the Chinese people is closely connected with the dreams of peoples around the world. Peace, stability and prosperity in China present opportunities and benefits to the rest of the world. A strong military of China is a staunch force for world peace, stability and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)堅(jiān)持共同、綜合、合作、可持續(xù)的安全觀，秉持正確義利觀，積極參與全球安全治理體系改革，深化雙邊和多邊安全合作，促進(jìn)不同安全機(jī)制間協(xié)調(diào)包容、互補(bǔ)合作，營(yíng)造平等互信、公平正義、共建共享的安全格局。
China’s armed forces advocate common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, uphold justice while pursuing shared interests, and actively participate in the reform of global security governance system. Efforts are made to deepen bilateral and multilateral security cooperation, promote a coordinated, inclusive and complementary cooperation among security mechanisms, and contribute to a security architecture featuring equality, mutual trust, fairness, justice, joint contribution and shared benefits.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)堅(jiān)持履行國(guó)際責(zé)任和義務(wù)，始終高舉合作共贏的旗幟，在力所能及的范圍內(nèi)向國(guó)際社會(huì)提供更多公共安全產(chǎn)品，積極參加國(guó)際維和、海上護(hù)航、人道主義救援等行動(dòng)，加強(qiáng)國(guó)際軍控和防擴(kuò)散合作，建設(shè)性參與熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題的政治解決，共同維護(hù)國(guó)際通道安全，合力應(yīng)對(duì)恐怖主義、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全、重大自然災(zāi)害等全球性挑戰(zhàn)，積極為構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體貢獻(xiàn)力量。
Committed to the principle of win-win cooperation, China’s armed forces will fulfill their international responsibilities and obligations, and provide more public security goods to the international community to the best of their capacity. They actively participate in the UN peacekeeping operations (UNPKOs), vessel protection operations, and international efforts in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR), strengthen international cooperation in arms control and non-proliferation, play a constructive role in the political settlement of hotspot issues, jointly maintain the security of international passages, and make concerted efforts to respond to global challenges such as terrorism, cyber security and major natural disasters, thus making a positive contribution to building a community with a shared future for mankind.
三、履行新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)使命任務(wù)
III. Fulfilling the Missions and Tasks of China’s Armed Forces in the New Era
進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，中國(guó)軍隊(duì)依據(jù)國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略要求,堅(jiān)決履行黨和人民賦予的使命任務(wù)，為鞏固中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和社會(huì)主義制度提供戰(zhàn)略支撐，為捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、統(tǒng)一、領(lǐng)土完整提供戰(zhàn)略支撐，為維護(hù)國(guó)家海外利益提供戰(zhàn)略支撐，為促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展提供戰(zhàn)略支撐。
In the new era, to meet the strategic demands of national security and development, China’s armed forces firmly implement the missions and tasks entrusted by the CPC and the people. They endeavor to provide strategic support for consolidating the leadership of the CPC and the socialist system, safeguarding national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, protecting China’s overseas interests, and promoting world peace and development.
維護(hù)國(guó)家領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益
Safeguarding National Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights and Interests
中國(guó)擁有2.2萬(wàn)多千米陸地邊界、1.8萬(wàn)多千米大陸海岸線，是世界上鄰國(guó)最多、陸地邊界最長(zhǎng)、海上安全環(huán)境十分復(fù)雜的國(guó)家之一，維護(hù)領(lǐng)土主權(quán)、海洋權(quán)益和國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。
China has a land border of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of over 18,000 km, China surpasses most of countries in the number of neighboring countries, the length of land border, and the complexity of maritime security. Therefore, it is a daunting task for China to safeguard its territorial sovereignty, maritime rights and interests, and national unity.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)嚴(yán)密防范各類蠶食、滲透、破壞和襲擾活動(dòng)，維護(hù)邊防安全穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)同周邊9個(gè)國(guó)家簽訂邊防合作協(xié)議，同12個(gè)國(guó)家建立邊防會(huì)談會(huì)晤機(jī)制，構(gòu)建起國(guó)防部、戰(zhàn)區(qū)、邊防部隊(duì)三級(jí)對(duì)外交往機(jī)制，常態(tài)化開展友好互訪、工作會(huì)談和聯(lián)合巡邏執(zhí)勤、聯(lián)合打擊跨境犯罪演練等活動(dòng)。同哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦開展邊境裁軍履約工作。加強(qiáng)中印方向穩(wěn)邊固防，采取有力措施為和平解決洞朗對(duì)峙事件創(chuàng)造有利條件。強(qiáng)化中阿邊境管控，嚴(yán)防暴恐分子滲透。加強(qiáng)中緬方向安全管控，維護(hù)邊境地區(qū)安寧和人民安全。2012年以來(lái)，中國(guó)邊防部隊(duì)同鄰國(guó)軍隊(duì)共進(jìn)行3300余次聯(lián)合巡邏，舉行8100余次邊防會(huì)晤，在中越、中緬方向開展邊境掃雷約58平方千米，封圍雷場(chǎng)約25平方千米，排除地雷等爆炸物約17萬(wàn)枚。
China’s armed forces maintain a rigorous guard against encroachment, infiltration, sabotage or harassment so as to safeguard border security and stability. China has signed border cooperation agreements with 9 neighboring countries and set up border meeting mechanisms with 12 countries. China’s armed forces have established mechanisms for exchanges with neighboring countries at three levels: national defense ministry, Theater Commands (TCs), and border troops. They conduct regular friendly mutual visits, working meetings, joint patrols and joint exercises targeting transnational crime with their foreign counterparts. They work together with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan to implement the border disarmament treaty. They strive to promote stability and security along the border with India, and take effective measures to create favorable conditions for the peaceful resolution of the Donglang (Doklam) standoff. They enhance control along the border with Afghanistan to guard against the infiltration of terrorists. They strengthen security management along the border with Myanmar, so as to secure stability and public safety in the border areas. Since 2012, China’s border troops have completed over 3,300 joint patrols and conducted over 8,100 border meetings with their foreign counterparts. They have cleared mines from 58 square kilometers of land, closed 25 square kilometers of landmine area, and disposed of 170,000 explosive devices such as landmines along the borders with Vietnam and Myanmar.
組織東海、南海、黃海等重要海區(qū)和島礁警戒防衛(wèi)，掌握周邊海上態(tài)勢(shì)，組織海上聯(lián)合維權(quán)執(zhí)法，妥善處置海空情況，堅(jiān)決應(yīng)對(duì)海上安全威脅和侵權(quán)挑釁行為。2012年以來(lái)，組織艦艇警戒巡邏4600余次和維權(quán)執(zhí)法7.2萬(wàn)余次，維護(hù)海洋和平安寧和良好秩序。
China’s armed forces defend important waters, islands and reefs in the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Yellow Sea, acquire full situation awareness of adjacent waters, conduct joint rights protection and law enforcement operations, properly handle maritime and air situations, and resolutely respond to security threats, infringements and provocations on the sea. Since 2012, China’s armed forces have deployed vessels on over 4,600 maritime security patrols and 72,000 rights protection and law enforcement operations, and safeguarded maritime peace, stability and order.
組織空防和對(duì)空偵察預(yù)警，監(jiān)視國(guó)家領(lǐng)空及周邊地區(qū)空中動(dòng)態(tài)，組織空中警巡、戰(zhàn)斗起飛，有效處置各種空中安全威脅和突發(fā)情況，維護(hù)空中秩序，維護(hù)空防安全。
China’s armed forces conduct air defense, reconnaissance and early warning, monitor China’s territorial air and peripheral air space, carry out alert patrols and combat takeoff, and effectively respond to emergencies and threats to maintain order and security in the air.
著眼捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，加強(qiáng)以海上方向?yàn)橹攸c(diǎn)的軍事斗爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備，組織艦機(jī)“繞島巡航”，對(duì)“臺(tái)獨(dú)”分裂勢(shì)力發(fā)出嚴(yán)正警告。
Aiming at safeguarding national unity, China’s armed forces strengthen military preparedness with emphasis on the sea. By sailing ships and flying aircraft around Taiwan, the armed forces send a stern warning to the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces.
保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)
Maintaining Combat Readiness
軍隊(duì)保持戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)，是有效應(yīng)對(duì)安全威脅、履行使命任務(wù)的重要保證。中央軍委和戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)嚴(yán)格落實(shí)戰(zhàn)備值班制度，常態(tài)組織戰(zhàn)備檢查、戰(zhàn)備拉動(dòng)，保持隨時(shí)能戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)，不斷提高聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮能力，穩(wěn)妥高效指揮處置各類突發(fā)情況，有效遂行各種急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)。2018年，中央軍委組織全軍戰(zhàn)備突擊檢查和部隊(duì)整建制拉動(dòng)，行動(dòng)范圍覆蓋21個(gè)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和東海、南海部分海域。
Maintaining combat readiness is an important assurance of effective response to security threats and fulfillment of tasks. The Central Military Commission (CMC) and the TCs’ joint operations commands perform combat readiness duties strictly, and conduct regular inspections and drills to ensure combat readiness at all times. Consistent efforts are made to improve the capabilities of joint operations command to exercise reliable and efficient command over emergency responses, and to effectively accomplish urgent, tough and dangerous tasks. In 2018, the CMC conducted surprise inspections throughout the armed forces and organized readiness drills for the units, covering 21 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and parts of the East China Sea and South China Sea.
解放軍和武警部隊(duì)強(qiáng)化戰(zhàn)備觀念，嚴(yán)格戰(zhàn)備制度，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備值班執(zhí)勤，扎實(shí)開展戰(zhàn)備演練，建立正規(guī)戰(zhàn)備秩序，保持良好戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)，有效遂行戰(zhàn)備（戰(zhàn)斗）值班、巡邏執(zhí)勤等任務(wù)。
The PLA and the People’s Armed Police Force (PAP) give greater priority to combat readiness. Efforts are made to strictly act on relevant regulations and procedures, fulfill readiness duties, conduct targeted exercises and training, and maintain standardized order, with a view to staying ready to act when required and effectively carrying out readiness (combat) duties.
開展實(shí)戰(zhàn)化軍事訓(xùn)練
Carrying Out Military Training in Real Combat Conditions
軍事訓(xùn)練是和平時(shí)期軍隊(duì)的基本實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)堅(jiān)持把軍事訓(xùn)練擺在重要位置，牢固樹立戰(zhàn)斗力這個(gè)唯一的根本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，完善軍事訓(xùn)練法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，建立健全訓(xùn)練監(jiān)察體系，組織全軍應(yīng)急應(yīng)戰(zhàn)軍事訓(xùn)練監(jiān)察，落實(shí)練兵備戰(zhàn)工作責(zé)任制，開展群眾性練兵比武活動(dòng)，不斷提高實(shí)戰(zhàn)化訓(xùn)練水平。
Military training is the basic practice of the armed forces in peacetime. China’s armed forces put military training in an important position and take combat effectiveness as the sole and fundamental criterion. In order to enhance realistic training, they optimize the policy framework and criteria in this respect, establish and improve the relevant supervision system, conduct supervision on military training for emergencies and combat across the services, implement the responsibility system for training and readiness, and organize extensive contests and competitions to encourage officers and soldiers to step up military training.
全軍興起大抓實(shí)戰(zhàn)化軍事訓(xùn)練的熱潮。2012年以來(lái)，全軍部隊(duì)廣泛開展各戰(zhàn)略方向使命課題針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練和各軍兵種演訓(xùn)，師旅規(guī)模以上聯(lián)合實(shí)兵演習(xí)80余場(chǎng)。
Military training in real combat conditions across the armed forces is in full swing. Since 2012, China’s armed forces have carried out extensive mission-oriented training tailored to the specific needs of different strategic directions and exercises of all services and arms, including 80 joint exercises at and above brigade/division level.
各戰(zhàn)區(qū)強(qiáng)化聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練主體責(zé)任，扎實(shí)開展聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，結(jié)合各戰(zhàn)略方向使命任務(wù)，組織“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”系列聯(lián)合實(shí)兵演習(xí)，努力提高聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)能力。
The TCs have strengthened their leading role in joint training and organized serial joint exercises codenamed the East, the South, the West, the North and the Central, to improve joint combat capabilities.
陸軍廣泛開展軍事訓(xùn)練大比武，實(shí)施“跨越”“火力”等實(shí)兵實(shí)裝實(shí)彈演習(xí)。海軍拓展遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練，航母編隊(duì)首次在西太平洋海域開展遠(yuǎn)海作戰(zhàn)演練，在南海海域和青島附近海空域舉行海上閱兵，組織“機(jī)動(dòng)”系列實(shí)兵對(duì)抗演習(xí)和成體系全要素演習(xí)?？哲娂訌?qiáng)體系化實(shí)案化全疆域訓(xùn)練，組織南海戰(zhàn)巡、東海警巡、前出西太，常態(tài)化開展“紅劍”等系列體系對(duì)抗演習(xí)?；鸺娊M織對(duì)抗性檢驗(yàn)性訓(xùn)練、整旅整團(tuán)實(shí)案化訓(xùn)練，強(qiáng)化聯(lián)合火力打擊訓(xùn)練，常態(tài)化開展“天劍”系列演習(xí)。戰(zhàn)略支援部隊(duì)積極融入聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)體系，扎實(shí)開展新型領(lǐng)域?qū)寡菥毢蛻?yīng)急應(yīng)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練。聯(lián)勤保障部隊(duì)推進(jìn)融入聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)體系，組織“聯(lián)勤使命－2018”等系列演習(xí)演練。武警部隊(duì)按照覆蓋全國(guó)、高效聯(lián)動(dòng)、全域響應(yīng)、多能一體的要求，實(shí)施“衛(wèi)士”等系列演習(xí)。
The PLA Army (PLAA) has organized training competitions and conducted live exercises codenamed Stride and Firepower. The PLA Navy (PLAN) has extended training to the far seas and deployed the aircraft carrier task group for its first far seas combat exercise in the West Pacific. It has organized naval parades in the South China Sea and the waters and airspace near Qingdao, and conducted a series of live force-on-force exercises codenamed Mobility and systematic all-elements exercises. The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) has strengthened systematic and all-airspace training based on operational plans. It has conducted combat patrols in the South China Sea and security patrols in the East China Sea, and operated in the West Pacific. It has completed a series of regular system-vs.-system exercises such as Red Sword. The PLA Rocket Force (PLARF) has organized force-on-force evaluation-oriented training and training based on operational plans at brigade and regiment levels, strengthened training for joint strikes, and completed regular exercises such as Heavenly Sword. The PLA Strategic Support Force (PLASSF) has made active efforts to integrate into the joint operations systems. It has carried out confrontational training in new domains and trained for emergencies and combats. The PLA Joint Logistic Support Force (PLAJLSF) has striven to align itself with the joint operations systems, and conducted exercises such as Joint Logistics Mission 2018. The PAP has developed to meet the requirements of nationwide coverage, effective connectivity, all-area response and integrated functions, and conducted a series of exercises including Guard.
維護(hù)重大安全領(lǐng)域利益
Safeguarding Interests in Major Security Fields
核力量是維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)和安全的戰(zhàn)略基石。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)嚴(yán)格核武器及相關(guān)設(shè)施安全管理，保持適度戒備狀態(tài)，提高戰(zhàn)略威懾能力，確保國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略安全，維護(hù)國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略穩(wěn)定。
Nuclear capability is the strategic cornerstone to safeguarding national sovereignty and security. China’s armed forces strengthen the safety management of nuclear weapons and facilities, maintain the appropriate level of readiness and enhance strategic deterrence capability to protect national strategic security and maintain international strategic stability.
太空是國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)制高點(diǎn)，太空安全是國(guó)家建設(shè)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略保障。著眼和平利用太空，中國(guó)積極參與國(guó)際太空合作，加快發(fā)展相應(yīng)的技術(shù)和力量，統(tǒng)籌管理天基信息資源，跟蹤掌握太空態(tài)勢(shì)，保衛(wèi)太空資產(chǎn)安全，提高安全進(jìn)出、開放利用太空能力。
Outer space is a critical domain in international strategic competition. Outer space security provides strategic assurance for national and social development. In the interest of the peaceful use of outer space, China actively participates in international space cooperation, develops relevant technologies and capabilities, advances holistic management of space-based information resources, strengthens space situation awareness, safeguards space assets, and enhances the capacity to safely enter, exit and openly use outer space.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間是國(guó)家安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域。網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全是全球性挑戰(zhàn)，也是中國(guó)面臨的嚴(yán)峻安全威脅。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)加快網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間力量建設(shè)，大力發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全防御手段，建設(shè)與中國(guó)國(guó)際地位相稱、與網(wǎng)絡(luò)強(qiáng)國(guó)相適應(yīng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間防護(hù)力量，筑牢國(guó)家網(wǎng)絡(luò)邊防，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和抵御網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵，保障信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全，堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)、信息安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定。
Cyberspace is a key area for national security, economic growth and social development. Cyber security remains a global challenge and poses a severe threat to China. China’s armed forces accelerate the building of their cyberspace capabilities, develop cyber security and defense means, and build cyber defense capabilities consistent with China’s international standing and its status as a major cyber country. They reinforce national cyber border defense, and promptly detect and counter network intrusions. They safeguard information and cyber security, and resolutely maintain national cyber sovereignty, information security and social stability.
遂行反恐維穩(wěn)
Countering Terrorism and Maintaining Stability
中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)一切形式的恐怖主義、極端主義。中國(guó)武裝力量依法參加維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序行動(dòng)，防范和打擊暴力恐怖活動(dòng)，維護(hù)國(guó)家政治安全和社會(huì)大局穩(wěn)定，保障人民群眾安居樂(lè)業(yè)。
China firmly opposes all forms of terrorism and extremism. As mandated by law, China’s armed forces participate in operations for maintaining social order, prevent and combat violence and terrorism, safeguard political security and social stability, and secure the public’s right to live and work in peace.
武警部隊(duì)執(zhí)行重要目標(biāo)守衛(wèi)警戒、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)警衛(wèi)、要道設(shè)卡和城市武裝巡邏等任務(wù)，協(xié)同國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)依法參加執(zhí)法行動(dòng)，打擊違法犯罪團(tuán)伙和恐怖主義活動(dòng)，積極參與社會(huì)面防控，著力防范和處置各類危害國(guó)家政治安全、社會(huì)秩序的隱患，為“平安中國(guó)”建設(shè)作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。2012年以來(lái)，每年均動(dòng)用大量兵力擔(dān)負(fù)執(zhí)勤安保、反恐處突、海上維權(quán)執(zhí)法等任務(wù)，參加二十國(guó)集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)、亞太經(jīng)合組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人非正式會(huì)議、“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇、金磚國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)晤、上海合作組織青島峰會(huì)等警衛(wèi)安保任務(wù)近萬(wàn)起，參與處置劫持人質(zhì)事件和嚴(yán)重暴力恐怖事件671起。2014年以來(lái)，協(xié)助新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)政府打掉暴力恐怖團(tuán)伙1588個(gè)，抓獲暴力恐怖人員12995人。
The PAP fulfills missions such as guarding key targets, on-site security protection, setting check points on key passages, and armed urban patrols. In accordance with the law, the PAP supports civil authorities in law enforcement operations to combat criminal gangs and terrorist activities, actively participates in the maintenance of public order, and prevents and responds to potential threats to China’s political security and social order, thus making a significant contribution to the Peaceful China initiative. Since 2012, the PAP has deployed large numbers of troops annually in security duties, counter-terrorism, emergency response, and maritime rights protection and law enforcement. It has completed around 10,000 security assignments during major events such as the G20 Summit, the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, the BRICS Leaders Meeting, and the SCO Qingdao Summit, and participated in the response to 671 hostage situations, incidents of severe violence, and terrorist attacks. Since 2014, the PAP has assisted the government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in taking out 1,588 violent terrorist gangs and capturing 12,995 terrorists.
解放軍依法協(xié)助地方政府維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，參加重大安保行動(dòng)及處置其他各類突發(fā)事件，主要承擔(dān)防范恐怖活動(dòng)、核生化檢測(cè)、醫(yī)療救援、運(yùn)輸保障、排除水域安全隱患、保衛(wèi)重大活動(dòng)舉辦地和周邊地區(qū)空中安全等任務(wù)。
The PLA supports the civil authorities in maintaining social stability, provides security for major events, and responds to emergencies in accordance with the law. It is mainly tasked with missions such as counter-terrorism, NBCE detection and test, medical relief, and transport support. It disposes of potential safety hazards in the waters and protects security in the air over and around major event venues.
維護(hù)海外利益
Protecting China’s Overseas Interests
海外利益是中國(guó)國(guó)家利益的重要組成部分。有效維護(hù)海外中國(guó)公民、組織和機(jī)構(gòu)的安全和正當(dāng)權(quán)益，是中國(guó)軍隊(duì)擔(dān)負(fù)的任務(wù)。
Overseas interests are a crucial part of China’s national interests. One of the missions of China’s armed forces is to effectively protect the security and legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese people, organizations and institutions.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)積極推動(dòng)國(guó)際安全和軍事合作，完善海外利益保護(hù)機(jī)制。著眼彌補(bǔ)海外行動(dòng)和保障能力差距，發(fā)展遠(yuǎn)洋力量，建設(shè)海外補(bǔ)給點(diǎn)，增強(qiáng)遂行多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。實(shí)施海上護(hù)航，維護(hù)海上戰(zhàn)略通道安全，遂行海外撤僑、海上維權(quán)等行動(dòng)。
The PLA actively promotes international security and military cooperation and refines relevant mechanisms for protecting China’s overseas interests. To address deficiencies in overseas operations and support, it builds far seas forces, develops overseas logistical facilities, and enhances capabilities in accomplishing diversified military tasks. The PLA conducts vessel protection operations, maintains the security of strategic SLOCs, and carries out overseas evacuation and maritime rights protection operations.
2017年8月，中國(guó)人民解放軍駐吉布提保障基地正式投入使用。自開營(yíng)以來(lái)，已為4批次護(hù)航編隊(duì)保障維修器材，為百余名護(hù)航官兵提供醫(yī)療保障服務(wù)，同外軍開展聯(lián)合醫(yī)療救援演練等活動(dòng)，并向當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校捐贈(zèng)600余件教學(xué)器材。
In August 2017, the PLA Djibouti Support Base entered service. The base has provided equipment for the maintenance of four escort task groups, offered medical services for over 100 officers and sailors on board, conducted joint medical exercises with foreign militaries, and donated over 600 teaching aids to local schools.
2015年3月，也門安全局勢(shì)嚴(yán)重惡化，中國(guó)海軍護(hù)航編隊(duì)赴也門亞丁灣海域，首次直接靠泊交戰(zhàn)區(qū)域港口，安全撤離621名中國(guó)公民和279名來(lái)自巴基斯坦、埃塞俄比亞、新加坡、意大利、波蘭、德國(guó)、加拿大、英國(guó)、印度、日本等15個(gè)國(guó)家的公民。
When the security situation in Yemen deteriorated in March 2015, a PLAN escort task group sailed to the Gulf of Aden, berthed for the first time directly in an engagement area, and evacuated 621 Chinese citizens and 279 foreign citizens from 15 countries including Pakistan, Ethiopia, Singapore, Italy, Poland, Germany, Canada, the UK, India and Japan.
參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)
Participating in Disaster Rescue and Relief
參加國(guó)家建設(shè)事業(yè)、保衛(wèi)人民和平勞動(dòng)，是憲法賦予中國(guó)武裝力量的使命任務(wù)。依據(jù)《軍隊(duì)參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)條例》，中國(guó)武裝力量主要擔(dān)負(fù)解救、轉(zhuǎn)移或者疏散受困人員，保護(hù)重要目標(biāo)安全，搶救、運(yùn)送重要物資，參加道路（橋梁、隧道）搶修、海上搜救、核生化救援、疫情控制、醫(yī)療救護(hù)等專業(yè)搶險(xiǎn)，排除或者控制其他危重險(xiǎn)情、災(zāi)情，協(xié)助地方人民政府開展災(zāi)后重建工作等任務(wù)。
Participating in national development and protecting the public’s rights to work in peace are the responsibilities of China’s armed forces mandated by the Constitution of the PRC. As stipulated in the Regulations on Participation in Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief by China’s Armed Forces, China’s armed forces are mainly tasked with rescuing, transferring and evacuating trapped populations; ensuring the security of important targets; salvaging and transporting important materials; conducting specialized operations such as restoration of transport facilities including roads, bridges and tunnels, maritime search and rescue, NBC rescue, epidemic control and medical relief; eliminating or controlling other major threats, dangerous situations and disasters; and supporting civil authorities in post-disaster reconstruction.
2012年以來(lái)，解放軍和武警部隊(duì)共出動(dòng)95萬(wàn)人次、組織民兵141萬(wàn)人次，動(dòng)用車輛及工程機(jī)械19萬(wàn)臺(tái)次、船艇2.6萬(wàn)艘次、飛機(jī)（直升機(jī)）820架次參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)。先后參加云南魯?shù)榈卣鹁葹?zāi)、長(zhǎng)江中下游暴雨洪澇災(zāi)害抗洪搶險(xiǎn)、雅魯藏布江堰塞湖排險(xiǎn)等救災(zāi)救援行動(dòng)，協(xié)助地方政府解救、轉(zhuǎn)移安置群眾500余萬(wàn)人，巡診救治病員21萬(wàn)余人次，搶運(yùn)物資36萬(wàn)余噸，加固堤壩3600余千米。2017年，駐澳門部隊(duì)出動(dòng)兵力2631人次，車輛160余臺(tái)次，協(xié)助特別行政區(qū)政府開展強(qiáng)臺(tái)風(fēng)“天鴿”災(zāi)后救援。
Since 2012, the PLA and the PAP have deployed 950,000 soldiers, 1.41 million militia, 190,000 vehicles and items of equipment, and sortied 26,000 vessels and 820 aircraft in emergency response and disaster relief. They have participated in rescue and relief efforts such as the earthquake in Ludian County of Yunnan Province, the rainstorm and flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the removal of the barrier lake in the Yarlung Zangbo River. They have assisted local governments to rescue and transfer over 5 million people, treated over 210,000 patients, transported over 360,000 tons of goods, and reinforced over 3,600 km of levees. In 2017, the PLA Macao Garrison sent 2,631 soldiers and over 160 vehicles to assist the government of Macao Special Administrative Region in its relief efforts in the wake of Typhoon Hato.
四、改革中的中國(guó)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)
IV. Reform in China’s National Defense and Armed Forces
人民軍隊(duì)發(fā)展史，就是一部改革創(chuàng)新史。進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，適應(yīng)世界新軍事革命發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和國(guó)家安全需求，中國(guó)全面推進(jìn)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，全面深化國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)改革，著力解決體制性障礙、結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾、政策性問(wèn)題，邁出了強(qiáng)軍興軍歷史性步伐。
The history of the people’s armed forces is a history of reform and innovation. In the new era, China is advancing defense and military modernization across the board and deepening reform in national defense and armed forces in all respects, with a focus on removing institutional barriers and solving structural and policy-related problems to adapt to the trends of worldwide RMA and the demands of national security. Historic strides have been made in strengthening the armed forces.
重塑領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制
Reforming the Leadership and Command System
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制改革是適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代軍隊(duì)專業(yè)化分工和信息時(shí)代能打仗、打勝仗的要求，提高軍隊(duì)作戰(zhàn)效能和建設(shè)效益的重大舉措。按照“軍委管總、戰(zhàn)區(qū)主戰(zhàn)、軍種主建”原則，強(qiáng)化軍委集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和戰(zhàn)略指揮、戰(zhàn)略管理功能，打破長(zhǎng)期實(shí)行的總部體制、大軍區(qū)體制、大陸軍體制，構(gòu)建新的軍隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理和作戰(zhàn)指揮體制。
The reform in the leadership and command system is a significant measure in response to the call of a modern and specialized military capable of fighting and winning wars in the information age, aiming to improve the operational effectiveness and development efficiency of the military. Adhering to the general principle of “the CMC exercising overall leadership, the TCs responsible for military operations and the services focusing on developing capabilities”, the PLA endeavors to enhance the CMC’s centralized and unified leadership and its functions of strategic command and strategic management. The PLA has dismantled the long-established systems of general departments, military area commands (MAC) and the force composition with a dominating land force, and established new leadership, management and operational command systems.
調(diào)整組建新的軍委機(jī)關(guān)部門。優(yōu)化軍委機(jī)關(guān)職能配置和機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置，由過(guò)去的總參謀部、總政治部、總后勤部、總裝備部四總部調(diào)整為軍委機(jī)關(guān)15個(gè)職能部門，作為軍委集中領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的參謀機(jī)關(guān)、執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)、服務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)。指揮、建設(shè)、管理、監(jiān)督等路徑更加清晰，決策、規(guī)劃、執(zhí)行、評(píng)估等職能配置更加合理。
Reorganizing and establishing new CMC functional organs. To optimize the functional and institutional setup of the CMC organs, the former General Staff Headquarters, General Political Department, General Logistics Department and General Armaments Department have been reshuffled into 15 organs under the centralized CMC leadership to advise, execute and serve. Thus, the chains of command, development, management and supervision are more streamlined, and the responsibilities of decision-making, planning, execution and assessment are more properly delegated.
完善軍兵種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理體制。整合原四總部的陸軍建設(shè)職能，成立陸軍領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)；整合各軍種和軍委機(jī)關(guān)的戰(zhàn)略支援力量，成立戰(zhàn)略支援部隊(duì)；第二炮兵更名為火箭軍；整合主要承擔(dān)通用保障任務(wù)的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)役力量，成立聯(lián)勤保障部隊(duì)，構(gòu)建起“中央軍委－軍種－部隊(duì)”的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理體系。
Improving the leadership and management system for services and arms. The PLA has:
· Established the PLAA leading organs by integrating the functions of the former general departments concerning the development of the land force;
· Established the PLASSF by combining strategic support forces across the services and CMC organs;
· Renamed the Second Artillery Force the PLARF; and
· Established the PLAJLSF by integrating strategic and campaign level forces mainly for general-purpose support.
Thus, a CMC-Services-Troops leadership and management system has been put in place.
建立健全聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮體制。健全軍委聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)，組建戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)，形成平戰(zhàn)一體、常態(tài)運(yùn)行、專司主營(yíng)、精干高效的聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)指揮體系。撤銷沈陽(yáng)、北京、蘭州、濟(jì)南、南京、廣州、成都7個(gè)大軍區(qū)，成立東部、南部、西部、北部、中部5個(gè)戰(zhàn)區(qū)。通過(guò)改革，構(gòu)建起“中央軍委－戰(zhàn)區(qū)－部隊(duì)”的作戰(zhàn)指揮體系。
Establishing and improving the joint operations command system. By improving the joint operations command organ of the CMC and setting up those at the theater level, the PLA has established a lean and efficient joint operations command system composed of permanent and specialized commanding establishments for both peacetime and wartime operations. The former Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu MACs have been reorganized into 5 TCs: Eastern Theater Command (ETC), Southern Theater Command (STC), Western Theater Command (WTC), Northern Theater Command (NTC), and Central Theater Command (CTC). Thus, a CMC-TCs-Troops operations command system has been established.
建立健全法治監(jiān)督體系。組建新的軍委紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)（軍委監(jiān)察委員會(huì)），由中央軍委直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，向軍委機(jī)關(guān)部門和各戰(zhàn)區(qū)派駐紀(jì)檢組；組建新的軍委政法委員會(huì)，按區(qū)域設(shè)置軍事法院、軍事檢察院；組建軍委審計(jì)署，改革審計(jì)監(jiān)督體制，全部實(shí)行派駐審計(jì)，形成決策權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)既相互制約又相互協(xié)調(diào)的權(quán)力運(yùn)行體系。
Building and improving the law-based supervision system. The Chinese military has established the CMC Discipline Inspection Commission (CMCDIC, also the CMC Supervision Commission, CMCSC) under the direct leadership of the CMC, and dispatched disciplinary inspection teams to the CMC functional organs and all TCs. It has set up the CMC Politics and Law Commission (CMCPLC) and established regional military courts and procuratorates. It has put into place the CMC Audit Office (CMCAO), reformed the audit-based oversight system, and implemented PLA-wide resident auditing. Thus, power is exercised in a way that decision-making, execution and supervision check each other and function in coordination.
優(yōu)化規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)和力量編成
Optimizing Size, Structure and Force Composition
規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)和力量編成改革是推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)組織形態(tài)現(xiàn)代化、構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系的關(guān)鍵一步。按照調(diào)整優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展新型力量、理順重大比例關(guān)系、壓減數(shù)量規(guī)模的要求，推動(dòng)軍隊(duì)由數(shù)量規(guī)模型向質(zhì)量效能型、人力密集型向科技密集型轉(zhuǎn)變。
Reform in size, structure and force composition is a pivotal step to optimizing military organizational structure and establishing a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics. Following the instruction to optimize structures, develop new-type forces, adjust proportions and reduce sizes, the PLA is striving to transform from a quantity-and-scale model to that of quality and efficiency, as well as from being personnel-intensive to one that is S&T-intensive.
調(diào)整軍隊(duì)規(guī)模比例，重塑力量結(jié)構(gòu)布局。裁減軍隊(duì)員額30萬(wàn)，現(xiàn)役總員額減至200萬(wàn)。擴(kuò)大士官和文職人員編配范圍，壓減各級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)編制，減少各級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層級(jí)和人員，精簡(jiǎn)文藝體育新聞出版、服務(wù)保障和院校、醫(yī)療、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、科研院所等機(jī)構(gòu)和人員，團(tuán)級(jí)以上機(jī)關(guān)人員減少約四分之一，非戰(zhàn)斗單位人員壓減近一半。大幅壓減陸軍現(xiàn)役員額，保持空軍現(xiàn)役員額穩(wěn)定，適度增加海軍、火箭軍現(xiàn)役員額，優(yōu)化各軍兵種內(nèi)部力量結(jié)構(gòu)。優(yōu)化后備力量結(jié)構(gòu)。調(diào)整作戰(zhàn)力量部署，形成與維護(hù)新時(shí)代國(guó)家安全需要相適應(yīng)的戰(zhàn)略布局。
Adjusting scale and proportion, and restructuring force composition. 300,000 personnel have been cut to keep the total active force at 2 million. Reform measures have been taken to transfer more officer positions to non-commissioned officers and civilian staff, downsize the leading organs at all levels by reducing their subordinate sections, leadership hierarchies and staff, and streamline the institutions and personnel in arts, sports, press, publication, logistical support, medical facilities, depots, and educational and research institutes. Thus, the number of personnel in the leading organs at and above regiment level has been cut by about 25%, and that of non-combat units by almost 50%. The PLA has significantly downsized the active force of the PLAA, maintained that of the PLAAF at a steady number, moderately increased that of the PLAN and PLARF, and optimized the force structures of all services and arms. The PLA has restructured the defense reserves. The deployment of combat forces has been adjusted for a strategic configuration that meets the demands of safeguarding China’s national security in the new era.
調(diào)整作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)編成，重構(gòu)新型作戰(zhàn)力量。陸軍原18個(gè)集團(tuán)軍整合重組為13個(gè)集團(tuán)軍。在全軍主要作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)實(shí)行“軍－旅－營(yíng)”體制，充實(shí)兵種作戰(zhàn)力量，減少指揮層級(jí)，降低合成重心。增加特種作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防、兩棲作戰(zhàn)、遠(yuǎn)海防衛(wèi)、戰(zhàn)略投送等新型作戰(zhàn)力量，推動(dòng)部隊(duì)編成向充實(shí)、合成、多能、靈活方向發(fā)展。
Reorganizing the troops and rebuilding new-type combat forces. The previous 18 group armies have been reorganized into 13 new ones. All major combat units of the PLA follow a group army-brigade-battalion system. Reform measures have been taken to reinforce the combat capacity of the arms, reduce the command hierarchies and combine the troops at lower levels. New types of combat forces have been enhanced to conduct special operations, all-dimensional offense and defense, amphibious operations, far seas protection and strategic projection, aiming to make the force composition complete, combined, multi-functional and flexible.
優(yōu)化院校力量布局，重構(gòu)軍事科研體系。解放軍和武警部隊(duì)原有77所院校整合為44所，重塑國(guó)防大學(xué)、國(guó)防科技大學(xué)。成立軍委軍事科學(xué)研究指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)，調(diào)整組建新的軍事科學(xué)院、軍種研究院，形成以軍事科學(xué)院為龍頭、軍兵種科研機(jī)構(gòu)為骨干、院校和部隊(duì)科研力量為輔助的軍事科研力量布局。
Rebalancing and reorganizing military educational and research institutions. The PLA and the PAP have restructured the previous 77 universities and colleges into 44. The National Defense University (NDU) and the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) have been reorganized. China’s armed forces have established the CMC Steering Committee on Military Scientific Research and reorganized the Academy of Military Sciences (AMS) and the research institutes of the services. Thus, the military scientific research forces have been rebalanced with the AMS as the lead, the research institutes of the services and arms as the main forces, and the research components in educational institutions and the troops as supplements.
推進(jìn)軍事政策制度改革
Reforming Military Policies and Institutions
堅(jiān)持戰(zhàn)斗力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，著眼調(diào)動(dòng)軍事人員積極性、主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性，整體設(shè)計(jì)和推進(jìn)軍事政策制度改革，建立健全中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義軍事政策制度體系。
China’s armed forces take combat effectiveness as the criterion in the reform of military policies and institutions and encourage the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of all members of the armed forces. Reform is designed to build and improve the system of socialist military policies and institutions with Chinese characteristics.
深化軍隊(duì)黨的建設(shè)制度改革，維護(hù)黨中央權(quán)威和集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，確保黨對(duì)軍隊(duì)絕對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。制定《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)黨的建設(shè)的決定》等法規(guī)制度，推進(jìn)完善軍隊(duì)黨的政治建設(shè)、思想建設(shè)、組織建設(shè)、作風(fēng)建設(shè)、紀(jì)律建設(shè)制度。
They have deepened reform in the institutions for Party building in the military to uphold the authority of the CPCCC and its centralized and unified leadership, and ensure the absolute leadership of the CPC over the military. Rules and regulations including the Decision of China’s Armed Forces on Strengthening Party Building in the Military in the New Era have been formulated to improve the Party’s institutions in the military in order to enhance its political and theoretical buildup, consolidate organizations, improve conduct, and enforce discipline.
創(chuàng)新軍事力量運(yùn)用政策制度，有效保障全面履行新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)使命任務(wù)。制定《海上護(hù)航行動(dòng)條例（試行）》等法規(guī)制度，推進(jìn)完善軍事戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)制度、戰(zhàn)備工作條例、聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)法規(guī)等。
They have innovated in policies and institutions for military force employment in a bid to effectively perform all missions and tasks in the new era. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the Regulations on Vessel Protection Operations (Trial). The institutions of military strategic guidance, regulations on combat readiness duties, and rules and regulations on joint operations have all been optimized.
重塑軍事力量建設(shè)政策制度，更好解放和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)斗力。制定修訂《國(guó)防交通法》《軍事設(shè)施保護(hù)法》《文職人員條例》等法規(guī)制度，頒布實(shí)施新軍事訓(xùn)練條例和軍事訓(xùn)練大綱。推進(jìn)建立軍官職業(yè)化制度，優(yōu)化軍人待遇保障，健全軍人榮譽(yù)體系，完善軍事訓(xùn)練、裝備發(fā)展、后勤建設(shè)、軍事科研、國(guó)防動(dòng)員等方面政策制度，加快推進(jìn)軍官法、兵役法等立法進(jìn)程。
They have reformulated policies and institutions to further develop combat capabilities. Laws and regulations have been formulated and amended including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on National Defense Transportation, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Military Installations and the Regulations on Civilian Personnel in the Military. Newly-updated military training regulations and outlines have been promulgated. They have made progress in establishing the career officers system, optimizing the institutions of military welfare and support, improving the military honors system, and refining policies and institutions in training, equipment development, logistics, military research and national defense mobilization. Meanwhile, bigger legislative steps have been taken in relation to military officers and military service.
改革軍事管理政策制度，提升軍事系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行效能，推動(dòng)軍隊(duì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。制定修訂《內(nèi)務(wù)條令（試行）》《紀(jì)律條令（試行）》《隊(duì)列條令（試行）》《軍事立法工作條例》等法規(guī)制度，推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略管理、軍費(fèi)管理、軍事司法等制度創(chuàng)新。
They have reformed the policies and institutions for military management to elevate the efficacy of military systems and boost quality development of the military. Rules and regulations have been formulated including the newly-updated Regulations on Routine Service of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Discipline of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), the Regulations on Formation of the People’s Liberation Army (Trial), and the Regulations on Military Legislation. China’s armed forces are enhancing institutional innovation in strategic management, defense expenditure management, and the military judicial system.
全面停止軍隊(duì)有償服務(wù)。截至2018年6月，軍隊(duì)各級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)、部隊(duì)及其所屬事業(yè)單位從事的房地產(chǎn)租賃、農(nóng)副業(yè)生產(chǎn)、招接待等15個(gè)行業(yè)的有償服務(wù)活動(dòng)基本停止，超過(guò)10萬(wàn)個(gè)有償服務(wù)項(xiàng)目按期停止，累計(jì)停償項(xiàng)目比例達(dá)到94%，軍隊(duì)不從事經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的目標(biāo)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。
They have suspended all paid services. As of June, 2018, paid services provided by leading organs, operational units, and military-affiliated public institutions at all levels had been basically suspended, involving 15 sectors such as real estate lease, agricultural and associated products, and hospitality. Over 100,000 such projects have been suspended as scheduled, accounting for 94% of the total. The armed forces have achieved the goal of withdrawing from running businesses.
調(diào)整改革后的軍兵種和武警部隊(duì)
Reshuffled PLA and PAP Troops
陸軍對(duì)維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益具有不可替代的作用。包括機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)、邊海防部隊(duì)、警衛(wèi)警備部隊(duì)等，下轄5個(gè)戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍、新疆軍區(qū)、西藏軍區(qū)等。東部戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍下轄第71、72、73集團(tuán)軍，南部戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍下轄第74、75集團(tuán)軍，西部戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍下轄第76、77集團(tuán)軍，北部戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍下轄第78、79、80集團(tuán)軍，中部戰(zhàn)區(qū)陸軍下轄第81、82、83集團(tuán)軍。按照機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防的戰(zhàn)略要求，加快實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域防衛(wèi)型向全域作戰(zhàn)型轉(zhuǎn)變，提高精確作戰(zhàn)、立體作戰(zhàn)、全域作戰(zhàn)、多能作戰(zhàn)、持續(xù)作戰(zhàn)能力，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化新型陸軍。
The PLAA plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining China’s national sovereignty, security and development interests. It comprises maneuver operation, border and coastal defense, and garrison forces. Under the PLAA, there are 5 TC army commands, the Xinjiang military command, and the Tibet military command. The ETC Army has under it the 71st, 72nd, and 73rd group armies; the STC Army has the 74th and 75th group armies; the WTC Army has the 76th and 77th group armies; the NTC Army has the 78th, 79th and 80th group armies; and the CTC Army has the 81st, 82nd and 83rd group armies. In line with the strategic requirements of maneuver operations as well as multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA is speeding up the transition of its tasks from regional defense to trans-theater operations, and improving the capabilities for precise, multi-dimensional, trans-theater, multi-functional and sustained operations, so as to build a new type of strong and modernized land force.
海軍在國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展全局中具有十分重要的地位。包括潛艇部隊(duì)、水面艦艇部隊(duì)、航空兵、陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)、岸防部隊(duì)等，下轄東部戰(zhàn)區(qū)海軍（東海艦隊(duì)）、南部戰(zhàn)區(qū)海軍（南海艦隊(duì)）、北部戰(zhàn)區(qū)海軍（北海艦隊(duì)），海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)等。戰(zhàn)區(qū)海軍下轄基地、潛艇支隊(duì)、水面艦艇支隊(duì)、航空兵旅等部隊(duì)。按照近海防御、遠(yuǎn)海防衛(wèi)的戰(zhàn)略要求，加快推進(jìn)近海防御型向遠(yuǎn)海防衛(wèi)型轉(zhuǎn)變，提高戰(zhàn)略威懾與反擊、海上機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、海上聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)、綜合防御作戰(zhàn)和綜合保障能力，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化海軍。
The PLAN has a very important standing in the overall configuration of China’s national security and development. It comprises submarine, surface ship, aviation, marine, and coastal defense forces. Under the PLAN, there are the ETC Navy (Donghai Fleet), the STC Navy (Nanhai Fleet), the NTC Navy (Beihai Fleet), and the PLAN Marine Corps. Under the TC navies there are naval bases, submarine flotillas, surface ship flotillas and aviation brigades. In line with the strategic requirements of near seas defense and far seas protection, the PLAN is speeding up the transition of its tasks from defense on the near seas to protection missions on the far seas, and improving its capabilities for strategic deterrence and counterattack, maritime maneuver operations, maritime joint operations, comprehensive defense, and integrated support, so as to build a strong and modernized naval force.
空軍在國(guó)家安全和軍事戰(zhàn)略全局中具有舉足輕重的地位和作用。包括航空兵、空降兵、地面防空兵、雷達(dá)兵、電子對(duì)抗部隊(duì)、信息通信部隊(duì)等，下轄5個(gè)戰(zhàn)區(qū)空軍、1個(gè)空降兵軍等。戰(zhàn)區(qū)空軍下轄基地、航空兵旅（師）、地空導(dǎo)彈兵旅（師）、雷達(dá)兵旅等部隊(duì)。按照空天一體、攻防兼?zhèn)涞膽?zhàn)略要求，加快實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)土防空型向攻防兼?zhèn)湫娃D(zhuǎn)變，提高戰(zhàn)略預(yù)警、空中打擊、防空反導(dǎo)、信息對(duì)抗、空降作戰(zhàn)、戰(zhàn)略投送和綜合保障能力，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化空軍。
The PLAAF plays a crucial role in overall national security and military strategy. It comprises aviation, airborne, ground-to-air missile, radar, ECM, and communications forces. Under the PLAAF, there are 5 TC air force commands and one airborne corps. Under the TC air forces, there are air bases, aviation brigades (divisions), ground-to-air missile brigades (divisions) and radar brigades. In line with the strategic requirements of integrating air and space capabilities as well as coordinating offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is accelerating the transition of its tasks from territorial air defense to both offensive and defensive operations, and improving its capabilities for strategic early warning, air strikes, air and missile defense, information countermeasures, airborne operations, strategic projection, and integrated support, so as to build a strong and modernized air force.
火箭軍在維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全中具有至關(guān)重要的地位和作用。包括核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、保障部隊(duì)等，下轄導(dǎo)彈基地等。按照核常兼?zhèn)?、全域懾?zhàn)的戰(zhàn)略要求，增強(qiáng)可信可靠的核威懾和核反擊能力，加強(qiáng)中遠(yuǎn)程精確打擊力量建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略制衡能力，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化火箭軍。
The PLARF plays a critical role in maintaining China’s national sovereignty and security. It comprises nuclear missile, conventional missile and support forces, and subordinate missile bases. In line with the strategic requirements of having both nuclear and conventional capabilities and deterring wars in all battlespaces, the PLARF is enhancing its credible and reliable capabilities of nuclear deterrence and counterattack, strengthening intermediate and long-range precision strike forces, and enhancing strategic counter-balance capability, so as to build a strong and modernized rocket force.
戰(zhàn)略支援部隊(duì)是維護(hù)國(guó)家安全的新型作戰(zhàn)力量，是新質(zhì)作戰(zhàn)能力的重要增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。包括戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境保障、信息通信保障、信息安全防護(hù)、新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)等保障力量。按照體系融合、軍民融合的戰(zhàn)略要求，推進(jìn)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域跨越發(fā)展，推進(jìn)新型作戰(zhàn)力量加速發(fā)展、一體發(fā)展，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)略支援部隊(duì)。
The PLASSF is a new type of combat force for safeguarding national security and an important driver for the growth of new combat capabilities. It comprises supporting forces for battlefield environment, information, communications, information security, and new technology testing. In line with the strategic requirements of integrating existing systems and aligning civil and military endeavors, the PLASSF is seeking to achieve big development strides in key areas and accelerate the integrated development of new-type combat forces, so as to build a strong and modernized strategic support force.
聯(lián)勤保障部隊(duì)是實(shí)施聯(lián)勤保障和戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)役支援保障的主體力量，是中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系的重要組成部分。包括倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、衛(wèi)勤、運(yùn)輸投送、輸油管線、工程建設(shè)管理、儲(chǔ)備資產(chǎn)管理、采購(gòu)等力量，下轄無(wú)錫、桂林、西寧、沈陽(yáng)、鄭州5個(gè)聯(lián)勤保障中心，以及解放軍總醫(yī)院、解放軍疾病預(yù)防控制中心等。按照聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)、聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練、聯(lián)合保障的要求，加快融入聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)體系，提高一體化聯(lián)合保障能力，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化聯(lián)勤保障部隊(duì)。
The PLAJLSF, as the main force for joint logistics as well as strategic and campaign level support, is an important component of the modern military force with Chinese characteristics. It comprises the support forces for inventory and warehousing, medical services, transport, force projection, oil pipelines, engineering and construction management, reserve assets management, and procurement. Under the PLAJLSF, there are 5 joint logistic support centers located respectively in Wuxi (Jiangsu Province), Guilin (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Xining (Qinghai Province), Shenyang (Liaoning Province), and Zhengzhou (Henan Province), as well as the PLA General Hospital and the PLA Center for Disease Prevention and Control. In line with the requirements of joint support for joint operations and joint training, the PLAJLSF is being integrated into the joint operations system to enhance the capabilities of integrated joint logistics, so as to build a strong and modernized joint logistic support force.
武警部隊(duì)在維護(hù)國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、保衛(wèi)人民美好生活中肩負(fù)著重大職責(zé)，實(shí)行“中央軍委－武警部隊(duì)－部隊(duì)”領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制，武警部隊(duì)的根本職能屬性沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化，不列入解放軍序列。公安邊防部隊(duì)、公安消防部隊(duì)、公安警衛(wèi)部隊(duì)退出現(xiàn)役，國(guó)家海洋局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理的海警隊(duì)伍轉(zhuǎn)隸武警部隊(duì)，武警黃金、森林、水電部隊(duì)整體移交國(guó)家相關(guān)職能部門并改編為非現(xiàn)役專業(yè)隊(duì)伍，撤收武警部隊(duì)海關(guān)執(zhí)勤兵力，徹底理順武警部隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理和指揮使用關(guān)系。調(diào)整后，武警部隊(duì)包括內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)、機(jī)動(dòng)部隊(duì)、海警部隊(duì)等。按照多能一體、有效維穩(wěn)的戰(zhàn)略要求，加強(qiáng)執(zhí)勤、處突、反恐、海上維權(quán)和行政執(zhí)法、搶險(xiǎn)救援等能力建設(shè)，努力建設(shè)一支強(qiáng)大的現(xiàn)代化武警部隊(duì)。
The PAP shoulders important responsibilities in safeguarding national security, social stability and public wellbeing. China has adopted a CMC-PAP-Troops leadership and command system with the basic duties and nature of the PAP unchanged. The PAP is not in the force structure of the PLA. The PAP border defense, firefighting and security guard forces have been decommissioned. The coast guard under the leadership of State Oceanic Administration has been transferred to the PAP. PAP goldmine, forest and hydroelectricity forces have been reorganized into specialized forces of non-active service under corresponding state authorities. Meanwhile, the PAP customs guard forces have been withdrawn. In this way, the leadership, management, command and employment of the PAP has become more coherent. Following adjustment and reorganization, the PAP is mainly composed of the internal security corps, the mobile corps, and the coast guard. In line with the strategic requirements of performing multiple functions and effectively maintaining social stability, the PAP is enhancing capacity in guard duties, emergency response, counter-terrorism, maritime rights protection, administrative enforcement and disaster relief, so as to build a strong and modernized armed police force.
推進(jìn)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)全面建設(shè)
Promoting Defense and Military Development in All Respects
始終把思想政治建設(shè)擺在軍隊(duì)各項(xiàng)建設(shè)首位。牢固確立習(xí)近平強(qiáng)軍思想的指導(dǎo)地位，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)習(xí)近平總書記黨中央的核心、全黨的核心地位，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)黨中央權(quán)威和集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，貫徹中央軍委主席負(fù)責(zé)制，政治意識(shí)、大局意識(shí)、核心意識(shí)、看齊意識(shí)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。2014年12月印發(fā)《關(guān)于新形勢(shì)下軍隊(duì)政治工作若干問(wèn)題的決定》，推進(jìn)政治整訓(xùn)，軍隊(duì)重整行裝再出發(fā)。2018年8月召開中央軍委黨的建設(shè)會(huì)議，全面加強(qiáng)新時(shí)代軍隊(duì)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和黨的建設(shè)工作。著力培養(yǎng)有靈魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新時(shí)代革命軍人，鍛造具有鐵一般信仰、鐵一般信念、鐵一般紀(jì)律、鐵一般擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)硬部隊(duì)。
Placing theoretical and political buildup at the top of the agenda of the armed forces. China’s armed forces unswervingly take Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military as the guidance, firmly uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of the CPCCC and the whole Party, firmly uphold the authority of the CPCCC and its centralized and unified leadership, and follow the CMC Chairman responsibility system, in an effort to further strengthen the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core and keep in alignment. In accordance with the Decision on Issues Relating to the Military Political Work in the New Era issued in December 2014, China’s armed forces have improved their political work and embarked on a new journey of development. In order to fully strengthen the Party leadership and Party building of the military in the new era, a CMC meeting on party building was held in August, 2018. Great efforts are being made to cultivate revolutionary officers and soldiers of the new era with faith, ability, courage and integrity, and build troops with iron-like faith, conviction, discipline and commitment.
推進(jìn)國(guó)防科技和軍事理論創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。加快實(shí)施科技興軍戰(zhàn)略，鞏固和加強(qiáng)優(yōu)勢(shì)領(lǐng)域，加大新興領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新力度，一些戰(zhàn)略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術(shù)自主創(chuàng)新取得重要進(jìn)展，成功研制天河二號(hào)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)等一批高技術(shù)成果。聚焦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和作戰(zhàn)問(wèn)題推進(jìn)軍事理論創(chuàng)新，推出戰(zhàn)略、聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)、信息化建設(shè)等一系列理論成果，為國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)提供理論支撐。
Promoting innovation in defense S&T and military theory. China’s armed forces are accelerating the implementation of the strategy to develop the military through S&T in a bid to maintain and enhance the strength of the areas where they lead, and intensify innovation in emerging areas. They have made great progress in independent innovation in some strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, and succeeded in developing strategic hi-tech products such as the Tianhe-2 supercomputer. Focusing on war and fighting wars, China’s armed forces have innovated in military doctrines and delivered outcomes in military strategy, joint operations and informationization, which have provided a theoretical support to defense and military development.
構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代化武器裝備體系。完善優(yōu)化武器裝備體系結(jié)構(gòu)，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各軍兵種武器裝備發(fā)展，統(tǒng)籌主戰(zhàn)裝備、信息系統(tǒng)、保障裝備發(fā)展，全面提升標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化、通用化水平。加大淘汰老舊裝備力度，逐步形成以高新技術(shù)裝備為骨干的武器裝備體系。15式坦克、052D驅(qū)逐艦、殲－20戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、東風(fēng)－26中遠(yuǎn)程彈道導(dǎo)彈等裝備列裝部隊(duì)。
Establishing a modernized weaponry and equipment system. China’s armed forces are optimizing the overall composition of weaponry and equipment, coordinating the efforts of all services and arms in this regard, promoting the balanced development of main battle equipment, information systems, and support equipment, with a view to comprehensively raising standardization, serial development and interoperability. Old equipment is being phased out, and a system created that mainly comprises new and high-tech weaponry and equipment. Type 15 tanks, type 052D destroyers, J-20 fighters, and DF-26 intermediate and long-range ballistic missiles have been commissioned.
建設(shè)一切為了打仗的現(xiàn)代化后勤。建立以聯(lián)勤部隊(duì)為主干、軍種為補(bǔ)充，統(tǒng)分結(jié)合、通專兩線的保障體制，構(gòu)建以戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)役力量為主干、隊(duì)屬力量為補(bǔ)充、社會(huì)保障為依托，聯(lián)合、精干、高效的后勤力量體系，推動(dòng)后勤力量融入戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練、軍兵種跨區(qū)訓(xùn)練和中外聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)，推進(jìn)前后方一體訓(xùn)練，初步形成快速響應(yīng)、全維參戰(zhàn)、精確保障能力。
Building a combat-oriented modern logistics system. China’s armed forces are putting in place a support mechanism combining centralized and decentralized support, as well as general and special-purpose supplies, with PLAJLSF as the backbone force and service logistics units as supplements. They are also building a joint, lean and efficient logistic support system with the strategic and campaign level forces as the main force, the affiliated forces as the support, and the civil sectors as supplements. Logistics units have been incorporated into TC-level joint training, trans-theater training by services and arms, and joint exercises and training with foreign militaries to strengthen the integrated training of logistical and operational forces. China’s armed forces have acquired a rapid, multi-dimensional and precise support capability.
強(qiáng)化戰(zhàn)略管理。堅(jiān)持需求牽引規(guī)劃、規(guī)劃主導(dǎo)資源配置，建立完善“需求－規(guī)劃－預(yù)算－執(zhí)行－評(píng)估”的戰(zhàn)略管理鏈路。制定軍隊(duì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和重要領(lǐng)域、軍兵種、武警部隊(duì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，形成戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和計(jì)劃體系。規(guī)范軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)略規(guī)劃工作，頒布實(shí)施《軍隊(duì)建設(shè)發(fā)展“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要》，健全評(píng)估、督導(dǎo)、調(diào)控等制度機(jī)制。
Strengthening strategic management. Adopting demand-oriented planning and planning-led resource allocation, China’s armed forces have established and improved the strategic management procedures of demand-planning-budgeting-execution-evaluation. They have completed a system of strategic plans and programs composed of the development strategies of the military as a whole, and its key areas, branches, and the PAP. They have regulated military strategic planning, promulgated and implemented the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Military Development, and optimized the mechanisms for evaluation, supervision and control.
堅(jiān)持依法治軍從嚴(yán)治軍。構(gòu)建完善中國(guó)特色軍事法治體系，推動(dòng)治軍方式根本性轉(zhuǎn)變。強(qiáng)化練兵備戰(zhàn)監(jiān)督監(jiān)察，深入糾治和平積弊。廣泛開展法治宣傳教育，建立健全法律咨詢服務(wù)保障機(jī)制，推進(jìn)法治軍營(yíng)建設(shè)。全面從嚴(yán)加強(qiáng)部隊(duì)管理，貫徹落實(shí)條令條例，恢復(fù)和完善軍隊(duì)司號(hào)制度，組織全軍安全大檢查，加強(qiáng)重大安全隱患排查整治，加大警備糾察工作力度，開展軍車管理專項(xiàng)整頓，建立警備工作定期通報(bào)機(jī)制，維護(hù)軍隊(duì)良好形象。
Governing the military with strict discipline and in accordance with the law. China’s armed forces are building a military legal system with Chinese characteristics and pressing ahead with a fundamental transformation in how the military is run. They are strengthening oversight and supervision in military training and combat readiness to uproot peacetime ills. They are promoting legal awareness through public communication and education campaigns, establishing and improving the support mechanism of legal consultation and service, and advancing law-based management in the military. China’s armed forces are striving to manage the troops more strictly in all respects. They have fully implemented military rules and regulations, restored and improved the traditional mechanism of using bugles to communicate and command, carried out safety inspections to identify and tackle potential problems, stepped up garrison military policing, strengthened the management of military vehicles by targeted measures, and set up a mechanism of regular notification on garrison military policing. These efforts have contributed to maintaining the positive image of the armed forces.
深入推進(jìn)黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗斗爭(zhēng)。嚴(yán)明政治紀(jì)律政治規(guī)矩，嚴(yán)肅查處郭伯雄、徐才厚、房峰輝、張陽(yáng)等嚴(yán)重違紀(jì)違法案件。嚴(yán)格依紀(jì)依法懲治腐敗，開展重大工程建設(shè)、裝備物資采購(gòu)等行業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)ｍ?xiàng)整治。建立基層風(fēng)氣監(jiān)察聯(lián)系點(diǎn)制度，查糾官兵身邊“微腐敗”和不正之風(fēng)。深化政治巡視，完成對(duì)軍委機(jī)關(guān)部門、大單位巡視和回訪巡視全覆蓋。著力推進(jìn)審計(jì)全覆蓋，加大重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域、重大項(xiàng)目、重要資金審計(jì)力度，嚴(yán)格領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任審計(jì)，積極推行經(jīng)費(fèi)績(jī)效審計(jì)、全程跟蹤審計(jì)、軍地聯(lián)合審計(jì)。2012年以來(lái)，共審計(jì)3.9萬(wàn)個(gè)（次）單位（部門）、1.3萬(wàn)名團(tuán)以上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部。反腐敗斗爭(zhēng)取得壓倒性勝利，風(fēng)清氣正的良好政治生態(tài)基本形成。
Improving Party conduct, upholding integrity and continuing the fight against corruption. China’s armed forces are tightening political discipline and rules, investigating and dealing strictly with grave violations of CPC discipline and state laws as in the cases of Guo Boxiong, Xu Caihou, Fang Fenghui, and Zhang Yang. China’s armed forces punish corruption in strict accordance with CPC discipline and relevant laws, and rectify any malpractice in key construction projects and the procurement of equipment and material. Points-of-contact for discipline supervision have been designated at the small-unit level to investigate and combat “micro corruption” and misconduct in all its forms among service members. China’s armed forces have intensified political inspection by completing disciplinary inspections and re-inspections over all CMC functional organs, the TCs, services, AMS, NDU, NUDT and the PAP. They have worked to implement full-spectrum audit, intensify the audit of major fields, projects and funds, and perform strict audits over the economic liabilities of officers in positions of leadership. Active efforts have been made to monitor the cost-effectiveness of applied funds, conduct whole-process audit, and combine civil and military efforts in auditing. Since 2012, they have carried out audits over 39,000 units and 13,000 PLA and PAP officers in positions of leadership at and above regiment level. As a result, notable achievements have been made in the fight against corruption in China’s armed forces, and a healthy political atmosphere of integrity has formed.
推進(jìn)國(guó)防動(dòng)員現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。理順國(guó)防動(dòng)員組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制，加強(qiáng)后備力量建設(shè)，精簡(jiǎn)全國(guó)基干民兵規(guī)模，深化民兵預(yù)備役部隊(duì)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)、力量編成改革，推進(jìn)預(yù)備役部隊(duì)與現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)一體建設(shè)和運(yùn)用，加快實(shí)現(xiàn)由保障陸軍為主向保障多軍兵種轉(zhuǎn)變。
Modernizing national defense mobilization. China has refined the system of national defense mobilization to enhance the development of its defense reserves. China is streamlining the number of primary militia nationwide, driving deeper reform of militia and reserve forces in their size, structure and composition, promoting integrated development and employment of the reserve and active forces, and extending the function of national defense mobilization from mainly supporting the land force to supporting all branches at a faster pace.
結(jié)合深化黨和國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)改革，組建退役軍人事務(wù)部，推進(jìn)省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、村（社區(qū)）退役軍人服務(wù)保障體系建設(shè)，出臺(tái)一系列優(yōu)待優(yōu)撫措施。扎實(shí)做好擁軍優(yōu)屬、擁政愛民工作，積極參與脫貧攻堅(jiān)，軍政軍民團(tuán)結(jié)不斷鞏固，尊重軍人、優(yōu)待軍人的社會(huì)氛圍正在形成。
In the process of deepening the reform of the CPC and governmental institutions, the Ministry of Veterans Affairs of the PRC has been set up. Through a series of preferential measures, the veteran support system is progressing at provincial, prefectural, county, town and township (sub-district), and village (community) levels. Substantial steps have been taken to enhance the government’s efforts to support the military and their families, and to strengthen the military’s support to the government and the people. China’s armed forces play an active role in poverty alleviation. The relationships between the military and the government and between the military and the people are getting even closer. There is a growing consensus across communities to respect and give preferential treatment to all service members.
五、合理適度的國(guó)防開支
V. Reasonable and Appropriate Defense Expenditure
中國(guó)堅(jiān)持發(fā)展和安全兼顧、富國(guó)和強(qiáng)軍統(tǒng)一，堅(jiān)持國(guó)防建設(shè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，堅(jiān)持勤儉建軍方針，依據(jù)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和國(guó)防需求，合理確定國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，依法管理和使用國(guó)防費(fèi)。
China attends to both development and security. It is making an integrated effort to build a prosperous country and a strong military, and striving for the coordinated development of national defense and the economy. Following the principle of building the armed forces through diligence and thrift, China takes into consideration the development of the economy and the demands of national defense, decides on the appropriate scale and composition of defense expenditure, and manages and applies these funds in accordance with law.
改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)國(guó)防開支經(jīng)歷了從維持性投入到適度增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展歷程，總體保持與國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政支出同步適度協(xié)調(diào)增長(zhǎng)。國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）比重從1979年最高的5.43%下降到2017年的1.26%，近30年一直保持在2%以內(nèi)。1979年國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)家財(cái)政支出比重為17.37%，2017年為5.14%，下降超過(guò)12個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，總體下降趨勢(shì)明顯。
Since reform and opening-up, China has increased its defense expenditure from a level of sustainability to moderate growth. On the whole, defense expenditure has grown in tandem with the growth of the national economy and government expenditure. Defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP has fallen from a peak of 5.43% in 1979 to 1.26% in 2017. It has remained below 2% for the past three decades. Defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure was 17.37% in 1979 and 5.14% in 2017, a drop of more than 12 percentage points. The figures are on a clear downward trend.
2012年以來(lái)中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)
China’s Defense Expenditure Since 2012
進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，與國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程相一致，著眼建設(shè)與中國(guó)國(guó)際地位相稱、與國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國(guó)防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，進(jìn)一步縮小與世界先進(jìn)軍事水平的差距，解決軍隊(duì)打現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能力不夠的問(wèn)題，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模保持了穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，支出結(jié)構(gòu)持續(xù)優(yōu)化。
In the new era, to keep pace with the country’s modernization, China is focusing on building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing, and its national security and development interests. China is striving to narrow the gap between its military and the world’s leading militaries, and make up the deficiencies in the military’s capabilities in modern warfare. Defense expenditure is growing steadily and the breakdown of spending is being continuously optimized.
中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)按用途劃分，主要由人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)和裝備費(fèi)構(gòu)成。人員生活費(fèi)用于軍官、文職干部、士兵和聘用的非現(xiàn)役人員，以及軍隊(duì)供養(yǎng)的離退休干部工資、津貼、伙食、被裝、保險(xiǎn)、福利、撫恤等。訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)用于部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練、院校教育、工程設(shè)施建設(shè)維護(hù)以及其他日常消耗性支出。裝備費(fèi)用于武器裝備的研究、試驗(yàn)、采購(gòu)、維修、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存等。國(guó)防費(fèi)的保障范圍包括現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等。
In terms of usage, China’s defense expenditure is assigned to three sectors – personnel, training and sustainment, and equipment. Personnel expenses mainly cover the salaries, allowances, food, bedding, clothing, insurance, subsidies and pensions for officers, non-ranking officers, soldiers and contracted civilians, as well as retirees supported from the defense budget. Training and sustainment expenses mainly cover training of the troops, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenditure on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, testing, procurement, repairs, maintenance, transport and the storage of weaponry and equipment. In terms of scope, defense expenditure covers all active forces, reserve forces and militia.
2012年以來(lái)增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)防費(fèi)主要用于：（一）適應(yīng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，提高和改善官兵生活福利待遇，落實(shí)軍隊(duì)人員工資收入定期增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制，持續(xù)改善基層部隊(duì)工作、訓(xùn)練和生活保障條件。（二）加大武器裝備建設(shè)投入，淘汰更新部分落后裝備，升級(jí)改造部分老舊裝備，研發(fā)采購(gòu)航空母艦、作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、導(dǎo)彈、主戰(zhàn)坦克等新式武器裝備，穩(wěn)步提高武器裝備現(xiàn)代化水平。（三）深化國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)改革，保障軍隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制、部隊(duì)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)和力量編成、軍事政策制度等重大改革。（四）保障實(shí)戰(zhàn)化訓(xùn)練，保障戰(zhàn)略訓(xùn)練、戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練、軍兵種部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練等，加強(qiáng)模擬化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、對(duì)抗性訓(xùn)練條件建設(shè)。（五）保障多樣化軍事任務(wù)，保障國(guó)際維和、護(hù)航、人道主義救援、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等行動(dòng)。
Since 2012, the increase in defense expenditure has been primarily spent for the following purposes:
1. Adapting to national economic and social development, improving the wellbeing of service personnel, ensuring regular increases in military salaries, and bettering the working, training and living conditions of the troops;
1. Increasing input in weaponry and equipment development, phasing out the outdated, upgrading the old, and developing and procuring the new, such as aircraft carriers, fighters, missiles and main battle tanks, to steadily modernize weaponry and equipment;
1. Deepening national defense and military reform, supporting major reforms in military leadership and command systems, force structure and composition, and policies and institutions;
1. Supporting training in real combat conditions, enhancing strategic-level training, joint training at TCs’ level and training of services and arms, and improving the conditions for simulated, networked and force-on-force training; and
1. Supporting diverse military tasks including the UNPKOs, vessel protection operations, humanitarian assistance operations and disaster relief efforts.
2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)從6691.92億元人民幣增加到10432.37億元人民幣。中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）按當(dāng)年價(jià)格計(jì)算年平均增長(zhǎng)9.04%，國(guó)家財(cái)政支出年平均增長(zhǎng)10.43%，國(guó)防費(fèi)年平均增長(zhǎng)9.42%，國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重為1.28%，占國(guó)家財(cái)政支出平均比重為5.26%。國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重穩(wěn)定，與國(guó)家財(cái)政支出保持同步協(xié)調(diào)增長(zhǎng)。
From 2012 to 2017, China’s defense expenditure increased from RMB669.192 billion to RMB1,043.237 billion. China’s GDP and government expenditure grew at average rates of 9.04% and 10.43% respectively, calculated on the price of the indicated years, while its defense expenditure increased by an average of 9.42%. Defense expenditure accounted for 1.28% of GDP and 5.26% of government expenditure on average. The percentage of China’s defense expenditure in GDP remained stable and grew in coordination with the increase of government expenditure.
中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的財(cái)政撥款和預(yù)算管理制度。國(guó)防費(fèi)使用堅(jiān)持需求牽引、規(guī)劃主導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持量入為出、量力而行，加強(qiáng)集中統(tǒng)管，統(tǒng)籌存量增量，逐步推行國(guó)防費(fèi)績(jī)效管理，推進(jìn)以效能為核心的軍費(fèi)管理改革。改進(jìn)和加強(qiáng)預(yù)算管理，深化軍隊(duì)資金集中收付制度改革，加快經(jīng)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)步伐，完善軍隊(duì)資產(chǎn)資金管理辦法。
China applies strict mechanisms of fiscal allocation and budget management on its defense expenditure. It pursues a level of defense spending that is demand-oriented, planning-led and consistent with its capacity. It endeavors to strengthen unified management, coordinate existing and incremental expenditure, gradually practice cost-effectiveness management, and steadily press ahead with reform that is centered on efficacy and efficiency. To improve and strengthen budget management, China’s armed forces are extending reform of the centralized collection and payment of military funds, accelerating standardization in relation to defense expenditure, and improving the management of assets and funds.
國(guó)防費(fèi)的國(guó)際比較
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context
在2017年國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)無(wú)論是占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)家財(cái)政支出的比重，還是國(guó)民人均和軍人人均數(shù)額，都處于較低水平。
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.
中國(guó)已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模居于世界第二位，是由中國(guó)的國(guó)防需求、經(jīng)濟(jì)體量、防御性國(guó)防政策所決定的。從開支總量看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)不到美國(guó)的四分之一。
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.
從國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重約為1.3%，美國(guó)約為3.5%、俄羅斯約為4.4%、印度約為2.5%、英國(guó)約為2.0%、法國(guó)約為2.3%、日本約為1.0%、德國(guó)約為1.2%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的平均比重在國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中排在第六位，是聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).
從國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出平均比重約為5.3%，美國(guó)約為9.8%、俄羅斯約為12.4%、印度約為9.1%、英國(guó)約為4.8%、法國(guó)約為4.0%、日本約為2.5%、德國(guó)約為2.8%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.
從人均國(guó)防費(fèi)水平看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為750元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的5%、俄羅斯的25%、印度的231%、英國(guó)的13%、法國(guó)的16%、日本的29%、德國(guó)的20%。中國(guó)軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為52.16萬(wàn)元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的15%、俄羅斯的119%、印度的166%、英國(guó)的27%、法國(guó)的38%、日本的35%、德國(guó)的30%。中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第七位，軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第六位。
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.
中國(guó)堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行國(guó)防費(fèi)報(bào)告和公布制度。1978年以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府每年向全國(guó)人大提交財(cái)政預(yù)算報(bào)告，并對(duì)外公布年度國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算總額。1995年，中國(guó)政府發(fā)布《中國(guó)的軍備控制與裁軍》白皮書，向世界公布國(guó)防費(fèi)情況。2007年以來(lái)，中國(guó)參加聯(lián)合國(guó)軍費(fèi)透明制度，每年向聯(lián)合國(guó)提交上一財(cái)政年度國(guó)防費(fèi)基本數(shù)據(jù)，按現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等類別，提交人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)、裝備費(fèi)三大類開支數(shù)額和國(guó)防費(fèi)總額，并說(shuō)明中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)的主要用途和占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.
總體上看，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)是公開透明的，開支水平是合理適度的，與世界主要國(guó)家相比，國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和財(cái)政支出的比重、人均國(guó)防費(fèi)是偏低的。中國(guó)是世界上唯一尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)完全統(tǒng)一的大國(guó)，是世界上周邊安全形勢(shì)最復(fù)雜的國(guó)家之一，維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整、海洋權(quán)益等面臨嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)日益走近世界舞臺(tái)中央，國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)軍隊(duì)提供國(guó)際公共安全產(chǎn)品的期待不斷增大。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)處于向信息化轉(zhuǎn)型階段，順應(yīng)世界新軍事革命發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、推進(jìn)中國(guó)特色軍事變革的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。中國(guó)國(guó)防開支與維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的保障需求相比，與履行大國(guó)國(guó)際責(zé)任義務(wù)的保障需求相比，與自身建設(shè)發(fā)展的保障需求相比，還有較大差距。中國(guó)國(guó)防開支將與國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平相協(xié)調(diào)，繼續(xù)保持適度穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)。
All in all, China’s defense expenditure is open and transparent, and its spending is reasonable and appropriate. Compared to other major countries, the ratios of China’s defense expenditure to GDP and to government expenditure, as well as the per capita defense expenditure of the country, remain at a relatively low level.
As the only major country yet to be completely reunified, and one of the countries with the most complex peripheral security environment, China faces serious challenges in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and maritime rights and interests. China is moving closer to the center of the world stage, and the international community expects more international public security goods from the Chinese military. In addition, China’s armed forces are moving towards informationization and shouldering arduous tasks in following the trends of worldwide RMA and speeding up RMA with Chinese characteristics. There is still a wide gap between China’s defense expenditure and the requirements for safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests, for fulfilling China’s international responsibilities and obligations as a major country, and for China’s development. In step with national economic development, defense expenditure of China will maintain a moderate and steady growth.
六、積極服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體
VI. Actively Contributing to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind
構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，順應(yīng)和平發(fā)展的時(shí)代潮流，反映各國(guó)人民共同期待。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)忠實(shí)踐行人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，積極履行大國(guó)軍隊(duì)國(guó)際責(zé)任，全面推進(jìn)新時(shí)代國(guó)際軍事合作，努力為建設(shè)持久和平、普遍安全的美好世界作貢獻(xiàn)。
Building a community with a shared future for mankind conforms to the trends of the times for peaceful development, and reflects the common aspirations of all peoples throughout the world. China’s armed forces have responded faithfully to the call for a community with a shared future for mankind. They are actively fulfilling the international obligations of the armed forces of a major country, comprehensively promoting international military cooperation for the new era, and striving for a better world of lasting peace and common security.
堅(jiān)定維護(hù)聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章宗旨和原則
Resolutely Upholding the Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter
作為聯(lián)合國(guó)創(chuàng)始成員國(guó)和安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)，中國(guó)堅(jiān)定維護(hù)聯(lián)合國(guó)在國(guó)際事務(wù)中的核心作用，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)以聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章宗旨和原則為基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)際法和國(guó)際關(guān)系基本準(zhǔn)則，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)多邊主義，推動(dòng)國(guó)際關(guān)系民主化，廣泛參與全球安全治理，積極參與軍控與裁軍等領(lǐng)域事務(wù)，為重大問(wèn)題解決和重要規(guī)則制定貢獻(xiàn)中國(guó)方案。
As a founding member of the United Nations and a permanent member of the UNSC, China unswervingly endorses the central role of the UN in international affairs, and resolutely upholds international law and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. It firmly maintains multilateralism, advances democracy in international relations, participates extensively in global security governance, actively engages in arms control and disarmament, and endeavors to offer Chinese proposals for resolving major issues and formulating important rules.
中國(guó)建設(shè)性參與朝鮮半島問(wèn)題、伊朗核問(wèn)題、敘利亞問(wèn)題等地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題政治解決，反對(duì)霸權(quán)主義、單邊主義、雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，推動(dòng)對(duì)話協(xié)商并全面認(rèn)真執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)決議。中國(guó)積極參與網(wǎng)絡(luò)、外層空間等領(lǐng)域多邊對(duì)話談判，推動(dòng)制定普遍接受、公正合理的國(guó)際規(guī)則。
China has played a constructive role in the political settlement of regional hotspots such as the Korean Peninsula issue, the Iranian nuclear issue and Syrian issue. China opposes hegemony, unilateralism and double standards, promotes dialogues and consultations, and fully and earnestly implements UNSC resolutions. China has actively participated in multilateral dialogues and negotiations on cyberspace and outer space, and pushed for the formulation of widely accepted international rules that are fair and equitable.
中國(guó)一貫積極參與國(guó)際軍控、裁軍和防擴(kuò)散努力，反對(duì)軍備競(jìng)賽，維護(hù)全球戰(zhàn)略平衡和穩(wěn)定，簽署或加入了《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》等數(shù)十個(gè)多邊軍控、裁軍和防擴(kuò)散條約。2015年起，中國(guó)宣布設(shè)立為期10年、總額10億美元的中國(guó)－聯(lián)合國(guó)和平與發(fā)展基金，并于2016年正式投入運(yùn)行。
China actively participates in international arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. China objects to arms race and strives to protect global strategic balance and stability. To this end, China has signed or acceded to dozens of relevant multilateral treaties including the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In 2015 China announced the establishment of the USD1 billion China-UN Peace and Development Fund in the following decade, which was officially put into operation in 2016.
推動(dòng)構(gòu)建平等互信、合作共贏的新型安全伙伴關(guān)系
Building a New-Model Security Partnership Featuring Equality, Mutual Trust and Win-Win Cooperation
中國(guó)積極發(fā)展對(duì)外建設(shè)性軍事關(guān)系，形成全方位寬領(lǐng)域多層次軍事外交新格局。中國(guó)迄今已同150多個(gè)國(guó)家開展軍事交往，在駐外使館（團(tuán)）設(shè)有130個(gè)駐外武官機(jī)構(gòu)，116個(gè)國(guó)家在中國(guó)設(shè)立武官處，同41個(gè)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織建立防務(wù)磋商對(duì)話機(jī)制54項(xiàng)。2012年以來(lái)，中國(guó)軍隊(duì)高級(jí)軍事代表團(tuán)出訪60多個(gè)國(guó)家，有100多個(gè)國(guó)家國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)、軍隊(duì)總司令來(lái)訪。
China actively develops constructive relationships with foreign militaries. A new configuration of foreign military relations which is all-dimensional, wide-ranging and multi-tiered is taking shape. China has engaged in military exchanges with more than 150 countries and set up 130 offices of military attachés and military representatives at Chinese diplomatic missions abroad, while 116 countries have established military attaché’s offices in China. In addition, China has put in place 54 defense consultation and dialogue mechanisms with 41 countries and international organizations. Since 2012, high level Chinese military delegations have visited over 60 countries, and defense ministers and commanders-in-chief from over 100 countries have visited China.
中俄兩軍關(guān)系持續(xù)保持高位運(yùn)行，為兩國(guó)新時(shí)代全面戰(zhàn)略協(xié)作伙伴關(guān)系不斷充實(shí)新內(nèi)涵，對(duì)維護(hù)全球戰(zhàn)略穩(wěn)定具有重要意義。中俄兩軍各層級(jí)交流機(jī)制持續(xù)健康推進(jìn)，在高層交往、軍事訓(xùn)練、裝備技術(shù)、反恐等領(lǐng)域深入合作，在國(guó)際多邊場(chǎng)合實(shí)現(xiàn)良好互動(dòng)和配合。2012年以來(lái)，中俄兩軍先后舉行7輪戰(zhàn)略磋商。2018年8月至9月，中國(guó)軍隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)俄方邀請(qǐng)，首次參加俄羅斯“東方”戰(zhàn)略演習(xí)。
The military relationship between China and Russia continues to develop at a high level, enriching the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era and playing a significant role in maintaining global strategic stability. The Chinese and Russian militaries have continued the sound development of exchange mechanisms at all levels, expanded cooperation in high-level exchanges, military training, equipment, technology and counter-terrorism, and realized positive interaction and coordination on international and multilateral occasions. Since 2012, Chinese and Russian militaries have held 7 rounds of strategic consultations. From August to September 2018, at the invitation of the Russian side, the PLA participated in Russia’s Vostok strategic exercise for the first time.
中國(guó)按照不沖突不對(duì)抗、相互尊重、合作共贏的原則，積極穩(wěn)妥處理同美國(guó)的軍事關(guān)系，努力使兩軍關(guān)系成為兩國(guó)關(guān)系的穩(wěn)定器，為推進(jìn)以協(xié)調(diào)、合作、穩(wěn)定為基調(diào)的中美關(guān)系作出貢獻(xiàn)。2014年兩國(guó)國(guó)防部簽署建立重大軍事行動(dòng)相互通報(bào)信任措施機(jī)制和?？障嘤霭踩袨闇?zhǔn)則兩個(gè)諒解備忘錄，2015年雙方就新增“軍事危機(jī)通報(bào)”“空中相遇”附件達(dá)成共識(shí)，2017年兩國(guó)建立外交安全對(duì)話、聯(lián)合參謀部對(duì)話機(jī)制，積極加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略溝通、管控風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分歧。雙方在防務(wù)部門、陸軍、海軍、空軍等層面開展機(jī)制性交流，在人道主義救援減災(zāi)、反海盜、院校交流等領(lǐng)域開展務(wù)實(shí)合作。中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)美國(guó)售臺(tái)武器、制裁中國(guó)中央軍委裝備發(fā)展部及該部負(fù)責(zé)人、擅闖中國(guó)領(lǐng)海及有關(guān)島礁鄰近?？沼?、實(shí)施大范圍高強(qiáng)度抵近偵察等錯(cuò)誤做法和挑釁行為。在中美關(guān)系中，兩軍關(guān)系保持了總體穩(wěn)定。
China actively and properly handles its military relationship with the US in accordance with the principles of non-conflict, non-confrontation, mutual respect and win-win cooperation. It strives to make the military-to-military relationship a stabilizer for the relations between the two countries and hence contribute to the China-US relationship based on coordination, cooperation and stability. In 2014, China’s Ministry of National Defense (MND) and the US Department of Defense signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Notification of Major Military Activities and Confidence-Building Measures Mechanism and the Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Rules of Behavior for Safety of Air and Maritime Encounters. In 2015, the two countries agreed on the annexes on the military crisis notification mechanism and the rules of behavior for safety in air-to-air encounters. In 2017, the two countries established a diplomatic and security dialogue and joint staff dialogue mechanism with a view to actively strengthening strategic communication and managing risks and differences. The two militaries carry out institutionalized exchanges between the defense authorities, armies, navies and air forces, as well as practical cooperation in HADR, counter-piracy, and exchanges between academic institutions. China resolutely opposes the wrong practices and provocative activities of the US side regarding arms sales to Taiwan, sanctions on the CMC Equipment Development Department and its leadership, illegal entry into China’s territorial waters and maritime and air spaces near relevant islands and reefs, and wide-range and frequent close-in reconnaissance. However, in China-US relations, the military-to-military relationship remains the generally stable one.
中國(guó)著眼打造周邊命運(yùn)共同體，深化同周邊國(guó)家軍事伙伴關(guān)系。同周邊國(guó)家軍隊(duì)高層保持密切交往，每年軍種司令以上級(jí)別團(tuán)組往來(lái)達(dá)40余批次，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)周邊高層交往全覆蓋，戰(zhàn)略互信不斷加強(qiáng)。同17個(gè)周邊國(guó)家建立防務(wù)安全磋商和工作會(huì)晤機(jī)制，溝通渠道保持暢通。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)同周邊國(guó)家常態(tài)組織反恐、維和、救援和軍兵種技戰(zhàn)術(shù)等系列聯(lián)合演習(xí)和訓(xùn)練，廣泛開展邊防海防、院校智庫(kù)、教育訓(xùn)練、醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)療、裝備技術(shù)等交流，務(wù)實(shí)合作不斷深入，同東盟防務(wù)合作水平不斷提升，同周邊國(guó)家軍事關(guān)系總體穩(wěn)定。
With a commitment to building a community with a shared future in its neighborhood, China endeavors to deepen military partnership with its neighbors. The PLA keeps close contacts with the military leaderships of the neighboring countries. Given more than 40 reciprocal military visits at and above service commander level every year, high-level military exchanges have covered almost all of China’s neighbors and contributed to growing strategic mutual trust. China has set up defense and security consultations as well as working meeting mechanisms with 17 neighboring countries to keep exchange channels open. In recent years, China has regularly held serial joint exercises and training on counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, search and rescue, and tactical skills with its neighboring countries, and carried out extensive exchanges and practical cooperation on border and coastal defense, academic institutions, think tanks, education, training, medical science, medical service, and equipment and technology. In addition, defense cooperation with ASEAN countries is moving forward. The military relationships between China and its neighboring countries are generally stable.
中國(guó)積極發(fā)展同歐洲國(guó)家軍事關(guān)系，各領(lǐng)域交流合作保持積極發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。著眼打造中歐和平、增長(zhǎng)、改革、文明四大伙伴關(guān)系，中國(guó)同歐盟舉行安全政策對(duì)話、反海盜聯(lián)合演練、人員培訓(xùn)等。2016年，中國(guó)同英國(guó)舉行聯(lián)合撤僑室內(nèi)推演，同德國(guó)舉行衛(wèi)勤實(shí)兵聯(lián)合演習(xí)。2018年，中國(guó)同歐盟舉行第三屆中歐高級(jí)別安全政策研討班。
China is actively developing its military relations with European countries. Exchanges and cooperation in all areas are making sound progress. Targeting a China-Europe partnership for peace, growth, reform and civilization, China conducts security policy dialogues, joint counter-piracy exercises and personnel training with the EU. In 2016, China held a desktop exercise on non-combatant evacuation with the UK and a joint military medical exercise with Germany. In 2018, China and the EU held the third China-EU high-level seminar on security policy.
中國(guó)加強(qiáng)同非洲、拉美和加勒比、南太平洋等地區(qū)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的軍事交往，開展人員培訓(xùn)和中青年軍官交流，幫助有關(guān)國(guó)家加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)建設(shè)、提高防御能力。2018年，在北京舉辦中非防務(wù)安全論壇、中拉高級(jí)防務(wù)論壇、中加（勒比）南（太平洋）高級(jí)防務(wù)研討班。
China is strengthening military exchanges with developing countries in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and the South Pacific by carrying out personnel training, conducting exchanges between mid-and-junior level officers, and providing assistance in military development and defense capabilities. In Beijing in 2018, China hosted the China-Africa Defense and Security Forum, the China and Latin-America High-level Defense Forum, and the Forum for Senior Defense Officials from Caribbean and South Pacific Countries.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)堅(jiān)持互信互惠、合作共贏的原則，同世界各國(guó)軍隊(duì)開展務(wù)實(shí)交流合作。2012年以來(lái)，中國(guó)同30多個(gè)國(guó)家舉行百余次聯(lián)合演習(xí)與訓(xùn)練，演練內(nèi)容從非傳統(tǒng)安全領(lǐng)域發(fā)展到傳統(tǒng)安全領(lǐng)域，演練地域從中國(guó)周邊延伸至遠(yuǎn)海，參演力量從以陸軍為主拓展至陸?？斩嘬姳N。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)積極組織人才培養(yǎng)交流合作，2012年以來(lái)，向50多個(gè)國(guó)家派出軍事留學(xué)生1700余名，20余所軍隊(duì)院校分別同40多個(gè)國(guó)家的院校建立和保持了校際交流關(guān)系，共接納130多個(gè)國(guó)家的上萬(wàn)名軍事人員到中國(guó)軍隊(duì)院校學(xué)習(xí)。
The PLA adheres to the principles of mutual trust, mutual benefit and win-win cooperation in carrying out pragmatic exchanges and cooperation with foreign militaries. Since 2012, China has held over 100 joint exercises and training with more than 30 countries. These engagements have covered traditional and non-traditional security fields, in locations extending from China’s periphery to the far seas, and the participating forces have expanded from land forces to multiple branches including the army, navy and air force. Cooperation and exchanges in personnel training have intensified. Since 2012, the PLA has sent over 1,700 military personnel to study in more than 50 countries. Over 20 Chinese military educational institutions have established and maintained inter-collegiate exchanges with their counterparts from more than 40 countries. Meanwhile, more than 10,000 foreign military personnel from over 130 countries have studied in Chinese military universities and colleges.
完善軍事新聞發(fā)布機(jī)制，全面客觀向國(guó)內(nèi)外介紹說(shuō)明中國(guó)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)情況。2011年4月，建立國(guó)防部月度例行記者會(huì)制度，定期發(fā)布國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)重要信息。2012年以來(lái)，圍繞深化國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)改革、裁減軍隊(duì)員額等重大事項(xiàng)，召開多場(chǎng)專題新聞發(fā)布會(huì)。組織近百家中外媒體多次赴部隊(duì)、軍事院校參觀采訪。2015年5月，“國(guó)防部發(fā)布”官方微博微信正式開通，關(guān)注人數(shù)已達(dá)600余萬(wàn)。
China’s armed forces work to improve mechanisms for information release in order to comprehensively and objectively explain China’s national defense and military development to domestic and international audiences. In April 2011, China’s MND started to convene monthly press conferences to release important information on national defense and the military. Since 2012, multiple thematic press conferences have been held to brief on important events such as national defense and military reform and downsizing the PLA. The MND has organized multiple visits to and interviews with PLA units and academic institutions for nearly 100 domestic and foreign media. Since they were launched in May 2015, the official Weibo and WeChat accounts of the MND Information Office have attracted over 6 million followers.
推動(dòng)構(gòu)建地區(qū)安全合作架構(gòu)
Building a Regional Security Cooperation Architecture
2001年6月，中國(guó)同哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦共同發(fā)起成立上海合作組織。上海合作組織已成為世界上幅員最廣、人口最多的綜合性新型區(qū)域合作組織，形成互信、互利、平等、協(xié)商、尊重多樣文明、謀求共同發(fā)展的“上海精神”，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建上海合作組織命運(yùn)共同體，推動(dòng)建設(shè)新型國(guó)際關(guān)系，為地區(qū)和平與發(fā)展作出了新貢獻(xiàn)。2017年6月，上海合作組織首次擴(kuò)員，印度和巴基斯坦成為上海合作組織成員國(guó)。2018年4月，舉行上海合作組織擴(kuò)員后首次國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議。上海合作組織成員國(guó)持續(xù)加強(qiáng)防務(wù)安全領(lǐng)域交流合作，舉行“和平使命”系列演習(xí)，舉辦“和平號(hào)角”軍樂(lè)節(jié)，深化睦鄰友好和戰(zhàn)略互信，加強(qiáng)軍事文化交流，增進(jìn)成員國(guó)團(tuán)結(jié)友誼。
In June 2001, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan co-founded the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The SCO has now grown into a new type of comprehensive regional cooperation organization covering the largest area and population in the world. The Shanghai Spirit featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations and pursuit of common development has come into being. With its commitment to building an SCO community with a shared future and developing a new model of international relations, the organization has made a new contribution to regional peace and development. In June 2017, the SCO expanded for the first time and admitted India and Pakistan as member states. In April 2018, China hosted the first SCO Defense Ministers’ Meeting since the organization expanded its membership. The member states continue to strengthen defense and security exchanges and cooperation, including Peace Mission exercises, and Fanfare for Peace military tattoos, to further promote good-neighborliness and strategic mutual trust, increase military cultural exchanges, and enhance unity and friendship.
中國(guó)積極支持亞洲相互協(xié)作與信任措施會(huì)議機(jī)制建設(shè)，倡導(dǎo)樹立共同、綜合、合作、可持續(xù)的亞洲安全觀，為構(gòu)建亞洲地區(qū)安全合作架構(gòu)發(fā)揮了重要作用。
China actively supports the institutional development of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA), advocates common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security in Asia, and plays an important role in building an Asian security cooperation architecture.
中國(guó)本著開放包容、務(wù)實(shí)合作的原則，積極參加?xùn)|盟防長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)大會(huì)、東盟地區(qū)論壇、香格里拉對(duì)話會(huì)、雅加達(dá)國(guó)際防務(wù)對(duì)話會(huì)、西太平洋海軍論壇等多邊對(duì)話和合作機(jī)制，常態(tài)化舉行中國(guó)－東盟防長(zhǎng)非正式會(huì)晤，建設(shè)性提出加強(qiáng)地區(qū)防務(wù)安全合作的倡議。2018年10月，舉行中國(guó)－東盟“海上聯(lián)演－2018”演習(xí)，這是中國(guó)軍隊(duì)與東盟國(guó)家軍隊(duì)首次舉行海上演習(xí)，彰顯了中國(guó)同東盟國(guó)家致力于維護(hù)地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定的信心和決心。
In the principles of openness, inclusiveness and pragmatic cooperation, China actively participates in multilateral dialogues and cooperation mechanisms including the ADMM-Plus, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), Shangri-La Dialogue, Jakarta International Defense Dialogue and Western Pacific Naval Symposium, regularly holds China-ASEAN defense ministers’ informal meetings, and proposes and constructively promotes initiatives to strengthen regional defense cooperation. The China-ASEAN Maritime Exercise-2018, the first between Chinese and ASEAN militaries, was held in October 2018 and demonstrated the confidence and determination of the countries in maintaining regional peace and stability.
中國(guó)秉持平等、開放、包容、互鑒的精神，搭建北京香山論壇交流平臺(tái)。2014年，香山論壇升級(jí)為“一軌半”國(guó)際安全和防務(wù)對(duì)話平臺(tái)。2018年10月，香山論壇更名為北京香山論壇，來(lái)自67個(gè)國(guó)家和7個(gè)國(guó)際組織的500余名代表參加論壇，共同探討應(yīng)對(duì)地區(qū)安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)的新思路新途徑，為促進(jìn)亞太地區(qū)安全對(duì)話和互信合作發(fā)揮了積極作用。
China has initiated the Xiangshan Forum, a platform of exchange based in Beijing, in the spirit of equality, openness, inclusiveness and mutual learning. In 2014, the Xiangshan Forum was upgraded to a track-1.5 platform of international security and defense dialogue. In October 2018, the Xiangshan Forum was renamed the Beijing Xiangshan Forum. More than 500 participants from 67 countries and 7 international organizations attended the forum and exchanged new ideas and approaches for addressing regional security threats and challenges. Their discussions have played an active role in promoting security dialogue and mutual trust in the Asia-Pacific region.
妥善處理領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題和海洋劃界爭(zhēng)端
Properly Coping with Disputes over Territory and Maritime Demarcation
中國(guó)秉持親誠(chéng)惠容的周邊外交理念，堅(jiān)持與鄰為善、以鄰為伴，通過(guò)談判協(xié)商和平解決領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題和海洋劃界爭(zhēng)端。中國(guó)已經(jīng)同14個(gè)陸上鄰國(guó)中的12個(gè)國(guó)家解決了陸地邊界問(wèn)題，同周邊8個(gè)國(guó)家簽署睦鄰友好合作條約。
Upholding amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness in its neighborhood diplomacy, China is committed to building an amicable relationship and partnership with its neighbors, and peaceful resolution of disputes over territory and maritime demarcation through negotiation and consultation. China has settled its border issues with 12 of its 14 land neighbors and signed treaties on good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation with 8 countries on its periphery.
中國(guó)把管控分歧、增進(jìn)互信作為維護(hù)周邊穩(wěn)定的重要內(nèi)容，倡議建立中國(guó)－東盟防長(zhǎng)熱線，同越南、韓國(guó)分別建立國(guó)防部直通電話，定期或不定期同陸地接壤國(guó)家軍隊(duì)開展電話傳真聯(lián)系、邊境會(huì)談會(huì)晤、聯(lián)合巡邏等。2014年以來(lái)，中國(guó)同越南先后舉行5次邊境高層會(huì)晤。中印兩軍落實(shí)兩國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人重要共識(shí)，開展高層訪問(wèn)溝通，推動(dòng)建立邊防熱線電話和邊境管控、邊防交流機(jī)制。2016年下半年以來(lái)，中國(guó)同菲律賓加強(qiáng)海上安全對(duì)話，雙方重回通過(guò)友好協(xié)商處理南海問(wèn)題的正確軌道。2018年5月，中日兩國(guó)防務(wù)部門簽署?？章?lián)絡(luò)機(jī)制備忘錄并于6月啟動(dòng)運(yùn)行該機(jī)制。
China holds it a priority to manage differences and enhance mutual trust in maintaining the stability of its neighborhood. China has proposed a China-ASEAN defense ministers’ hotline and established direct defense telephone links with Vietnam and the ROK. It has kept contact through telephone or fax, and conducted border meetings and joint patrols, with the militaries of the countries on its land borders on regular or irregular basis. Since 2014, five high-level border meetings between China and Vietnam have been held. To implement the important consensus reached by the leaders of China and India, the two militaries have exchanged high-level visits and pushed for a hotline for border defense cooperation and mechanisms for border management and border defense exchanges. Since the second half of 2016, China and the Philippines have increased dialogue on maritime security, bringing the two sides back on track in addressing the South China Sea issue through friendly consultation. In May 2018, the defense authorities of China and Japan signed a memorandum of understanding on maritime and air liaison and put it into practice in June.
中國(guó)同東盟國(guó)家全面有效落實(shí)《南海各方行為宣言》，積極推進(jìn)“南海行為準(zhǔn)則”磋商，加強(qiáng)海上安全務(wù)實(shí)合作，推進(jìn)地區(qū)安全機(jī)制建設(shè)，努力將南海打造成為和平之海、友誼之海、合作之海。
China and the ASEAN countries have comprehensively and effectively implemented the DOC, and actively advanced the consultations on the COC. They are committed to extending practical maritime security cooperation, developing regional security mechanisms and building the South China Sea into a sea of peace, friendship and cooperation.
積極提供國(guó)際公共安全產(chǎn)品
Actively Providing International Public Security Goods
中國(guó)積極支持聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)，是聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)的主要出資國(guó)之一，是安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)中第一大出兵國(guó)。截至2018年12月，中國(guó)軍隊(duì)已累計(jì)參加24項(xiàng)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)，派出維和軍事人員3.9萬(wàn)余人次，13名中國(guó)軍人犧牲在維和一線。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)在維和任務(wù)區(qū)新建、修復(fù)道路1.3萬(wàn)余千米，排除地雷及各類未爆物10342枚；運(yùn)送物資135萬(wàn)余噸，運(yùn)輸總里程1300萬(wàn)余千米；接診病人17萬(wàn)余人次；完成武裝護(hù)衛(wèi)、長(zhǎng)短途巡邏等任務(wù)300余次。
China actively supports the UNPKOs. It is a major contributor to the UN peacekeeping budget and the largest troop contributing country among the permanent members of the UNSC. As of December 2018, China has participated in 24 UN peacekeeping missions and has contributed more than 39,000 peacekeepers. 13 Chinese military personnel have sacrificed their lives in the UNPKOs. In the missions, China’s peacekeepers have built and repaired over 13,000 kilometers of roads, cleared and disposed of 10,342 mines and various items of unexploded ordnance, transported more than 1.35 million tons of materials over a total distance of more than 13 million kilometers, treated over 170,000 patients, and fulfilled over 300 armed escorts and long or short-distance patrols.
2015年9月，中國(guó)加入新的聯(lián)合國(guó)維和能力待命機(jī)制，建設(shè)8000人規(guī)模維和待命部隊(duì)。2017年9月，中國(guó)完成維和待命部隊(duì)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的一級(jí)待命注冊(cè)工作。2018年10月，13支一級(jí)待命分隊(duì)全部高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)組織的考核評(píng)估，晉升至二級(jí)待命狀態(tài)。2019年2月，聯(lián)合國(guó)將上述13支二級(jí)待命狀態(tài)分隊(duì)中的5支分隊(duì)提升至三級(jí)待命狀態(tài)。中國(guó)積極為各國(guó)培訓(xùn)維和人員，目前已經(jīng)為數(shù)十個(gè)國(guó)家培訓(xùn)了1500余名維和人員。2018年12月，2506名中國(guó)官兵在聯(lián)合國(guó)7個(gè)任務(wù)區(qū)及聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)部執(zhí)行任務(wù)。
In September 2015, China joined the UN Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System (PCRS) and built a peacekeeping standby force of 8,000 troops. In September 2017, China completed the registration of PCRS Level 1. In October 2018, 13 Chinese PCRS Level 1 units scored high in the UN assessment and were elevated to PCRS Level 2. Five among these units were elevated from Level 2 to Level 3 in February 2019. China has made active efforts to train international peacekeepers and trained over 1,500 individuals from dozens of countries. In December 2018, 2,506 peacekeepers from the PLA served in 7 UN missions and in the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)有關(guān)決議，中國(guó)政府于2008年12月起派遣海軍艦艇編隊(duì)赴亞丁灣、索馬里海域?qū)嵤┏B(tài)化護(hù)航行動(dòng)，與多國(guó)護(hù)航力量進(jìn)行合作，共同維護(hù)國(guó)際海上通道安全。10年來(lái)，中國(guó)海軍常態(tài)部署3至4艘艦艇執(zhí)行護(hù)航任務(wù)，共派出31批100余艘次艦艇、2.6萬(wàn)余名官兵，為6600余艘中外船舶提供安全保護(hù)，解救、接護(hù)、救助遇險(xiǎn)船舶70余艘。
In line with relevant UNSC resolutions, since December 2008, the Chinese government has dispatched naval ships to carry out regular vessel protection operations in the Gulf of Aden and the waters off the coast of Somalia. Chinese PLAN task groups cooperate with multiple naval forces in the area to safeguard international SLOCs. In the past decade, over 100 vessels and 26,000 officers and sailors have been regularly deployed in 31 convoys, each consisting of three to four ships, in vessel protection operations. They have provided security protection for over 6,600 Chinese and foreign ships, and rescued, protected or assisted over 70 ships in distress.
中國(guó)軍隊(duì)積極參加國(guó)際災(zāi)難救援和人道主義援助，派遣專業(yè)救援力量赴受災(zāi)國(guó)救援減災(zāi)，提供救援物資和醫(yī)療救助，加強(qiáng)救援減災(zāi)國(guó)際交流。2012年以來(lái)，組織或參加馬航MH370失聯(lián)航班搜救、菲律賓“海燕”臺(tái)風(fēng)救援、抗擊西非埃博拉疫情、馬爾代夫水荒救援、尼泊爾抗震救災(zāi)、老撾水災(zāi)潰壩救援等多項(xiàng)行動(dòng)。中國(guó)海軍“和平方舟”號(hào)醫(yī)院船服役10年來(lái)，執(zhí)行7次“和諧使命”任務(wù)，共訪問(wèn)43個(gè)國(guó)家，為到訪國(guó)民眾提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)，組織醫(yī)學(xué)交流，惠及民眾23萬(wàn)余人次。
China’s armed forces take an active part in the international efforts for HADR. Military professionals are dispatched to conduct disaster relief operations in affected countries, provide relief materials and medical aid, and strengthen international exchanges in this respect. Since 2012, China’s armed forces have participated in the search for the missing Malaysian Airliner MH370, and in the relief operations for Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, the water scarcity in Maldives, the earthquake in Nepal, and the flood caused by a dam collapse in Laos. Since it entered service a decade ago, the PLAN’s hospital ship Ark Peace has fulfilled 7 voyages coded as Mission Harmony and visited 43 countries. During these visits, it provided medical services to the local communities, organized medical exchanges, and helped over 230,000 people.
中國(guó)積極開展國(guó)際和地區(qū)反恐合作。加強(qiáng)上海合作組織框架內(nèi)的國(guó)際反恐合作，組織開展反恐聯(lián)合演習(xí)，打擊非法販運(yùn)武器、彈藥和爆炸物品，合作查明和切斷人員滲透渠道，推動(dòng)國(guó)際反恐情報(bào)交流共享。主辦以反恐為主題的“長(zhǎng)城”國(guó)際論壇，積極參與亞太經(jīng)合組織反恐工作組、全球反恐論壇等多邊反恐機(jī)制。同有關(guān)國(guó)家舉行雙邊反恐磋商。推動(dòng)創(chuàng)建阿富汗、中國(guó)、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦四國(guó)軍隊(duì)反恐合作協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，舉行兩屆軍隊(duì)高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議，開展反恐交流合作，積極維護(hù)地區(qū)安全。
China is active in international and regional counter-terrorism cooperation. It has strengthened such cooperation within the framework of the SCO. China hosts and participates in joint counter-terrorism exercises, cracks down on illegal trafficking of weapons, ammunition and explosives, cooperates with SCO members to identify and cut off channels for terrorist infiltration, and promotes international counter-terrorism intelligence exchange and information sharing. It hosts the Great Wall International Forum on Counter-Terrorism, and actively participates in multilateral counter-terrorism mechanisms such as the APEC Counter-Terrorism Working Group and the Global Counter-Terrorism Forum. Bilateral counter-terrorism consultations have been held with certain countries. China initiated the establishment of the Quadrilateral Cooperation and Coordination Mechanism (QCCM), a counter-terrorism cooperation and coordination mechanism by the militaries of Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and Tajikistan. The QCCM has convened two military leaders’ meetings and conducted counter-terrorism exchange and cooperation, actively safeguarding regional security.
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Closing Remarks
和平是各國(guó)人民的共同愿望，發(fā)展是人類社會(huì)的永恒主題。面對(duì)日益復(fù)雜的全球性安全挑戰(zhàn)，面對(duì)人類發(fā)展在十字路口何去何從的抉擇，中國(guó)堅(jiān)信，稱霸擴(kuò)張終將失敗，安全繁榮應(yīng)該共享。中國(guó)將堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路，同各國(guó)人民一道維護(hù)世界和平、促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展。
Peace is an aspiration for all peoples, and development is an eternal theme of humanity. Faced with global security challenges that are becoming ever more intricate and choices that have to be made at a crossroads of human development, China firmly believes that hegemony and expansion are doomed to failure, and security and prosperity shall be shared. China will remain committed to peaceful development and work with people of all countries to safeguard world peace and promote common development.
新時(shí)代的中國(guó)國(guó)防，在習(xí)近平強(qiáng)軍思想指引下，將沿著中國(guó)特色強(qiáng)軍之路，向著全面建成世界一流軍隊(duì)的宏偉目標(biāo)奮勇前進(jìn)。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)有決心有信心有能力戰(zhàn)勝一切威脅挑戰(zhàn)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國(guó)夢(mèng)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略支撐，為服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體作出新的更大貢獻(xiàn)。
Guided by Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, China’s national defense in the new era will stride forward along its own path to build a stronger military and endeavor to achieve the great goal of developing world-class forces in an all-round way. China’s armed forces have the determination, confidence and capability to prevail over all threats and challenges. They stand ready to provide strong strategic support for the realization of the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, and to make new and greater contributions to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
