新疆的勞動就業(yè)保障
Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2020年9月
September 2020
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、新疆勞動就業(yè)的基本狀況
I. Employment in Xinjiang
二、大力實施積極的就業(yè)政策
II. Proactive Employment Policies
三、充分尊重勞動者的就業(yè)意愿
III. Full Respect for Workers’ Job Preferences
四、依法保障勞動者的基本權(quán)利
IV. Labor Rights Protection
五、勞動就業(yè)創(chuàng)造美好生活
V. Better Jobs for Better Lives
六、積極踐行國際勞工和人權(quán)標準
VI. Application of International Labor and Human Rights Standards
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preface
勞動是人的存在方式，也是人類的本質(zhì)活動。勞動創(chuàng)造美好生活，促進人的全面發(fā)展和人類文明進步?！吨腥A人民共和國憲法》賦予公民勞動的權(quán)利和義務。保障勞動權(quán)就是維護人的尊嚴，就是保障人權(quán)。
Work creates the means of existence and is an essential human activity. It creates a better life and enables all-round human development and the progress of civilization. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China provides that all citizens have the right and obligation to work. To protect the right to work is to safeguard human dignity and human rights.
中國是人口大國，也是勞動力大國。做好勞動就業(yè)保障工作，關(guān)系勞動者基本權(quán)利和生活幸福，關(guān)系經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會和諧，關(guān)系國家繁榮、民族復興。中國堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，高度重視勞動就業(yè)保障工作，大力實施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策。充分尊重勞動者意愿，依法保障公民勞動權(quán)利，積極踐行國際勞工和人權(quán)標準，努力使人人都能通過辛勤勞動創(chuàng)造幸福生活、實現(xiàn)自身發(fā)展。
China has a large population and workforce. Employment and job security are key to guaranteeing workers’ basic rights and wellbeing, and have a significant impact on economic development, social harmony, national prosperity, and the nation’s rejuvenation. China is committed to the people-centered philosophy of development, attaches great importance to job security, gives high priority to employment, and pursues a proactive set of policies on employment. It fully respects the wishes of workers, protects citizens’ right to work in accordance with the law, applies international labor and human rights standards, and strives to enable everyone to create a happy life and achieve their own development through hard work.
按照國家關(guān)于勞動就業(yè)的大政方針和打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)的總體部署，中國新疆把促進勞動就業(yè)作為最大的民生工程、民心工程、根基工程，堅持把勞動者自主就業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進就業(yè)和鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)相結(jié)合，多渠道增加就業(yè)，千方百計穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。通過積極的勞動就業(yè)政策，新疆各族人民物質(zhì)文化生活水平不斷提高，各項人權(quán)得到有效保障和發(fā)展，為確保新疆各族群眾同全中國人民一道邁入全面小康社會、實現(xiàn)新疆社會穩(wěn)定和長治久安打下了堅實基礎(chǔ)。
In accordance with the country’s major policies on employment and the overall plan for eliminating poverty, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region takes the facilitation of employment as the most fundamental project for ensuring and improving people’s wellbeing. It has made every effort to increase and stabilize employment through various channels: encouraging individual initiative, regulatory role of the market, and government policies facilitating employment, entrepreneurship, and business startups. Through its proactive labor and employment policies, Xinjiang has continuously improved the people’s material and cultural lives, and guaranteed and developed their human rights in every field. This has laid a solid foundation for ensuring that the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have the opportunity to enjoy moderate prosperity in all respects and achieve long-term social stability together with their fellow countrymen and countrywomen in other parts of China.
一、新疆勞動就業(yè)的基本狀況
I. Employment in Xinjiang
新疆地處中國西北邊陲，長期以來，受歷史和自然等因素的影響，發(fā)展相對滯后，貧困人口較多。特別是南疆四地州（和田地區(qū)、喀什地區(qū)、阿克蘇地區(qū)、克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州）生態(tài)環(huán)境惡劣，經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)薄弱，就業(yè)承載能力嚴重不足，是國家確定的深度貧困地區(qū)。加之長期以來暴力恐怖勢力、民族分裂勢力、宗教極端勢力鼓吹“來世天定”“教法大于國法”，煽動廣大群眾抵制學習國家通用語言文字，排斥現(xiàn)代科學知識，拒絕學習掌握就業(yè)技能、改善經(jīng)濟條件、提升自我發(fā)展能力，導致一些群眾思想觀念落后，文化程度不高，就業(yè)能力不足，就業(yè)率較低，收入十分有限，生活陷入長期貧困。
Xinjiang is located in the northwest of China. For historical and a range of natural reasons, it has long lagged behind other parts of the country in development, and there is a large impoverished population. The four prefectures in southern Xinjiang, namely, Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu and Kizilsu Kirgiz, in particular have a poor eco-environment, weak economic foundations, and a serious shortfall in employment carrying capacity. They are identified as areas of extreme poverty. In addition, terrorists, separatists and religious extremists have long preached that “the afterlife is fated” and that “religious teachings are superior to state laws”, inciting the public to resist learning the standard spoken and written Chinese language, reject modern science, and refuse to improve their vocational skills, economic conditions, and the ability to better their own lives. As a result, some local people have outdated ideas; they suffer from poor education and employability, low employment rates and incomes, and have fallen into long-term poverty.
做好勞動就業(yè)工作，對于保障各族人民勞動就業(yè)權(quán)利、發(fā)展和改善民生、促進社會和諧穩(wěn)定意義重大。特別是2012年中共十八大以來，新疆大力實施就業(yè)惠民工程，持續(xù)加大就業(yè)培訓力度，積極拓寬就業(yè)渠道，有效擴大就業(yè)容量，就業(yè)形勢持續(xù)向好，各族群眾收入水平不斷提升、生活質(zhì)量越來越高，獲得感、幸福感、安全感顯著增強。
Employment and job security carries great significance for ensuring people’s right to work, improving their living standards, and promoting social harmony and stability. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, Xinjiang has vigorously implemented employment projects, enhanced vocational training, and expanded employment channels and capacity. Thanks to these efforts, the employment situation in Xinjiang has continued to improve, people’s incomes and quality of life are rising, and their sense of gain, happiness and security has significantly increased.
政策體系進一步健全。近年來，新疆貫徹落實國家穩(wěn)就業(yè)促就業(yè)決策部署，順應人民呼聲并結(jié)合自身實際，制定了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)黨委 自治區(qū)人民政府關(guān)于進一步促進就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)工作的意見》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民政府關(guān)于做好當前和今后一段時期就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)工作的實施意見》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)“十三五”促進就業(yè)規(guī)劃》等文件，在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、財政保障、稅收優(yōu)惠、金融支持和城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、群體統(tǒng)籌，以及支持靈活就業(yè)、幫助困難群體就業(yè)等方面，作出系統(tǒng)安排，為促進勞動就業(yè)、維護勞動者權(quán)益提供了堅實的制度保障。
Policies have further improved. In recent years, to implement the national policies and strategies for stabilizing and facilitating employment and respond to calls from the public and local conditions, Xinjiang has successively formulated the Opinions of the CPC Committee and the People’s Government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Further Facilitating Employment and Business Startups, the Opinions of the People’s Government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Facilitating Employment and Business Startups Now and in the Future, and the 13th Five-Year Plan of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Facilitating Employment. Systematic arrangements have been made in the areas of economic development, governmental financial guarantees, tax incentives, support from the financial sector, and overall planning of urban and rural areas, different regions, and diverse groups, as well as in supporting flexible employment and helping groups in need to find jobs. All these provide a solid institutional guarantee for facilitating employment and safeguarding the rights and interests of workers.
就業(yè)規(guī)模不斷擴大。聚焦勞動就業(yè)重點群體和深度貧困地區(qū)，引導各族群眾就地就近就業(yè)、有序進城就業(yè)和自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，扎實推進貧困勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)。2014年至2019年，新疆的勞動就業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)從1135.24萬人增加到1330.12萬人，增長17.2%；年均新增城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)47.12萬人以上，其中，南疆地區(qū)14.8萬人，占比31.4%；年均農(nóng)村富余勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)276.3萬人次以上，其中，南疆地區(qū)167.8萬人次，占比60%以上。
The scale of employment has expanded continuously. Xinjiang focuses on areas of extreme poverty and key groups with difficulty finding work. It guides people of all ethnic groups to find work nearby, or to locate jobs or start their own businesses in cities, and encourages the impoverished workforce to seek employment outside their hometowns. From 2014 to 2019, the total number of people employed in Xinjiang rose from 11.35 million to 13.3 million, an increase of 17.2 percent. The average annual increase in urban employment was more than 471,200 people (148,000 in southern Xinjiang, accounting for 31.4 percent); and the average annual relocation of surplus rural labor was more than 2.76 million people, of whom nearly 1.68 million, or over 60 percent, were in southern Xinjiang.
就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)更趨合理。以推進供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革為主線，堅持一產(chǎn)上水平、二產(chǎn)抓重點、三產(chǎn)大發(fā)展，培育壯大特色優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)和勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，引導勞動力向第三產(chǎn)業(yè)有序流動。從三次產(chǎn)業(yè)分布看，就業(yè)人員占比2014年為45.4∶16.0∶38.6，2019年為36.4∶14.1∶49.5，其中，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員占比提高了10.9個百分點，成為吸納就業(yè)最多的產(chǎn)業(yè)。從城鄉(xiāng)分布看，越來越多農(nóng)村富余勞動力向城鎮(zhèn)流動，城鎮(zhèn)吸納就業(yè)能力進一步增強。2014年城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人數(shù)535.4萬人，2019年增加至734.17萬人，占全部就業(yè)人員的55.2%。
The employment structure has become more rational. Xinjiang considers supply-side structural reform as a key priority, and endeavors to raise the level of the primary industry, focus on key projects in the secondary industry, and boost the tertiary industry. It nurtures and strengthens industries with distinctive strengths and labor-intensive industries, and guides the orderly flow of labor to the tertiary industry. In terms of workforce distribution across the three industries, the ratio in 2014 was 45.4: 16.0: 38.6, which evolved to 36.4: 14.1: 49.5 in 2019. The tertiary industry saw an increase of 10.9 percentage points, making it the most job-intensive sector. In terms of workforce distribution in urban and rural areas, surplus rural labor is increasingly moving to cities and towns, and the ability of these places to absorb workforce has been strengthened. The number of people employed in cities and towns increased from 5.35 million in 2014 to 7.34 million in 2019, accounting for 55.2 percent of the total.
勞動力素質(zhì)明顯提升。通過實施教育惠民工程，新疆的學前教育、九年義務教育、高中階段教育、高等教育、職業(yè)教育均達歷史最高水平。2019年，普通高等教育在校生45.38萬人，比2014年增加14.62萬人；中等教育在校生184.36萬人，比2014年增加14.76萬人。通過開展就業(yè)技能培訓，培養(yǎng)造就了一支新時代知識型、技能型、創(chuàng)新型勞動者大軍。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2014年至2019年，全疆年均培訓城鄉(xiāng)各類勞動者128.8萬人次，其中，南疆地區(qū)年均培訓45.14萬人次。參訓人員至少掌握1項就業(yè)技能，絕大多數(shù)取得了職業(yè)資格證書、職業(yè)技能等級證書或?qū)ｍ椔殬I(yè)能力證書，實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。
The quality of the workforce has improved significantly. Thanks to the government’s education projects, enrollments in preschool education, nine-year compulsory education, senior high school education, higher education and vocational education in Xinjiang have all reached the highest level in history. In 2019, there were 453,800 full-time students studying at universities and colleges (an increase of 146,200 over 2014), and 1.84 million students studying at secondary schools (an increase of 147,600 over 2014). Through vocational training, Xinjiang has built a large knowledge-based, skilled and innovative workforce that meets the requirements of the new era. Every year from 2014 to 2019 Xinjiang provided training sessions to an average of 1.29 million urban and rural workers, of which 451,400 were in southern Xinjiang. The trainees mastered at least one skill with employment potential, and the vast majority of them obtained vocational qualifications, skill level certificates, or specialized skill certificates, allowing them to go on to find stable employment.
居民和職工收入穩(wěn)步增長。2014年至2019年，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入由2.32萬元增至3.47萬元，年均名義增長8.6%，農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入由8724元增至1.31萬元，年均名義增長8.9%；新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入由2.76萬元增至4.07萬元，年均名義增長8.5%，連隊居民人均可支配收入由1.39萬元增至2.2萬元，年均名義增長9.9%。全疆城鎮(zhèn)非私營單位就業(yè)人員年均工資由5.35萬元增至7.94萬元，年均增長8.4%；城鎮(zhèn)私營單位就業(yè)人員年均工資由3.62萬元增至4.59萬元，年均增長5.4%。2018年至2019年，南疆地區(qū)及兵團四個深度貧困團場有15.5萬名建檔立卡貧困家庭勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)并實現(xiàn)了脫貧。
The income of residents and workers has increased steadily. From 2014 to 2019, the per capita disposable income of residents in Xinjiang increased as follows:
– urban residents: from RMB23,200 to RMB34,700 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.6 percent);
– rural residents: from RMB8,724 to RMB13,100 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.9 percent);
– urban residents in areas under the administration of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (a special entity entrusted by the state to cultivate and guard China’s border area in Xinjiang): from RMB27,600 to RMB40,700 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.5 percent);
– residents of the company residence areas of the Corps: from RMB13,900 to RMB22,000 (an average annual nominal growth of 9.9 percent);
– average annual salary of employees in non-private sectors in cities and towns: from RMB53,500 to RMB79,400 (an annual growth of 8.4 percent);
– average annual salary of employees in private sectors in cities and towns: from RMB36,200 to RMB45,900 (an annual growth of 5.4 percent).
From 2018 to 2019, 155,000 people from registered poor households in southern Xinjiang and in four impoverished regimental farms of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps found employment outside their hometowns and subsequently emerged from poverty.
事實說明，近年來新疆的勞動就業(yè)保障工作取得了顯著成效，總體態(tài)勢良好。但也要看到，還面臨經(jīng)濟發(fā)展底子薄、農(nóng)村富余勞動力人數(shù)多、就業(yè)技能水平低等困難和挑戰(zhàn)。進一步優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、提升勞動力素質(zhì)、轉(zhuǎn)變思想觀念，是解決新疆勞動就業(yè)的一項長期任務。
The above statistics show that, in recent years, Xinjiang has achieved remarkable results in providing employment services and job security to the residents, and the overall situation is good. However, it should be noted that Xinjiang is still faced with difficulties and challenges including a weak foundation for economic development, a large labor surplus in rural areas, and a low level of vocational skills. To solve its problem of employment in the long term, Xinjiang must further optimize the industrial structure, improve the quality of the workforce, and change people’s outdated mindset.
二、大力實施積極的就業(yè)政策
II. Implementation of Proactive Policies on Employment
近年來，新疆更加注重制定實施有利于擴大就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，及時健全完善各項促進就業(yè)政策，努力實現(xiàn)勞動者穩(wěn)定就業(yè)、持續(xù)就業(yè)、長期就業(yè)。
In recent years, Xinjiang has formulated and put in place economic and social development strategies conducive to expanding employment, and has improved various policies to facilitate employment, with the goal of helping local people achieve stable, continuous, and long-term employment.
優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)擴充就業(yè)容量。緊緊抓住“一帶一路”建設(shè)機遇，完善多元化產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，既注重發(fā)展資本、技術(shù)和知識密集的先進制造業(yè)和新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，又大力發(fā)展紡織服裝、消費電子、鞋帽箱包等勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，以及電子商務、文化創(chuàng)意、全域旅游、健康養(yǎng)老等現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)，著力拓展就業(yè)空間，擴大就業(yè)規(guī)模。2012年成立的新疆準東經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)，立足優(yōu)勢資源轉(zhuǎn)換，大力發(fā)展新材料、新能源等六大產(chǎn)業(yè)，截至2019年底，已吸納8萬余人就業(yè)。2014年以來，國家大力支持新疆紡織業(yè)發(fā)展，僅2017年至2019年全疆紡織服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)新增就業(yè)35萬人?？κ驳貐^(qū)重點發(fā)展農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品加工、電子產(chǎn)品組裝等產(chǎn)業(yè)，積極引進和培育相關(guān)企業(yè)入駐園區(qū)并向鄉(xiāng)村生產(chǎn)車間延伸。截至2019年底，該地區(qū)有農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)210家，吸納就業(yè)1.67萬人，各類園區(qū)落戶工業(yè)企業(yè)1406家，吸納就業(yè)8.41萬人。阿克蘇地區(qū)加強產(chǎn)教融合，推動紡織服裝企業(yè)與職業(yè)院校聯(lián)合辦學，帶動3.24萬人就業(yè)。
Upgrading the industrial structure to increase employment. Xinjiang has seized the development opportunities brought by the Belt and Road Initiative to diversify its industrial structure, promoting capital-, technology- and knowledge-intensive advanced manufacturing industries and emerging industries, boosting labor-intensive industries such as textiles and garments, shoes and accessories, and consumer electronics, and encouraging modern service industries such as e-commerce, cultural and creative businesses, all-area-advancing tourism, health care, and elderly care, all with a view to expanding the capacity and scale of employment.
In 2012, Xinjiang Zhundong Economic and Technological Development Zone was established, utilizing competitive resources to develop six pillar industries, including new materials and new energy. By the end of 2019, the development zone was providing employment for more than 80,000 people. Since 2014, the state has given strong support to Xinjiang’s textiles industry, which created 350,000 new jobs from 2017 to 2019.
幫助重點群體實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。對農(nóng)村富余勞動力，重點實施就地就近就業(yè)政策，因地制宜建立鄉(xiāng)村“衛(wèi)星工廠”“扶貧車間”吸納就業(yè)，扶持農(nóng)村勞務合作組織帶動就業(yè)，推動產(chǎn)業(yè)（工業(yè)）園區(qū)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)，發(fā)展旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)促進就業(yè)。聚焦南疆地區(qū)22個深度貧困縣和兵團四個深度貧困團場，實施就業(yè)扶貧三年規(guī)劃，2018年至2020年6月，累計幫助22.1萬名建檔立卡貧困家庭勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)。在喀什、和田兩個地區(qū)，實施城鄉(xiāng)富余勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)三年規(guī)劃，2017年至2019年，累計幫助13.5萬人轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)。在全疆對就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭，實行實名動態(tài)管理和分類精準幫扶，做到“出現(xiàn)一戶，認定一戶，幫扶一戶，穩(wěn)定一戶”。2014年至2019年，累計幫助33.43萬名城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)困難人員實現(xiàn)就業(yè)，確保零就業(yè)家庭24小時動態(tài)清零。對高校畢業(yè)生，實施就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)促進計劃、基層成長計劃、“三支一扶”計劃、青年就業(yè)啟航計劃等，引導和鼓勵畢業(yè)生到基層就業(yè)、到企業(yè)就業(yè)和自主創(chuàng)業(yè)。2019年，新疆高校應屆畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達90.36%，返疆內(nèi)地高校新疆籍少數(shù)民族畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達95.08%，均創(chuàng)歷史新高。
Prioritizing the development of agro-product processing and electronics assembly, Kashgar Prefecture has attracted related enterprises to its industrial development zones (IDZs) and helped them expand their production to rural areas. By the end of 2019, the prefecture had 210 agro-product processing enterprises providing 16,700 jobs, and 1,406 industrial enterprises located in the various IDZs providing 84,100 jobs.
Aksu Prefecture has been integrating industry and vocational education, offering joint education programs by textile and garment enterprises and vocational schools, and has facilitated employment for 32,400 people.
Assisting key groups to obtain stable employment. Xinjiang has adopted a policy to encourage surplus rural labor to work in or near their hometowns, developing “satellite factories” and “poverty alleviation workshops” in light of local conditions to create jobs, supporting rural organizations for labor service cooperation to facilitate employment, promoting IDZs to stabilize employment, and developing tourism to boost employment.
Xinjiang has launched a three-year program to intensify its poverty alleviation efforts in 22 extremely poor counties in its south and 4 extremely poor regimental farms under the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. From 2018 to June 2020, the local government helped 221,000 people from registered poor households in southern Xinjiang to find work outside their hometowns. In Kashgar and Hotan prefectures, a three-year relocation assistance program from 2017 to 2019 for both urban and rural surplus labor helped 135,000 people to find jobs outside their hometowns.
Xinjiang has provided dynamic, categorized and targeted assistance to people having difficulty finding work and to zero-employment households in the entire autonomous region – having each and every one of them identified, registered, assisted, and ensured stable employment. From 2014 to 2019, Xinjiang provided jobs for 334,300 urban residents having difficulty finding work, and ensured that zero-employment households found jobs within 24 hours once they were identified.
For university graduates, Xinjiang has implemented a number of plans to facilitate employment and the creation of new businesses, to guide them to work and grow at primary-level organizations, to encourage them to take up primary-level posts in education, agriculture, health care, and poverty alleviation in rural areas, and to help long-term unemployed youth find jobs. In 2019, the employment rate of university graduates in Xinjiang reached 90.4 percent, and the employment rate of ethnic minorities who graduated from universities in other parts of China and returned to Xinjiang reached 95.1 percent, both figures representing record highs.
支持創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)。把創(chuàng)新作為擴大就業(yè)的新引擎，大力推進放管服改革，降低市場準入門檻，持續(xù)完善創(chuàng)業(yè)扶持政策，落實創(chuàng)業(yè)擔保貸款及貼息、自主創(chuàng)業(yè)補貼、稅費減免，支持有意愿、有條件的創(chuàng)業(yè)者創(chuàng)業(yè)。培育創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)載體，加強創(chuàng)業(yè)服務能力建設(shè)，加快發(fā)展市場化、專業(yè)化、集成化、網(wǎng)絡化的眾創(chuàng)空間，為創(chuàng)業(yè)者提供更多的創(chuàng)業(yè)平臺和均等化服務。目前，新疆已建設(shè)國家級創(chuàng)業(yè)孵化示范基地5個，自治區(qū)級（兵團級）創(chuàng)業(yè)孵化示范基地27個，累計孵化小微企業(yè)1412家，帶動就業(yè)10121人。培育支持吸納就業(yè)能力強的創(chuàng)新型創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)和帶頭人，鼓勵發(fā)展“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+創(chuàng)業(yè)”，切實發(fā)揮創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)的倍增效應。2019年，僅和田地區(qū)發(fā)放創(chuàng)業(yè)擔保貸款9.1億元，幫助高校畢業(yè)生、農(nóng)村勞動力、就業(yè)困難人員等1.25萬人創(chuàng)業(yè)。昌吉市蕭民等6名婦女在當?shù)厝松绮块T的扶持下，創(chuàng)辦了新疆巾幗眾心人力資源服務有限公司，逐步成長為集人力資源服務、勞務派遣、后勤托管、政策咨詢、信息化建設(shè)等多項業(yè)務為一體的勞務產(chǎn)業(yè)供應鏈龍頭企業(yè)，有各族員工4800多人，為全疆318家企事業(yè)單位提供勞務服務，累計安置失業(yè)人員、農(nóng)村富余勞動力3萬多人次，實現(xiàn)總產(chǎn)值1.56億元。
Encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship to generate employment. Xinjiang promotes innovation as a new engine for creating jobs, and advances reform to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation and upgrade services. To encourage people who are eager and eligible to start their own businesses, the local government eases market access, improves policies in support of business startups, and sees to it that guaranteed loans, interest subsidies, allowances and tax breaks for startups are implemented. Xinjiang fosters platforms for innovation and entrepreneurship, improves capacity building for startups, and develops makerspaces which are market-oriented, professional, integrated and networked, to provide young entrepreneurs with more platforms and equal access to services.
Currently, Xinjiang has 5 business incubation demonstration bases at national level and 27 at provincial and equivalent level, which have fostered 1,412 micro and small businesses and created more than 10,000 jobs. Xinjiang supports innovation-driven startups and entrepreneurs as capable job creators, and encourages Internet plus entrepreneurship to multiply employment opportunities.
In 2019, Hotan Prefecture alone issued RMB910 million guaranteed loans for business startups, which helped 12,500 people to start businesses, including university graduates, rural workers and people having difficulty finding work. Xiao Min and five other women from Changji City, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture founded a human resources service company. It has become a leader of the local labor supply chain, integrating human resource services, dispatch of labor, logistics outsourcing, policy consultancy, and IT application. It has more than 4,800 employees from various ethnic groups and serves 318 enterprises and public institutions across the whole of Xinjiang. It has provided jobs for more than 30,000 unemployed and surplus rural laborers, and has created a total value of RMB156 million.
開展技能培訓促進就業(yè)。根據(jù)勞動力市場需求，著眼提升勞動者就業(yè)能力、增強就業(yè)穩(wěn)定性，通過發(fā)展高等職業(yè)技術(shù)學院、中等專業(yè)技術(shù)學校、技工院校、就業(yè)培訓中心、企業(yè)職工培訓中心、職業(yè)技能教育培訓中心等職業(yè)教育和培訓機構(gòu)，積極開展基本勞動素質(zhì)培訓和訂單、定崗、定向就業(yè)技能培訓，構(gòu)建了比較完整的職業(yè)教育和培訓體系。以和田地區(qū)為例，2019年共有10.33萬農(nóng)牧民參加就業(yè)技能培訓，實現(xiàn)就業(yè)9.83萬人，就業(yè)率達95.16%。
Providing vocational training to facilitate employment. Based on the market demand for labor, Xinjiang focuses on improving employability of workers and promoting stable employment. It has developed a complete system of vocational education and training, including colleges for higher vocational and technical education, secondary technical schools, technical institutes, job placement training centers, employee training centers, and vocational education and training centers, with the goal of raising the basic quality of trainees and organizing training oriented to specific demands, jobs and employers. In 2019, Hotan Prefecture alone provided vocational training for 103,300 farmers and herders, of whom 98,300 found work, with an employment rate of over 95 percent.
發(fā)揮制度優(yōu)勢拓寬就業(yè)渠道。新疆充分發(fā)揮中華民族大家庭各民族平等互助、共同發(fā)展進步的制度優(yōu)勢，利用國家對口援疆機制，統(tǒng)籌疆內(nèi)疆外就業(yè)崗位，為各族群眾到內(nèi)地?。ㄊ校┚蜆I(yè)積極創(chuàng)造條件。2014年以來，已有11.7萬人轉(zhuǎn)移至收入更高的內(nèi)地?。ㄊ校┚蜆I(yè)。新疆按照“按需培訓、先培訓后輸出”的原則，開展以國家通用語言文字、法律知識、城市生活常識、勞動技能等為主要內(nèi)容的就業(yè)培訓。轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)人員到達就業(yè)所在地后，由企業(yè)安排住宿，提供被褥、洗漱品等日常生活用品，保障務工人員的住宿條件。部分?。ㄊ校┢髽I(yè)還為務工人員提供公租房、廉租房、夫妻房。新疆及時為轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)人員辦理異地就業(yè)備案手續(xù)，解決轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)人員在當?shù)乜床【歪t(yī)問題。內(nèi)地省（市）及企業(yè)及時幫助轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)人員解決子女入托、上學等問題，推動務工人員與當?shù)厝罕姽彩鹿矊W共享共樂。
Leveraging institutional strengths to expand employment channels. China has institutional strengths that promote equality and mutual assistance among all ethnic groups towards common development and progress. It has also formed a mechanism in which better-developed provinces pair up with and provide assistance for various parts of Xinjiang. Fully leveraging these strengths and this mechanism, Xinjiang coordinates jobs in and outside the autonomous region, to create favorable conditions for its local residents to work in other parts of China.
Since 2014, 117,000 people in Xinjiang have achieved employment with higher income in other parts of the country. Following the principle of “providing training according to market demand and before dispatching workers”, Xinjiang has organized employment-oriented training on standard spoken and written Chinese, relevant legal knowledge, general knowhow of urban life, and labor skills. Recipients of relocation assistance are provided by their employers with daily necessities and proper accommodation. In some provinces, enterprises provide them with public rental housing, low-rent housing, or housing for couples. Xinjiang provides timely registration and certification services for those who find employment through relocation assistance, to facilitate their medical care in their host provinces. Employers and host provinces help guarantee their children’s access to kindergartens and schools, and help them integrate into local life and share local resources.
克服疫情困難穩(wěn)就業(yè)保民生。針對新冠肺炎疫情帶來的不利影響，新疆統(tǒng)籌推進疫情防控和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，扎實做好穩(wěn)就業(yè)、穩(wěn)金融、穩(wěn)外貿(mào)、穩(wěn)外資、穩(wěn)投資、穩(wěn)預期工作，全面落實保居民就業(yè)、?；久裆?、保市場主體、保糧食能源安全、保產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應鏈穩(wěn)定、保基層運轉(zhuǎn)任務，實行減負、穩(wěn)崗、擴就業(yè)等多項措施，實施階段性、有針對性的減稅降費政策，積極推動企業(yè)復工達產(chǎn)，有效推進復商復市，著力提升投資和產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)能力。截至2020年6月底，全疆共減免企業(yè)養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)、工傷三項社會保險費75.53億元，大型企業(yè)減半征收18.95億元，中小微企業(yè)全免56.58億元。核準緩繳困難企業(yè)社會保險費7.06億元，惠及1237家企業(yè)。為8.31萬戶企業(yè)返還失業(yè)保險費9.04億元，惠及職工183.61萬人。55.24萬人享受各項就業(yè)補貼16.95億元。實現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)33.97萬人，新增創(chuàng)業(yè)4.18萬人、帶動就業(yè)6.95萬人，就業(yè)困難人員實現(xiàn)就業(yè)3.16萬人。農(nóng)村富余勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)256.5萬人次，同比增長46.1%。通過多措并舉，新疆在常態(tài)化疫情防控條件下，取得了擴大就業(yè)、保障民生的重要階段性成果。
Securing employment and public wellbeing in the face of Covid-19. In response to the impact of Covid-19, Xinjiang has coordinated epidemic prevention and control with social and economic development. It has worked hard to stabilize employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations, and has put in place measures to guarantee jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government. The local government has taken multiple measures to alleviate economic difficulties and stabilize and boost employment, and adopted policies offering periodical and targeted cuts in taxes and other employer contributions, aiming to facilitate the resumption of production and business activities, and increase employment generated by investment and industries.
Through all these measures, Xinjiang has achieved significant progress in increasing employment and ensuring public wellbeing while implementing Covid-19 control on an ongoing basis. This can be exemplified by the following statistics as of the end of June 2020:
– cuts of some RMB7.6 billion to old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, and work-related injury compensation insurance paid by enterprises, which represents a 50 percent reduction of RMB1.9 billion for large enterprises, and a complete exemption of RMB5.7 billion for micro, small and medium enterprises.
– approval to 1,237 enterprises in difficulties to postpone the payment of their social insurance premiums, totaling RMB706 million.
– reimbursement of unemployment insurance premiums of RMB904 million to 83,100 enterprises, benefiting 1.8 million employees.
– provision of various employment subsidies totaling about RMB1.7 billion to 552,400 people.
– creation of 339,700 new jobs in cities and towns, 41,800 new businesses hiring 69,500 employees, and jobs for 31,600 people with difficulty finding work.
– placement of 2.6 million surplus rural workers through relocation, a year-on-year increase of 46.1 percent.
三、充分尊重勞動者的就業(yè)意愿
III. Full Respect for Workers’ Job Preferences
新疆始終把尊重勞動者意愿作為制定就業(yè)政策、拓寬就業(yè)渠道、開發(fā)就業(yè)崗位、開展就業(yè)培訓、提供就業(yè)服務的重要依據(jù)，確保廣大勞動者能夠自主自愿、心情舒暢地生產(chǎn)生活。
Workers’ job preferences have always served as an important reference for the local government of Xinjiang in designing its employment policies, expanding employment channels, creating jobs, organizing vocational training sessions, and providing placement services. This ensures that the people can make their own choices about work and enjoy a happy life.
全面了解勞動力資源狀況。持續(xù)完善就業(yè)失業(yè)統(tǒng)計指標體系，實施農(nóng)村勞動力資源定點監(jiān)測、企業(yè)用工監(jiān)測和人力資源市場供求情況監(jiān)測，建立失業(yè)監(jiān)測預警機制，依托鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）勞動保障事務所、村（社區(qū)）勞動保障工作站，對轄區(qū)內(nèi)勞動力數(shù)量、年齡、性別、文化程度、就業(yè)狀況等基本信息進行摸底，根據(jù)監(jiān)測和調(diào)查結(jié)果制定就業(yè)政策和規(guī)劃。調(diào)查顯示，截至2019年底，全疆有農(nóng)村富余勞動力259.03萬人，其中，南疆地區(qū)165.41萬人，占比63.86%。
Forming a comprehensive picture of the local labor resources. The local government has constantly improved the statistical indicators for measuring employment and unemployment. It has put in place systems for monitoring labor resources in rural areas, employment in enterprises, and supply and demand on the human resource market, and has set up an unemployment monitoring and alert mechanism accordingly. Based on the labor offices at township/sub-district and village/community levels, local authorities have established basic information on the number, age, gender, education level, and employment status of the workforce in their respective jurisdiction. The monitoring and survey results serve as reference for formulating employment policies and plans. Surveys show that by the end of 2019, Xinjiang had a surplus rural workforce of 2.59 million people, among whom 1.65 million were in southern Xinjiang, accounting for almost two-thirds of the total.
及時掌握勞動者就業(yè)意愿和需求。定期開展勞動者就業(yè)意愿調(diào)查，及時掌握勞動者在就業(yè)地點、就業(yè)崗位、薪酬待遇、工作條件、生活環(huán)境、發(fā)展前景等方面的需求，以便提供更有針對性的服務，努力達到人崗精準匹配，促進長期穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。據(jù)調(diào)查，2020年初，喀什地區(qū)莎車縣古勒巴格鎮(zhèn)奧依巴格村共有3540人，其中，有勞動能力的1509人中，1288人有轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)意愿，占比85%。這些人員中，有923人愿到工廠車間工作，平均期望月薪5000元左右；365人愿到外地從事打馕、餐飲、干果經(jīng)營、文藝演出等職業(yè)。2019年，和田地區(qū)和田縣巴格其鎮(zhèn)的3個村共有人口5307人，其中，有勞動能力的1699人中，1493人有轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)意愿，占比88%；有180人愿留在當?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)，希望到鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)或村辦工廠、扶貧合作社工作，平均期望月薪3000元左右；另有26人希望在當?shù)貏?chuàng)業(yè)，經(jīng)營物流運輸、物業(yè)家政、建筑工程、美發(fā)、餐飲、商超等。通過掌握就業(yè)意愿，滿足個性化需求，有效促進了勞動力有序流動，提升了就業(yè)穩(wěn)定性和滿意度。
Keeping track of the job preferences and needs of workers. The local government conducts regular surveys of the job preferences of workers, to keep track of their expectations in terms of location, position, salary, future prospects, and working and living environment. This allows the provision of more targeted services, aiming for the best possible match between employees and positions and promoting long-term stable employment. According to a survey in early 2020, with a population of 3,540, the Aybagh Village in Gulbagh Town, Shache (Yarkant) County, Kashgar Prefecture, had a workforce of 1,509 people, of whom 1,288, or 85 percent, were interested in working outside their county. Among these people, 923 wished to do factory work in the expectation of an average salary of about RMB5,000; 365 preferred to make a living by making naan bread, engage in catering or the dried fruit business, or pursue a career in the performing arts.
In 2019, a survey in three villages of Baghchi Town, Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture counted a total population of 5,307, with 1,699 people capable of work, of whom, 1,493, or 88 percent, were keen to work outside their home villages. Of the remainder, 180 preferred to work locally in township enterprises, village factories, or poverty-relief cooperatives offering an average monthly salary of RMB3,000; the other 26 wished to start businesses locally, engaging in transport and logistics, property management and household services, construction, hairdressing, catering or retail stores. These indicators give the government a clearer understanding of the job preferences of workers so it can better satisfy their individual needs, effectively promote the orderly flow of the workforce, and improve employment stability and job satisfaction.
積極搭建就業(yè)信息平臺。廣泛聯(lián)系用人單位，收集整理崗位供求信息，依托信息化技術(shù)手段，通過人力資源市場、公共就業(yè)服務機構(gòu)、公共就業(yè)服務網(wǎng)絡平臺、廣播、電視、村社區(qū)宣傳欄等渠道及時公開發(fā)布，為勞動者自愿就業(yè)、自由擇業(yè)提供信息服務。例如，阿克蘇地區(qū)以公共就業(yè)服務門戶網(wǎng)站、微信公眾號等為載體，集中發(fā)布崗位信息和求職信息，為用人單位和勞動者搭建雙向選擇平臺。2014年以來，全地區(qū)組織各類招聘會621場次，吸引4953家企業(yè)參與，提供就業(yè)崗位14.5萬余個，實現(xiàn)3.86萬人就業(yè)。阿克蘇市阿依庫勒鎮(zhèn)貧困戶艾比布拉·馬木提，通過招聘會了解到杭州一家電器企業(yè)的用工信息，主動應聘，錄用后當年收入5.5萬元，實現(xiàn)了脫貧。
Building employment information platforms. The local government has built an extensive contact network with employers to collect and collate job information, which is released timely with the help of information technology through the human resource market, public placement agencies, online service platforms, radio, TV, village and community bulletin boards, enabling people to look for the jobs that suit them best.
For example, the Aksu Prefecture has released job and candidate information on its public placement service portal and its WeChat account, to build two-way selection platforms for employers and employees. Since 2014, it has organized 621 job fairs, attracting 4,953 companies, providing over 145,000 job opportunities, and helping 38,600 people to find work. A poor villager named Habibulla Mamut from Aykol Town of Aksu City applied for a position with an electrical appliance company in Hangzhou at a local job fair, was offered the post, and earned RMB55,000 that year, raising himself and his family out of poverty.
不斷強化公共就業(yè)服務。面向供求雙方，建立覆蓋全疆、層級清晰、功能互補、上下聯(lián)動的五級公共就業(yè)服務體系，不斷拓展政策咨詢、就業(yè)失業(yè)登記、職業(yè)指導和職業(yè)介紹、技能培訓、創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓等基本公共就業(yè)服務內(nèi)容。截至2019年底，全疆縣級以上人力資源市場144家，團場勞動保障經(jīng)辦機構(gòu)149個，基層勞動保障站所8668個，當年累計提供各類就業(yè)服務2172.84萬余人次。
Bolstering public employment services. The local government has built a well-defined, dynamic, five-tiered public employment service system for employers and employees, which is well-coordinated at all levels and covers every part of Xinjiang. It has also expanded its services in areas such as policy advice, employment and unemployment registration, career guidance and recommendation, and skills and business startup training. By the end of 2019, there were 144 human resource markets at the county level or above, 149 job placement agencies on the farms of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and 8,668 primary-level labor offices across Xinjiang, providing employment services to more than 21.73 million people that year.
堅決防范打擊強迫勞動行為。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國勞動法》《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》《中華人民共和國治安管理處罰法》有關(guān)規(guī)定，嚴厲禁止以暴力、威脅或者非法限制人身自由的手段強迫勞動，以及侮辱、體罰、毆打、非法搜查和拘禁勞動者等行為，對違法行為，依法予以行政處罰；構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。新疆嚴格遵守國家有關(guān)法律法規(guī)，大力推進法治宣傳教育，不斷增強用人單位和勞動者的法治意識，深入開展常態(tài)化勞動執(zhí)法檢查，切實把勞動關(guān)系的建立、運行、監(jiān)督、調(diào)處的全過程納入法治化軌道，堅決防范和打擊一切強迫勞動行為。
Preventing and punishing any incidents of forced labor. China’s Criminal Law, Labor Law, Labor Contract Law, and Public Security Administrative Punishment Law all stipulate that the following actions are strictly forbidden and will lead to administrative punishments: forcing a person to work by means of violence, threat, or illegal limitation of personal freedom; or affronting, physically punishing, beating, illegally searching or detaining an employee. Should it be established that a crime has taken place, the perpetrator will be subjected to a criminal investigation. Xinjiang strictly observes the relevant laws and regulations of the state, providing information on the law through education campaigns, strengthening the legal awareness of employers and employees, and conducting routine inspections to ensure that labor laws are enforced. The goal is to bring the establishment, management, supervision and arbitration of labor relations under legal scrutiny, and take resolute action to prevent or punish any incidents of forced labor.
四、依法保障勞動者的基本權(quán)利
IV. Labor Rights Protection
尊重公民的勞動權(quán)利，維護勞動者合法權(quán)益，實現(xiàn)體面勞動，是中國政府一貫堅持的理念和目標。新疆嚴格遵循《中華人民共和國憲法》《中華人民共和國勞動法》《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法》《中華人民共和國社會保險法》《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》《中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法》等法律法規(guī)精神，結(jié)合本地區(qū)實際，制定實施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈勞動保障監(jiān)察條例〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)職工勞動權(quán)益保障條例》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法〉辦法》等地方性法規(guī)規(guī)章，為公民平等享有勞動就業(yè)權(quán)利提供了堅實法治保障。
The Chinese government is committed to respecting citizens’ right to work, safeguarding their legitimate labor rights and interests, and ensuring them a decent job. Strictly following the above principles as embodied in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and relevant national laws, including the Labor Law, Labor Contract Law, Employment Promotion Law, Social Insurance Law, Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests, and Law on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities, Xinjiang has formulated and implemented a series of autonomous regional regulations based on local conditions, including measures for implementing the national Employment Promotion Law, Regulations on Labor and Social Security Supervision, Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests, and Law on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities, as well as the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Labor Rights and Interests. These laws and regulations provide a solid legal guarantee for citizens in Xinjiang to enjoy equal rights to work.
切實保障勞動者平等就業(yè)權(quán)利。遵照平等保護公民權(quán)利的法治原則，確保勞動者不因民族、地域、性別、宗教信仰不同而受歧視，也不因城鄉(xiāng)、行業(yè)、身份等而受限制。在保障婦女平等就業(yè)權(quán)利方面，新疆努力消除阻礙婦女平等就業(yè)的壁壘，制定實施扶持婦女自主創(chuàng)業(yè)政策。2019年，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)48.09萬人，其中，婦女22.81萬人，占比47.43%。在保障殘疾人勞動權(quán)利方面，不斷加大職業(yè)技能培訓力度，大力發(fā)展集中就業(yè)、輔助性就業(yè)、公益性崗位就業(yè)，積極推動殘疾人按比例就業(yè)，鼓勵支持殘疾人通過個體就業(yè)、自主創(chuàng)業(yè)、靈活就業(yè)等多種形式就業(yè)。截至2019年底，全疆殘疾人就業(yè)18.37萬人，占就業(yè)年齡段有勞動能力殘疾人總數(shù)的59.37%。
Guaranteeing workers’ equal right to employment. In accordance with the principle of equal protection of civil rights, Xinjiang ensures that there is no discrimination against workers on the basis of ethnicity, region, gender, and religious belief, and that no individuals’ rights are restricted because of their urban or rural status, profession or position. In ensuring women’s rights, Xinjiang strives to remove barriers to employment and formulates policies to support women in starting their own businesses. In 2019, 480,900 new jobs were created in cities and towns; 228,100 of these were for women, accounting for 47 percent of the total. To protect the labor rights of persons with disabilities, Xinjiang puts in more efforts on their vocational training, promotes their employment at public welfare enterprises and institutions, offers them flexible and less demanding jobs and public service positions, and advances their proportional employment. It also supports them in finding work through self-employment, starting new businesses or other flexible ways of employment. By the end of 2019, 183,700 of them were employed – almost 60 percent of the total workforce of persons with disabilities in Xinjiang.
切實保障勞動者獲得報酬權(quán)利。全面落實國家關(guān)于建立企業(yè)職工工資正常增長機制的政策要求，完善企業(yè)工資指導線制度和勞動力市場工資指導價位制度。2014年至2019年，新疆每年制訂并發(fā)布企業(yè)工資指導線。建立健全最低工資標準調(diào)整機制，最低工資標準由2013年的1520元/月，提高至2018年的1820元/月，增長19.74%，在全國處于較高水平。出臺《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)企業(yè)工資集體協(xié)商條例》等地方性法規(guī)，積極穩(wěn)妥推進工資集體協(xié)商，并不斷擴大覆蓋面。健全工資支付保障制度，依法懲處拒不支付勞動報酬等違法犯罪行為，保障勞動者按時足額獲得工資報酬。
Guaranteeing workers’ right to remuneration. Xinjiang fully applies the country’s policy requirements on establishing a dynamic salary growth mechanism for enterprise employees, and improves the salary guidance systems for enterprises and for the labor market respectively. Each year from 2014 to 2019, it released a salary growth guideline for enterprises. It established and improved the minimum salary adjustment mechanism, raising the minimum salary by almost 20 percent from RMB1,520 per month in 2013 to RMB1,820 per month in 2018, which was at a high level in the country. Xinjiang has issued the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Collective Salary Negotiation of Enterprises and other regulations to promote and steadily expand the coverage of collective salary negotiation. The local government has also improved the system for guaranteeing salary payments. It punishes illegal and criminal acts of withholding labor remuneration, and thus ensures that workers receive their salaries in full and on time.
切實保障勞動者休息休假權(quán)和職業(yè)安全權(quán)。嚴格貫徹落實國家有關(guān)規(guī)定，實行勞動者每日工作8小時、每周工作40小時的工時制度。用人單位因生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營需要延長工作時間，必須依法與工會和勞動者協(xié)商，并安排補休或支付相應報酬。保障勞動者依法享有春節(jié)、肉孜節(jié)、古爾邦節(jié)等法定節(jié)假日和休息日的休息權(quán)利。嚴格執(zhí)行國家職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生規(guī)程和標準，健全安全生產(chǎn)和職業(yè)病防治責任體系，不斷強化安全生產(chǎn)、職業(yè)病預防主體責任，開展勞動安全和職業(yè)健康執(zhí)法檢查，最大限度預防和減少各類生產(chǎn)安全事故發(fā)生，從根本上控制和消除職業(yè)病危害因素。
Guaranteeing workers’ right to rest and leisure and to occupational safety. Xinjiang strictly applies relevant state regulations and adopts the system of the eight-hour workday and 40-hour workweek. If an employer wishes to extend working hours for operational reasons, it must consult with the trade union and the employees in accordance with the law, and arrange for compensation in the form of additional time off or remuneration. Workers are guaranteed the right to time off on weekends and statutory holidays including the Spring Festival, Roza Festival (Eid al-Fitr) and Corban Festival (Eid al-Adha). Xinjiang also strictly applies the national occupational safety and health regulations and standards, consistently improves the responsibility system for workplace safety and occupational disease prevention, and carries out inspections over occupational health law enforcement. As a result, the autonomous region has succeeded in preventing or reducing to a minimum all kinds of workplace safety incidents, and established fundamental control over or eliminated occupational disease hazards.
切實保障勞動者參加社會保險的權(quán)利。全面實施全民參保計劃，積極推動和引導中小微企業(yè)職工和進城務工人員、靈活就業(yè)人員、新業(yè)態(tài)就業(yè)人員等重點群體參加社會保險，努力實現(xiàn)應保盡保。截至2019年底，新疆基本養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)、工傷三項社會保險參保2213.33萬人次。同時，各級勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)持續(xù)加大執(zhí)法力度，及時受理對違反勞動保障法律、法規(guī)、規(guī)章行為的舉報、投訴，依法糾正和查處用人單位不參加社會保險、不繳納社會保險費等違法行為，切實維護廣大勞動者合法權(quán)益。
Guaranteeing workers’ right to participate in social insurance. Xinjiang has fully implemented the national plan to ensure that everyone has access to social security and all those in need are covered. Workers in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and key groups including migrant workers, the self-employed, and people engaged in new forms of business are encouraged to participate in social insurance. By the end of 2019, more than 22 million people were participating in basic pension, unemployment, and work-related injury insurance. Labor and social security supervision bodies at all levels continue to step up law enforcement, address reports and complaints about violations of relevant laws, regulations, and rules in a timely manner, and investigate and correct in accordance with the law illegal acts where employers fail to register for or contribute to social insurance, resolutely safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers.
切實保障勞動者宗教信仰自由和使用本民族語言文字等權(quán)利。嚴格執(zhí)行《中華人民共和國憲法》《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》《宗教事務條例》等法律法規(guī)。充分尊重和保障各族勞動者宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，任何組織和個人不得干涉。在依法推廣國家通用語言文字的同時，充分尊重和保障少數(shù)民族勞動者使用本民族語言文字的權(quán)利，勞動者可以自主選擇使用何種語言文字進行交流。充分尊重各族勞動者風俗習慣，創(chuàng)造良好的工作和生活環(huán)境?？俗卫仗K柯爾克孜自治州烏恰縣的托克哈利·吐爾汗巴依是有清真飲食習慣的新疆籍少數(shù)民族，也是一位信教群眾，現(xiàn)在廣東一家制鞋廠工作。他曾擔心飲食不習慣、沒地方做禮拜，但工作后發(fā)現(xiàn)，工廠的生活環(huán)境很舒適、清真餐飲很可口，休息時間逛街購物，與家人視頻聊天，還可以到附近清真寺參加宗教活動，于是很快適應了新環(huán)境。
Guaranteeing workers’ freedom of religious belief and the right to use their own spoken and written languages. Xinjiang strictly applies the Constitution and relevant national laws and regulations, including the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, and the Regulations on Religious Affairs. The local government fully respects and guarantees the right of workers of all ethnic groups to freedom of religious belief, and ensures that no organization or individual interferes with this freedom. While promoting standard spoken and written Chinese in accordance with the law, Xinjiang fully respects and protects the rights of ethnic minority workers to use their own spoken and written languages, and ensures that workers can choose which languages to use for communication. The customs of workers of all ethnic groups are fully respected and guaranteed and efforts are made to create a good working and living environment for them. Tokhali Turhanbay from Wuqia (Ulughchat) County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, now works in a shoe factory in Guangdong Province. He belongs to an ethnic minority and is a religious believer who follows halal diet. Before going to work at the factory, he was concerned that he would have difficulty maintaining his eating practices, and that there would be no place to worship. But when he arrived, he found that the living environment in the factory was comfortable, and the halal food was excellent. He also found that it was convenient to go shopping and video chat with his family during his spare time, and he was able to attend religious activities at a nearby mosque. Therefore, he quickly adapted to the new environment.
切實加強勞動者權(quán)益保障和救濟機制。全面推行勞動合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動者權(quán)利義務。健全政府、工會和企業(yè)組織代表協(xié)商勞動關(guān)系三方機制，研究解決勞動關(guān)系領(lǐng)域重大問題，積極構(gòu)建和諧勞動關(guān)系。注重發(fā)揮工會在維護職工合法權(quán)益方面的作用。切實加強勞動保障監(jiān)察和勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁，及時妥善處理勞動爭議。對違反勞動保障法律法規(guī)的突出問題進行集中整治，對重大違法案件進行專項督辦，有效保障勞動者在職業(yè)介紹、勞動合同、工作時間、休息休假、工資支付、社會保險、特殊勞動保護等方面的合法權(quán)益。
Protecting workers’ rights and interests and strengthening the relief mechanism. Xinjiang fully implements the labor contract system, which clarifies the rights and obligations of employers and workers. The autonomous region keeps improving the tripartite mechanism of consultation among representatives of the government, trade unions, and business organizations, investigates and solves major problems involving labor relations, and seeks to build harmony in the workplace. Xinjiang also encourages trade unions to play an active role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers. It reinforces labor and social security supervision as well as mediation and arbitration of labor disputes, and handles labor disputes in a timely and appropriate manner. It has taken targeted actions to rectify major violations of labor laws and regulations, and carried out special supervision over the handling of major cases. As a result, it is able to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers concerning job intermediation, labor contracts, working hours, time off and leave, salary payment, social insurance, and special labor protection.
五、勞動就業(yè)創(chuàng)造美好生活
V. Better Jobs for Better Lives
隨著一系列就業(yè)惠民政策措施的深入實施，“家家有門路、人人有事干、月月有收入”的工作目標基本實現(xiàn)。新疆特別是南疆地區(qū)各族群眾的生產(chǎn)生活、精神面貌發(fā)生了深刻變化，老百姓的“錢袋子”越來越鼓，日子越來越紅火，心情越來越舒暢，笑容越來越燦爛。
With the implementation of a series of employment policies and measures, the goal that “each household has access to job opportunities, each person has work to do, and each month goes with an income” has been largely achieved. Profound changes have taken place in the life, work and mentality of the people of all the ethnic groups in Xinjiang and particularly in southern Xinjiang – their pockets are better filled, their lives are better, and they are happier.
家庭收入大幅增加。無論是在疆內(nèi)還是在外?。ㄊ校┚蜆I(yè)，各族勞動者都獲得了穩(wěn)定的勞動報酬。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，在外省（市）轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)的新疆籍勞動者人均年收入約4萬元，與就業(yè)所在地城鎮(zhèn)常住居民人均可支配收入基本相當。在疆內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)的勞動者人均年收入約3萬元，遠高于在家務農(nóng)收入。例如，和田地區(qū)洛浦縣恰爾巴格鄉(xiāng)的阿拉帕提·艾合麥提江，在家務農(nóng)時全家年收入不足1萬元，2017年到江西省南昌市一家電器企業(yè)務工，不到3年時間收入16萬余元。喀什地區(qū)葉城縣烏夏巴什鎮(zhèn)的買買提依明·吐拉麥提，在家務農(nóng)時年收入只有幾千元，到昌吉州一家企業(yè)就業(yè)后，月收入4000元以上，生活大為改善，蓋了新房，娶了新娘。阿克蘇地區(qū)阿瓦提縣烏魯卻勒鎮(zhèn)的阿米娜·熱合曼夫婦，屬建檔立卡貧困戶，2018年3月看到鄉(xiāng)勞動保障事務所發(fā)布的招聘信息后，主動應聘，被江西省九江市一家公司錄用，兩人月收入約9000元，目前不僅還清了貸款，還有了9萬多元存款。
A marked increase in family incomes. People working either within or outside of Xinjiang all have stable incomes. The annual per capita income of workers from Xinjiang who are working in other provinces is about RMB40,000, roughly equal to the per capita disposable income of permanent urban residents in the places where they work. The local people who left their home to work elsewhere in Xinjiang have an annual per capita income of RMB30,000, much higher than earnings from farming. For example, a villager named Arapat Ahmatjan from Charbagh Township, Lop County, Hotan Prefecture earned less than RMB10,000 per year as a farmer; but when he found work in an electric appliance company in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province in 2017, he earned more than RMB160,000 in less than three years.
Likewise, another villager named Mamtimin Turamat from Ushsharbash Town, Yecheng (Qaghilik) County, Kashgar Prefecture earned only a few thousand yuan annually as a farmer, but his monthly income rose to more than RMB4,000 after he began to work for a company in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. His life was much better – he built a new house and got married.
Amina Rahman and her husband from a registered poor household in Ghoruchol Town, Awat County, Aksu Prefecture, applied for jobs after seeing the information released by the township’s labor and social security office in March 2018, and were then both hired by a company in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. They now have a monthly income of about RMB9,000, paying off their loans and saving over RMB90,000 yuan.
生活水平明顯改善。通過辛勤勞動，各族群眾從吃飽到吃好，從穿暖到穿美，從毛驢車代步到現(xiàn)代交通工具出行，折射出生活今非昔比的變化?？俗卫仗K柯爾克孜自治州阿克陶縣玉麥鄉(xiāng)貧困戶熱汗古麗·依米爾到浙江省慈溪市務工后，4年時間給家里匯款十幾萬元，在老家蓋了新房，買了新家具，家庭面貌煥然一新。和田市玉龍喀什鎮(zhèn)的玉山·艾山，之前以打零工為生，生活拮據(jù)，經(jīng)同鄉(xiāng)介紹，2018年7月到烏魯木齊市一家肉類加工企業(yè)工作，從雜工干起，經(jīng)過勤學苦練，很快掌握了工作技能，在他的帶動下，妻子來到烏魯木齊市一家服裝店打工，也有了穩(wěn)定的收入，2020年在烏魯木齊市購置了新房。
Notable improvement in living standards. From having their basic needs met to enjoying decent lives, and from traveling by a donkey cart to traveling in modern vehicles, the people in Xinjiang have witnessed tremendous changes in their lives.
A villager called Reyhangul Imir from a poor household in Ojma Township, Akto County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture sent back more than RMB100,000 to her family in the four years she spent working in Cixi City, Zhejiang Province. With the money, her family upgraded their lives by building a new house equipped with new furniture in her hometown.
Yusan Hasan from Yurungqash Town, Hotan City used to make a living by taking odd jobs, and struggled to make ends meet. In July 2018, thanks to helpful acquaintances, he found a job at a meat-packing plant in Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang. Starting as a handyman, his hard work paid off and he soon picked up new skills. He then persuaded his wife to join him, and she found a stable job in a clothing store in Urumqi. They soon settled in the city, buying an apartment in 2020.
就業(yè)能力顯著增強。通過各種形式的就業(yè)培訓，各族群眾勞動技能普遍提高，很多人成長為企業(yè)的崗位能手、技術(shù)骨干，一些人成為管理人員，一些人自主創(chuàng)業(yè)當了老板。和田地區(qū)于田縣斯也克鄉(xiāng)的阿米娜·吾布力，到烏魯木齊市一家能源企業(yè)工作后，經(jīng)過多個崗位鍛煉，3年時間成為業(yè)務骨干，被企業(yè)評為“優(yōu)秀員工”。和田地區(qū)皮山縣的阿爾祖古麗·伊斯坎代爾，在安徽省巢湖市一家紡織企業(yè)工作，在老員工手把手幫帶下，成長為企業(yè)的技術(shù)能手，當上了師傅。阿克蘇地區(qū)庫車市的阿迪萊·阿不來提，2018年從北京服裝學院畢業(yè)后返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)，在政府幫扶下開辦了一家服裝公司，2019年實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)值200多萬元，帶動了40多名婦女就業(yè)。阿勒泰市的吉別克·努爾蘭汗，是一名殘疾人，大學畢業(yè)后回到家鄉(xiāng)，當?shù)厝松绮块T安排她參加了創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓班，并幫助她籌集10萬元資金，注冊了阿克依額克百貨商店，主營哈薩克刺繡手工藝品，實現(xiàn)月收入6000多元。
Enhanced employability. Through various pre-employment training programs, the local people have greatly improved their employment skills; many have grown into master hands and technical experts, and some have become managers and even started up their own businesses.
After three years of rotating in various positions, Amina Obul from Siyak Township, Yutian (Keriya) County, Hotan Prefecture has become one of the best employees of an energy company. Arzugul Iskandar from Pishan (Guma) County, Hotan Prefecture works at a textile company in Chaohu City, Anhui Province. She has become a technical expert and a master for young workers with the help of senior colleagues.
After graduating from Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Adila Ablat from Kucha City, Aksu Prefecture started a garment company in 2018 in his hometown with the help of the local government. In 2019 his company achieved an output value of over RMB2 million, and created jobs for over 40 women.
A college graduate with disabilities, Jibek Nurlanhan from Altay City, Altay Prefecture, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture returned to her hometown after graduation. The local human resources and social security department arranged for her to take a startup training class, and helped her to raise RMB100,000 to create a store selling Kazak embroidery handicrafts. She now has a monthly income of over RMB6,000.
思想觀念不斷轉(zhuǎn)變。過去，一些群眾不重視學習科學文化知識，重男輕女思想嚴重，就業(yè)觀念落后，習慣于等靠要；如今，“美好生活靠勞動創(chuàng)造”“幸福是奮斗出來的”理念深入人心，各族群眾勞動意識、創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望、奮斗精神明顯增強。例如，喀什地區(qū)麥蓋提縣在舉辦就業(yè)崗位推介會時，很多群眾爭先恐后咨詢崗位信息，積極主動報名應聘，場面十分火爆。一些群眾看到同村的人外出務工回來，實實在在賺到了錢，人也變得時尚了，紛紛表示也想出去看一看、闖一闖，改變自己并讓家人過上好日子。阿克蘇地區(qū)拜城縣康其鄉(xiāng)的阿不力米提·克尤木，往返于新疆和其他省（市）經(jīng)商，他常說：“我不會滿足于現(xiàn)狀，我要更加努力工作、學習，過上美好的現(xiàn)代生活?！焙吞锸型律忱l(xiāng)的柔孜妮薩·伊敏，2019年3月報名前往福建省晉江市工作，她用賺來的錢幫助家里發(fā)展特色養(yǎng)殖。在她的激勵下，剛從職業(yè)高中畢業(yè)的弟弟也打算到福建就業(yè)，夢想闖出一片天地。
A change in mindset. In the past, some local people undervalued education, and valued men over women. With outdated employment ideas, some used to rely on government aid and relief for a living. But today, the belief that “only hard work can bring a better life” is widespread, and all ethnic groups here are eager to rely on their own efforts to improve their lives – full of drive, and ready to start up their own businesses. For example, at a job fair held in Makit County, Kashgar Prefecture, many candidates hurried around gathering information on available opportunities and applying for positions. It was an inspiring scene. Some villagers were motivated to find opportunities outside their villages and give their families a better life after seeing their peers had made some money and were looking more prosperous.
Ablimit Keyum from Kanchi Township, Baicheng (Bay) County, Aksu Prefecture, who is doing business in Xinjiang and other provinces, said, “I’m not satisfied with the status quo, and I want to study and work harder to make my life better.”
Rozinisa Imin from Tusalla Township, Hotan City signed up for work in Jinjiang City, Fujian Province in March 2019. The money she earned helped to support her family’s animal farming. Her brother, who has just graduated from vocational high school, sees her as his inspiration. He plans to seek work in Fujian as well, and dreams of a bright future.
人生理想得以實現(xiàn)。許多人經(jīng)過自主選擇，找到了適合自己的工作。他們從農(nóng)村到城市，從田間地頭到生產(chǎn)車間，由農(nóng)民變?yōu)楣と?，不僅學到了技能，提高了收入，實現(xiàn)了脫貧致富，更重要的是開闊了視野，增長了知識才干，實現(xiàn)了人生價值。絕大多數(shù)人對當前的工作生活狀況表示滿意，對未來充滿希望。和田地區(qū)和田縣的買買提托合提·依明托合提一直渴望有一家自己的餐廳，2017年到烏魯木齊市一家餐廳當學徒，很快掌握了中式面點技術(shù)，在師傅幫助下開了一家餐廳，深受顧客歡迎?？俗卫仗K柯爾克孜自治州烏恰縣膘爾托闊依鄉(xiāng)的帕夏古麗·克熱木，熱心公益，樂于助人，先后帶領(lǐng)500多名同鄉(xiāng)前往廣東務工，幫助大家實現(xiàn)了脫貧，獲得了全國脫貧攻堅奮進獎和“全國五一勞動獎章”。
Life dreams realized. Many people find the right jobs through their own initiative. They move from rural to urban areas, and turn from farmers to workers. In this process, they learn skills, increase their incomes, and achieve prosperity; more importantly, they have broadened their horizons, acquired knowledge and greater abilities, and achieved their potential. Most people are satisfied with their current life and are optimistic about the future.
Mamattohti Imintohti from Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture longed to own his own restaurant. He began to work as an apprentice in a restaurant in Urumqi in 2017 and soon mastered the skills of a pastry cook. With the help of his teacher, he opened a restaurant which has become very popular.
Pashagul Keram from Boritokay Township, Wuqia (Ulughchat) County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture is public-spirited and ready to help – she has led more than 500 local residents to find work in Guangdong, and thereby helped them escape from poverty. She was awarded the national May 1st Labor Medal and the National Award for Efforts in Poverty Alleviation.
交往交流交融更加密切。各族勞動者干在一起、學在一起、生活在一起，增進了相互了解，加深了彼此感情，像兄弟姐妹一樣互相關(guān)心、互相幫助，結(jié)下了深厚的友誼，譜寫了民族團結(jié)互助的新篇章。江蘇省一家電器企業(yè)，吸納了來自新疆各地州16個民族近200名員工，各族員工經(jīng)常在一起唱歌、跳舞、聚會、購物、旅游，工作之余一起制作抓飯、烤肉等特色美食，關(guān)系融洽，親如一家。新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團女職工尤良英，開辦棉花和果品種植合作社，17次穿越數(shù)百公里的沙漠，熱心幫助數(shù)千名各族群眾學習先進種植技術(shù)，在實現(xiàn)脫貧致富的同時，增進了民族感情。十幾年來，她無私幫助和田地區(qū)皮山縣農(nóng)民麥麥提圖如普·穆薩克，麥麥提圖如普·穆薩克又傳遞愛心、回饋社會，這一感人故事傳遍天山南北。
Closer communication and bonds between all ethnic groups. Workers of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have forged profound friendships while working, studying and living together. They care for and help each other like family, demonstrating ethnic unity and mutual assistance built on a close bond towards each other.
An electrical appliance company in Jiangsu Province took on about 200 employees from 16 ethnic groups from Xinjiang. The workers often gather together to enjoy themselves, singing, dancing, having parties, shopping, traveling, and cooking pilaf and kebabs like a family.
You Liangying, an employee of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps who set up a cotton and fruit planting cooperative, helped thousands of people from different ethnic groups to learn advanced planting skills in her 17 trips crossing deserts stretching hundreds of miles. Her efforts not only helped them out of poverty, but also fostered closer ethnic ties. Over the past decade and more, she has selflessly helped Mamatturup Musak from Pishan (Guma) County, Hotan Prefecture, who chose to repay the favor by giving back to society. Their story is well-known across Xinjiang.
六、積極踐行國際勞工和人權(quán)標準
VI. Application of International Labor and Human Rights Standards
新疆大力實施積極的勞動就業(yè)政策，依法保障各族群眾的勞動權(quán)益，努力讓廣大勞動者實現(xiàn)體面勞動，創(chuàng)造美好生活，體現(xiàn)了國際社會的共同價值追求，為維護社會公平正義，促進人的全面發(fā)展做出了不懈努力。
Xinjiang implements a proactive employment policy, protects the lawful labor rights and interests of people of all ethnic groups, and strives to provide decent work and a better life for all. This embodies the common values that are championed by the international community, and contributes to safeguarding social fairness and justice and promoting the all-round development of humanity.
履行國際公約義務。中國是國際勞工組織創(chuàng)始成員國、常任理事國，批準了包括《男女工人同工同酬公約》《準予就業(yè)最低年齡公約》《禁止和立即行動消除最惡劣形式的童工勞動公約》《消除就業(yè)和職業(yè)歧視公約》4個核心公約在內(nèi)的26個國際勞工公約，同時也是聯(lián)合國《經(jīng)濟、社會及文化權(quán)利國際公約》《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》《兒童權(quán)利公約》《殘疾人權(quán)利公約》《聯(lián)合國打擊跨國有組織犯罪公約關(guān)于預防、禁止和懲治販運人口特別是婦女和兒童行為的補充議定書》等國際條約的締約國。中國積極吸收和轉(zhuǎn)化國際勞工和人權(quán)標準，通過立法、政策制定及實施，切實保障勞動者各項權(quán)利，嚴格禁止使用童工，反對強迫勞動，反對就業(yè)歧視，反對職場性騷擾，深入開展整治和打擊非法用工等專項行動，預防和懲治勞動領(lǐng)域各種違法犯罪行為。新疆各級政府切實履行勞動就業(yè)保障責任，促進不同地區(qū)、不同民族、不同發(fā)展水平的群眾實現(xiàn)充分就業(yè)和更高質(zhì)量就業(yè)，推動各民族共同發(fā)展進步，成為國際勞工和人權(quán)標準在欠發(fā)達民族地區(qū)的成功實踐。
Fulfilling international convention obligations. China is a founding and permanent member state of the International Labour Organization (ILO). China has ratified 26 international labor conventions, including four of the ILO’s fundamental conventions – Equal Remuneration Convention, Minimum Age Convention, Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, and Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention.
China is also a signatory state to a host of UN conventions, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
China applies international labor and human rights standards in its legislation, policymaking and policy implementation, to effectively safeguard workers’ rights. China prohibits child labor, opposes forced labor, employment discrimination, and workplace sexual harassment, takes targeted actions to combat illegal employment, and prevents and punishes all kinds of violations and crimes concerning employment. In fulfilling their responsibilities to secure employment, local governments at all levels in Xinjiang promote full and high-quality employment for people in different areas, of different ethnic groups, and with different economic conditions, to achieve common development and progress among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang has thus become a successful example of practicing international labor and human rights standards in underdeveloped areas with large populations of ethnic minorities.
探索消除貧困路徑。消除貧困是人類夢寐以求的理想，也是保障人權(quán)的重要內(nèi)容。聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程把“在全世界消除一切形式的貧困”確定為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的首要目標，表達了國際社會對消除貧困的迫切期待。中國積極落實聯(lián)合國議程，堅持全面小康是全體中國人民的小康，一個民族都不能掉隊。新疆始終堅持以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，以教育培訓、能力建設(shè)、勞動就業(yè)促脫貧，在有效預防和打擊恐怖主義、極端主義的同時，實現(xiàn)社會穩(wěn)定和民生改善，貧困人口大幅減少，貧困發(fā)生率顯著下降。2013年至2019年底，新疆共有25個貧困縣摘帽、3107個貧困村退出，貧困發(fā)生率由19.4%降至1.24%。2014年至2019年底，累計實現(xiàn)73.76萬戶、292.32萬人脫貧，2020年底可實現(xiàn)全部脫貧。新疆探索出了破解反恐、去極端化與人權(quán)保障，脫貧與可持續(xù)發(fā)展等世界性難題的新路子。
Finding new approaches to eradicating poverty. Ending poverty has been a lasting goal of humanity and a major component of human rights protection. In the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, “ending poverty in all its forms everywhere” tops all other development goals, expressing a pressing demand by the international community to this end. In implementing the 2030 Agenda, China makes it clear that the goal of achieving moderate prosperity in all respects is for its entire people, and that not a single ethnic group is allowed to be lagged behind. Xinjiang protects human rights through development, and strives to eradicate poverty through education and training, capacity building and employment. It effectively prevents and strikes out at terrorism and extremism, and at the same time maintains social stability and improves people’s lives, with its impoverished population and poverty incidence markedly reduced. From 2013 to the end of 2019, Xinjiang wiped out poverty in 25 poor counties and 3,107 poor villages, and the poverty incidence dropped from 19.4 percent to 1.24 percent. From 2014 to the end of 2019, a total of 2.92 million people from 737,600 households shook off poverty. By the end of 2020, poverty will be completely eliminated in Xinjiang. Xinjiang has worked out a new approach to addressing some of the global challenges: protecting human rights while combating terrorism and extremism, and pursuing sustainable development while eliminating poverty.
響應體面勞動倡議。讓所有勞動者體面勞動，進而實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展，是國際勞工組織的重要倡議，也是尊重和保障人權(quán)的應有之義，反映了國際社會的共識和追求。中國政府始終堅持以人為本，積極響應國際勞工組織倡議，認真落實《中國體面勞動國別計劃（2016－2020）》，將體面勞動理念融入國家政策和發(fā)展規(guī)劃。新疆嚴格執(zhí)行國家有關(guān)政策措施，著力在尊重勞動者意愿、保護勞動者權(quán)益、改善勞動環(huán)境和條件、體現(xiàn)勞動者價值上下功夫，保障各族勞動者在自由、平等、安全和有尊嚴的條件下工作，有力促進了廣大勞動者體面就業(yè)。嚴格依據(jù)《中華人民共和國憲法》《中華人民共和國勞動法》《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法》等法律規(guī)定和要求，立足本地區(qū)實際，推出了一系列有力政策措施，千方百計幫助各族勞動者實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。近年來，新疆城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率保持在3.5%以下，最大限度保障了各族群眾充分享有勞動權(quán)，為在更高層次和更廣泛意義上實現(xiàn)生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)奠定了堅實基礎(chǔ)。
Responding to the ILO’s Decent Work Agenda. The ILO has launched an agenda to promote decent work for all, aiming to achieve all-round human development. The agenda, which is integral to respecting and protecting human rights, embodies the consensus of the international community. The Chinese government always puts people first and has actively responded to the ILO’s agenda by implementing the Decent Work Country Program for China (2016-2020) and incorporating the concept of decent work into national policies and development plans. Xinjiang has put into practice relevant policy measures of the national government, focusing in particular on respecting workers’ choices, protecting their rights and interests, improving their workplace environment and working conditions, and recognizing their contributions. This ensures that people from all ethnic groups work in a decent environment with freedom, equality, safety, and dignity. Conforming to the Constitution, the Labor Law, and the Employment Promotion Law of the country, and respecting local conditions, Xinjiang has launched a package of effective policy measures to ensure stable employment for all residents. In recent years, Xinjiang’s registered urban unemployment rate has remained below 3.5 percent. This enables the local people enjoy the right to work to the greatest extent possible, and has laid a solid foundation for raising the human rights to life and development to a higher level across a broader sphere.
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平強調(diào)，“就業(yè)是最大的民生”。國際勞工組織通過的《全球就業(yè)議程》提出，“就業(yè)是消除貧困的核心”。實現(xiàn)體面勞動，對保障勞動者生存發(fā)展、家庭和諧幸福、社會長治久安至關(guān)重要。新疆實施積極的勞動就業(yè)保障政策，有力維護了各族群眾勞動就業(yè)基本權(quán)利，顯著改善了各族群眾的生產(chǎn)生活條件，極大滿足了各族群眾創(chuàng)造美好生活的愿望。
Chinese President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, has emphasized that employment is pivotal to people’s wellbeing. The Global Employment Agenda adopted by the ILO states that employment is central to poverty reduction. Having decent work is of vital importance to one’s survival and growth, a harmonious and happy family life, and the long-term stability of society. The proactive polices to ensure employment and job security adopted by the local government of Xinjiang have effectively protected all ethnic groups’ basic labor rights, greatly improved their living and working conditions, and fully satisfied their aspirations to create a better life.
一段時間以來，國際上一些勢力出于意識形態(tài)偏見和反華需要，無視新疆為保障人權(quán)所做的巨大努力，搞人權(quán)雙重標準。他們罔顧事實，顛倒黑白，肆意炒作所謂新疆“強迫勞動”問題，抹黑新疆的勞動就業(yè)保障工作，妄圖剝奪新疆各族群眾的勞動權(quán)，使其永遠生活在自我隔絕、封閉落后的貧困狀態(tài)，這是對新疆各族人民追求美好幸福生活的反動，理應遭到一切愛好正義進步的人們的堅決反對。
For years, certain international forces, guilty of ideological bias and prejudiced against China, have been applying double standards in Xinjiang, criticizing “breaches of human rights” while ignoring the tremendous efforts Xinjiang has made to protect human rights. They have fabricated facts to support their false claims of “forced labor” in Xinjiang, and smeared the local government’s work on employment and job security. Their acts amount to a denial of the fact that the local people in Xinjiang enjoy the right to work, aspire to move out of poverty and backwardness and are working towards that goal. Such groundless allegation would be strongly opposed by everyone who values justice and progress.
尊重和保障人權(quán)是中國的憲法原則，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府始終重視保障公民的勞動就業(yè)權(quán)利，堅決預防和消除任何形式的強迫勞動。新疆的勞動就業(yè)保障政策及其實踐，符合中國憲法法律，符合國際勞工和人權(quán)標準，契合新疆各族人民過上美好生活的強烈愿望，惠民生，順民意，得民心。
Respecting and protecting human rights are principles enshrined in the Constitution of China. The CPC and the Chinese government have always prioritized the protection of the citizens’ rights to work and employment; we have taken a resolute stance against forced labor and eradicated it in any form. Xinjiang’s policies and practices concerning employment and job security comply with China’s Constitution and relevant laws, conform to international labor and human rights standards, and support the will of all ethnic groups to live a better life. They have served to meet the people’s needs, improve their wellbeing, and win their support.
勞動改變生活，勞動創(chuàng)造幸福。展望未來，新疆將堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，堅持就業(yè)是民生之本的理念，繼續(xù)實施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，大力促進勞動就業(yè)，為實現(xiàn)更加充分、更高質(zhì)量的就業(yè)，不斷滿足各族人民日益增長的美好生活需要而不懈努力。
Work helps to make a difference and create happiness. Looking forward, Xinjiang will continue its commitment to the people-centered philosophy of development, adhere to the principle that employment is of paramount importance to people’s wellbeing, implement the strategy of giving priority to employment, and introduce more proactive policies to boost employment. With tireless efforts it will strive to grow employment in volume and quality, to meet the growing expectation of all ethnic groups for a better life.
