白皮書丨《中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動》白皮書

2022/4/26 14:27:17來源：中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室

中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動

Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions

中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2021年10月

October 2021

目錄

Contents

前言

Preface

一、中國應對氣候變化新理念

I. China’s New Responses to Climate Change

二、實施積極應對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略

II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change

三、中國應對氣候變化發(fā)生歷史性變化

III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change

四、共建公平合理、合作共贏的全球氣候治理體系

IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results

結束語

Conclusion

前言

Preface

氣候變化是全人類的共同挑戰(zhàn)。應對氣候變化，事關中華民族永續(xù)發(fā)展，關乎人類前途命運。

Climate change is a challenge for all of humanity. The sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future of the planet depend on tackling it successfully.

中國高度重視應對氣候變化。作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，中國克服自身經濟、社會等方面困難，實施一系列應對氣候變化戰(zhàn)略、措施和行動，參與全球氣候治理，應對氣候變化取得了積極成效。

China attaches great importance to its response to climate change. As the largest developing country in the world, China has adopted a number of policies, measures and actions to tackle climate change and take part in global climate governance, despite the difficulties this creates for its own economic and social development. These efforts have achieved positive results.

中共十八大以來，在習近平生態(tài)文明思想指引下，中國貫徹新發(fā)展理念，將應對氣候變化擺在國家治理更加突出的位置，不斷提高碳排放強度削減幅度，不斷強化自主貢獻目標，以最大努力提高應對氣候變化力度，推動經濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉型，建設人與自然和諧共生的現代化。2020年9月22日，中國國家主席習近平在第七十五屆聯合國大會一般性辯論上鄭重宣示：中國將提高國家自主貢獻力度，采取更加有力的政策和措施，二氧化碳排放力爭于2030年前達到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實現碳中和。中國正在為實現這一目標而付諸行動。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened in 2012, guided by Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization and committed to the new development philosophy, China has made the response to climate change a higher priority in state governance. It has steadily reduced the intensity of its carbon emissions, reinforced the effort to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and maximized its drive to mitigate climate change. It has adopted green and low-carbon approaches in its economic and social development, and worked to build a modernized country in which humanity and nature coexist in harmony.

At the general debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 22, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China would scale up its NDCs by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, strive to peak CO2 emissions before 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. China is taking pragmatic actions towards these goals.

作為負責任的國家，中國積極推動共建公平合理、合作共贏的全球氣候治理體系，為應對氣候變化貢獻中國智慧中國力量。面對氣候變化嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)，中國愿與國際社會共同努力、并肩前行，助力《巴黎協定》行穩(wěn)致遠，為全球應對氣候變化作出更大貢獻。

As a responsible country, China is committed to building a global climate governance system that is fair, rational, cooperative and beneficial to all, and makes its due contribution to tackling climate change using its greatest strengths and most effective solutions. Confronted by the challenges of climate change, China is willing to work together with the international community to ensure the Paris Agreement delivers steady and lasting results, and make greater contribution to the global response.

為介紹中國應對氣候變化進展，分享中國應對氣候變化實踐和經驗，增進國際社會了解，特發(fā)布本白皮書。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to document its progress in mitigating climate change, and to share its experience and approaches with the rest of the international community.

一、中國應對氣候變化新理念

I. China’s New Responses to Climate Change

中國把應對氣候變化作為推進生態(tài)文明建設、實現高質量發(fā)展的重要抓手，基于中國實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內在要求和推動構建人類命運共同體的責任擔當，形成應對氣候變化新理念，以中國智慧為全球氣候治理貢獻力量。

China’s responses to climate change are an important part of its efforts to achieve eco-environmental progress and high-quality development. Based on the requirements of its internal sustainable development, and its due responsibility for building a global community of shared future, China has formulated new principles on tackling climate change and is contributing its solutions to global climate governance.

（一）牢固樹立共同體意識

1. Building a Strong Sense of Common Community

堅持共建人類命運共同體。地球是人類唯一賴以生存的家園，面對全球氣候挑戰(zhàn)，人類是一榮俱榮、一損俱損的命運共同體，沒有哪個國家能獨善其身。世界各國應該加強團結、推進合作，攜手共建人類命運共同體。這是各國人民的共同期待，也是中國為人類發(fā)展提供的新方案。

China advocates a joint effort to build a global community of shared future. The earth is the only home we have. Human beings share a common future in the face of the challenges presented by global climate change, and no country can make itself immune from the impact. Therefore, all countries should strengthen solidarity and cooperation, and build a global community of shared future together. This is China’s new vision for human development, in the common interest of all peoples.

堅持共建人與自然生命共同體。中華文明歷來崇尚天人合一、道法自然。但人類進入工業(yè)文明時代以來，在創(chuàng)造巨大物質財富的同時，人與自然深層次矛盾日益凸顯，當前的新冠肺炎疫情更是觸發(fā)了對人與自然關系的深刻反思。大自然孕育撫養(yǎng)了人類，人類應該以自然為根，尊重自然、順應自然、保護自然。中國站在對人類文明負責的高度，積極應對氣候變化，構建人與自然生命共同體，推動形成人與自然和諧共生新格局。

China also advocates a community of harmony between humanity and nature. The Chinese people have always valued the idea that human beings are an integral part of nature and should follow the laws of nature. Industrial civilization, which has created massive material wealth, has also laid bare the growing tensions in the relationship between humans and nature. The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has further stimulated profound reflection on that relationship. Mother Nature has nourished us, and we must treat her as our root, respect her, protect her, and follow her laws. Through a sense of responsibility to human civilization, China is making every effort to fight climate change, build a community of harmony between humanity and nature, and help foster a new relationship where humanity and nature can both live and prosper in harmony.

（二）貫徹新發(fā)展理念

2. Implementing the New Development Philosophy

理念是行動的先導。立足新發(fā)展階段，中國秉持創(chuàng)新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，加快構建新發(fā)展格局。在新發(fā)展理念中，綠色發(fā)展是永續(xù)發(fā)展的必要條件和人民對美好生活追求的重要體現，也是應對氣候變化問題的重要遵循。綠水青山就是金山銀山，保護生態(tài)環(huán)境就是保護生產力，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境就是發(fā)展生產力。應對氣候變化代表了全球綠色低碳轉型的大方向。中國摒棄損害甚至破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境的發(fā)展模式，順應當代科技革命和產業(yè)變革趨勢，抓住綠色轉型帶來的巨大發(fā)展機遇，以創(chuàng)新為驅動，大力推進經濟、能源、產業(yè)結構轉型升級，推動實現綠色復蘇發(fā)展，讓良好生態(tài)環(huán)境成為經濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的支撐。

Actions are driven by philosophies. In this new development stage, China pursues a philosophy that development must be innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared, and accelerates the pace in creating a new development dynamic. Among the five axes of the new philosophy, green development is a necessary condition for sustainability. It represents the people’s aspiration for a better life, and is a key guide for China’s climate actions. China holds the view that clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets, and that eco-environmental protection and improvement lead to greater productivity. Mitigating climate change reflects the overall global transition towards green and low-carbon living. China has abandoned its previous development model that damaged or even destroyed the eco-environment. Instead, following the current technological revolution and industrial trends, it has seized the opportunities created by green transition, transformed and upgraded its economic and industrial structure and energy mix through innovation, and achieved a green recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic. A better eco-environment is boosting China’s sustainable economic and social development.

（三）以人民為中心

3. Taking a People-Centered Approach

氣候變化給各國經濟社會發(fā)展和人民生命財產安全帶來嚴重威脅，應對氣候變化關系最廣大人民的根本利益。減緩與適應氣候變化不僅是增強人民群眾生態(tài)環(huán)境獲得感的迫切需要，而且可以為人民提供更高質量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持續(xù)、更為安全的發(fā)展空間。中國堅持人民至上、生命至上，呵護每個人的生命、價值、尊嚴，充分考慮人民對美好生活的向往、對優(yōu)良環(huán)境的期待、對子孫后代的責任，探索應對氣候變化和發(fā)展經濟、創(chuàng)造就業(yè)、消除貧困、保護環(huán)境的協同增效，在發(fā)展中保障和改善民生，在綠色轉型過程中努力實現社會公平正義，增加人民獲得感、幸福感、安全感。

Climate change poses a severe threat to the economic and social development of all countries and to people’s lives and property. Therefore, our responses affect the fundamental interests of all people. Mitigating and adapting to climate change are essential for increasing the people’s sense of eco-environmental gain, and will provide them with a fairer, more sustainable and safer environment that promotes higher quality and more efficient development. China puts people and lives first, and cherishes the life, value and dignity of every individual. Taking into full consideration the people’s aspiration for a better life, their expectation of a sound eco-environment, and their responsibility for future generations, China is pioneering a new approach that synergizes the efforts to fight climate change, develop the economy, generate employment, eliminate poverty, and protect the environment. It guarantees and improves people’s wellbeing through development, strives for social equity and justice in the process of green transition, and increases people’s sense of gain, happiness and security.

（四）大力推進碳達峰碳中和

4. Striving for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality

實現碳達峰、碳中和是中國深思熟慮作出的重大戰(zhàn)略決策，是著力解決資源環(huán)境約束突出問題、實現中華民族永續(xù)發(fā)展的必然選擇，是構建人類命運共同體的莊嚴承諾。中國將碳達峰、碳中和納入經濟社會發(fā)展全局，堅持系統(tǒng)觀念，統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展和減排、整體和局部、短期和中長期的關系，以經濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉型為引領，以能源綠色低碳發(fā)展為關鍵，加快形成節(jié)約資源和保護環(huán)境的產業(yè)結構、生產方式、生活方式、空間格局，堅定不移走生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色低碳的高質量發(fā)展道路。

To achieve the goals of peaking carbon emissions and subsequent carbon neutrality is one of China’s major strategies, defined after careful consideration. This is a must-do in order to relieve the serious constraints imposed by resources and the environment on China’s economic growth, and to achieve sustainable development. It is also a solemn commitment towards building a global community of shared future. China has incorporated this decision into its overall economic and social development, adopting a holistic approach and balancing the relationships between economic growth and emissions reduction, between overall and regional interests, and between short, medium, and long-term growth. Led by the green economic and social transition, China is focusing on green and low-carbon development of the energy sector, and accelerating the formation of industrial structures, production modes, ways of work and life and spatial configurations that help to conserve resources and protect the environment. It is fully committed to high-quality development that prioritize eco-environmental protection and green and low-carbon way of life.

（五）減污降碳協同增效

5. Synergizing the Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions

二氧化碳和常規(guī)污染物的排放具有同源性，大部分來自化石能源的燃燒和利用?？刂苹茉蠢煤吞寂欧艑洕Y構、能源結構、交通運輸結構和生產生活方式都將產生深遠的影響，有利于倒逼和推動經濟結構綠色轉型，助推高質量發(fā)展；有利于減緩氣候變化帶來的不利影響，減少對人民生命財產和經濟社會造成的損失；有利于推動污染源頭治理，實現降碳與污染物減排、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質量協同增效；有利于促進生物多樣性保護，提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能。中國把握污染防治和氣候治理的整體性，以結構調整、布局優(yōu)化為重點，以政策協同、機制創(chuàng)新為手段，推動減污降碳協同增效一體謀劃、一體部署、一體推進、一體考核，協同推進環(huán)境效益、氣候效益、經濟效益多贏，走出一條符合國情的溫室氣體減排道路。

Carbon dioxide and other ordinary pollutants often come from the same sources, mainly from the burning and utilization of fossil fuels. Controlling the use of fossil fuels and consequently reducing carbon emissions have a lasting impact on the economic structure, energy mix, forms of transport, modes of production, and ways of life. It will boost high-quality development by pressing for the green transition of the economy; it will be conducive to mitigating climate change and the damage it causes to life, property, society, and the economy; it will facilitate the source control of pollution, achieving synergy between pollution and carbon reduction and improvement of the eco-environment; it will help conserve biodiversity and improve ecosystems.

China sees pollution prevention and control as an integral part of the response to climate change. Through structural adjustment, optimized configuration, policy synergy and innovative mechanisms, efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions are planned and carried out in tandem, and the performance assessment of the two is also conducted jointly. Balancing environmental, climate and economic gains, China has found a unique path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions that conforms to its actual conditions.

二、實施積極應對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略

II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change

中國是擁有14億多人口的最大發(fā)展中國家，面臨著發(fā)展經濟、改善民生、污染治理、生態(tài)保護等一系列艱巨任務。盡管如此，為實現應對氣候變化目標，中國迎難而上，積極制定和實施了一系列應對氣候變化戰(zhàn)略、法規(guī)、政策、標準與行動，推動中國應對氣候變化實踐不斷取得新進步。

As the largest developing country, with a population of over 1.4 billion, China faces major challenges across a range of important areas including economic development, improving the people’s lives, pollution control, and eco-environmental protection. In order to meet its targets in response to climate change, China has risen to these challenges and formulated and implemented a variety of strategies, regulations, policies, standards, and actions.

（一）不斷提高應對氣候變化力度

1. Intensifying Efforts in Response to Climate Change

中國確定的國家自主貢獻新目標不是輕而易舉就能實現的。中國要用30年左右的時間由碳達峰實現碳中和，完成全球最高碳排放強度降幅，需要付出艱苦努力。中國言行一致，采取積極有效措施，落實好碳達峰、碳中和戰(zhàn)略部署。

It will not be easy for China to achieve its new NDC targets; it will take approximately 30 years of painstaking effort to transit from peak carbon emissions to achieving carbon neutrality and the largest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (“carbon intensity”) in the world. Walking the talk, China has already begun to implement positive and effective moves in its strategy to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.

加強應對氣候變化統(tǒng)籌協調。應對氣候變化工作覆蓋面廣、涉及領域眾多。為加強協調、形成合力，中國成立由國務院總理任組長，30個相關部委為成員的國家應對氣候變化及節(jié)能減排工作領導小組，各?。▍^(qū)、市）均成立了省級應對氣候變化及節(jié)能減排工作領導小組。2018年4月，中國調整相關部門職能，由新組建的生態(tài)環(huán)境部負責應對氣候變化工作，強化了應對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的協同。2021年，為指導和統(tǒng)籌做好碳達峰碳中和工作，中國成立碳達峰碳中和工作領導小組。各?。▍^(qū)、市）陸續(xù)成立碳達峰碳中和工作領導小組，加強地方碳達峰碳中和工作統(tǒng)籌。

Improving overall planning and coordination in response to climate change. The response to climate change covers a wide range of areas; therefore, to improve coordination and pool strengths, China has set up a national leading group headed by Premier of the State Council and with officials from 30 ministries and commissions as members. Its remit is responding to climate change, conserving energy, and reducing emissions, and all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government (PARMs) have set up corresponding groups. In April 2018, China adjusted the functions of relevant government departments, and put the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment in charge of responding to climate change, thus reinforcing the coordination between responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment. In 2021, China set up a special leading group to guide and coordinate the work related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. All PARMs have established leading groups for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, so as to strengthen the coordination of their efforts.

將應對氣候變化納入國民經濟社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃。自“十二五”開始，中國將單位國內生產總值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放強度）下降幅度作為約束性指標納入國民經濟和社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，并明確應對氣候變化的重點任務、重要領域和重大工程。中國“十四五”規(guī)劃和2035年遠景目標綱要將“2025年單位GDP二氧化碳排放較2020年降低18%”作為約束性指標。中國各?。▍^(qū)、市）均將應對氣候變化作為“十四五”規(guī)劃的重要內容，明確具體目標和工作任務。

Incorporating the response to climate change into national economic and social development plans. Starting from the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), China has incorporated reducing carbon intensity into the outline of the plans for national economic and social development as binding targets, and defined key tasks, priority areas, and major projects. China’s Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 sets a binding target of slashing carbon intensity by 18 percent from 2020 to 2025. All PARMs have taken on the response to climate change as an important part of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and set themselves specific targets and tasks.

建立應對氣候變化目標分解落實機制。為確保規(guī)劃目標落實，綜合考慮各?。▍^(qū)、市）發(fā)展階段、資源稟賦、戰(zhàn)略定位、生態(tài)環(huán)保等因素，中國分類確定省級碳排放控制目標，并對省級政府開展控制溫室氣體排放目標責任進行考核，將其作為各省（區(qū)、市）主要負責人和領導班子綜合考核評價、干部獎懲任免等重要依據。省級政府對下一級行政區(qū)域控制溫室氣體排放目標責任也開展相應考核，確保應對氣候變化與溫室氣體減排工作落地見效。

Establishing a mechanism of breaking down and meeting the targets for responding to climate change. To meet its targets, China has set tiered provincial-level carbon emission caps for its PARMs based on factors such as their development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning, and eco-environmental protection. It has assessed the performance of the relevant governments in meeting the targets and fulfilling the responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, and uses the results as an important reference for the comprehensive performance assessment and appraisal of officials holding principal posts and leadership teams in the PARMs, as well as for the appointment, reward, sanction, and removal of officials. PARM governments have also assessed the performance of administrative divisions at lower levels in meeting their targets and fulfilling their responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring that the effort is coordinated and effective.

不斷強化自主貢獻目標。2015年，中國確定了到2030年的自主行動目標：二氧化碳排放2030年左右達到峰值并爭取盡早達峰。截至2019年底，中國已經提前超額完成2020年氣候行動目標。2020年，中國宣布國家自主貢獻新目標舉措：中國二氧化碳排放力爭于2030年前達到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實現碳中和；到2030年，中國單位GDP二氧化碳排放將比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消費比重將達到25%左右，森林蓄積量將比2005年增加60億立方米，風電、太陽能發(fā)電總裝機容量將達到12億千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主貢獻目標，時間更緊迫，碳排放強度削減幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消費比重再增加五個百分點，增加非化石能源裝機容量目標，森林蓄積量再增加15億立方米，明確爭取2060年前實現碳中和。2021年，中國宣布不再新建境外煤電項目，展現中國應對氣候變化的實際行動。

Continuing to update NDC targets. In 2015, China set its nationally determined action objectives by 2030: to peak carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 at the latest and make every effort to peak early. By the end of 2019, China had delivered on its 2020 climate action target ahead of schedule. In 2020, China announced new NDC targets and measures. China aims to:

·        peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.

·        lower its carbon intensity by over 65 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level.

·        increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent by 2030.

·        increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters by 2030 from the 2005 level.

·        bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW by 2030.

Compared with the objectives set in 2015, the new targets are more ambitious in timeframe. They involve a steeper cut in carbon intensity, an increase of another five percentage points in the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption, a new target for installed capacity of non-fossil fuels, an additional forest stock of 1.5 billion cubic meters, and a clear announcement to aim for carbon neutrality before 2060. China has announced in 2021 a decision to stop building new coal-fired power projects overseas, demonstrating its concrete actions in response to climate change.

加快構建碳達峰碳中和“1+N”政策體系。中國制定并發(fā)布碳達峰碳中和工作頂層設計文件，編制2030年前碳達峰行動方案，制定能源、工業(yè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設、交通運輸、農業(yè)農村等分領域分行業(yè)碳達峰實施方案，積極謀劃科技、財政、金融、價格、碳匯、能源轉型、減污降碳協同等保障方案，進一步明確碳達峰碳中和的時間表、路線圖、施工圖，加快形成目標明確、分工合理、措施有力、銜接有序的政策體系和工作格局，全面推動碳達峰碳中和各項工作取得積極成效。

Accelerating work on 1+N policies for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The country has formulated and released a top-level design document for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and is working on an action plan for peaking carbon emissions before 2030, with implementation plans for fields and sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transport, and agriculture and rural areas. Support plans are being created in areas such as science and technology, fiscal funding, finance, pricing, carbon sinks, energy transition and coordination of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, with clearer timetables, roadmaps, and working plans. The country is shaping policies and actions with clear objectives, reasonable assignment of labor, effective measures, and sound coordination, ensuring that all efforts deliver positive results.

（二）堅定走綠色低碳發(fā)展道路

2. Staying Committed to a Green and Low-Carbon Path to Development

中國一直本著負責任的態(tài)度積極應對氣候變化，將應對氣候變化作為實現發(fā)展方式轉變的重大機遇，積極探索符合中國國情的綠色低碳發(fā)展道路。走綠色低碳發(fā)展的道路，既不會超出資源、能源、環(huán)境的極限，又有利于實現碳達峰、碳中和目標，把地球家園呵護好。

China has been actively responding to climate change in a responsible manner. Considering this to be a major opportunity to transform its growth model, China is actively exploring a green and low-carbon path to development, one that remains within the limits of resources, energy, and the environment, and is protective of our planet.

實施減污降碳協同治理。實現減污降碳協同增效是中國新發(fā)展階段經濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉型的必然選擇。中國2015年修訂的大氣污染防治法專門增加條款，為實施大氣污染物和溫室氣體協同控制和開展減污降碳協同增效工作提供法治基礎。為加快推進應對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護相關職能協同、工作協同和機制協同，中國從戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、政策法規(guī)、制度體系、試點示范、國際合作等方面，明確統(tǒng)籌和加強應對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的主要領域和重點任務。中國圍繞打好污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)，重點把藍天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)、柴油貨車治理、長江保護修復、渤海綜合治理、城市黑臭水體治理、水源地保護、農業(yè)農村污染治理七場標志性重大戰(zhàn)役作為突破口和“牛鼻子”，制定作戰(zhàn)計劃和方案，細化目標任務、重點舉措和保障條件，以重點突破帶動整體推進，推動生態(tài)環(huán)境質量明顯改善。

Making coordinated efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. It is essential for China to coordinate its efforts to pursue all-round and greener economic and social development in the new development stage. The country amended the Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in 2015 and added specific provisions, providing a legal basis for the coordinated control of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases and reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. To further coordinate the functions, initiatives, and mechanisms for responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment, China has defined major areas and key tasks covering strategic planning, policies and regulations, institutions, pilots and demonstrations, and international cooperation. China has invested a major effort in seven landmark campaigns to keep the skies blue, control pollution caused by diesel trucks, protect and restore the Yangtze River ecosystem, improve the water environment of the Bohai Sea region, improve black and fetid water bodies in cities, protect water sources, and control pollution in agriculture and rural areas. With action plans and concrete targets and measures, these campaigns serve to drive the overall progress and bring notable improvements to the eco-environment.

加快形成綠色發(fā)展的空間格局。國土是生態(tài)文明建設的空間載體，必須尊重自然，給自然生態(tài)留下休養(yǎng)生息的時間和空間。中國主動作為，精準施策，科學有序統(tǒng)籌布局農業(yè)、生態(tài)、城鎮(zhèn)等功能空間，開展永久基本農田、生態(tài)保護紅線、城鎮(zhèn)開發(fā)邊界“三條控制線”劃定試點工作。將自然保護地、未納入自然保護地但生態(tài)功能極重要生態(tài)極脆弱的區(qū)域，以及具有潛在重要生態(tài)價值的區(qū)域劃入生態(tài)保護紅線，推動生態(tài)系統(tǒng)休養(yǎng)生息，提高固碳能力。

Creating a spatial configuration for green development. Since territorial space is where we pursue eco-environmental progress, we must create time and room for natural ecosystems to rehabilitate themselves. China has created orderly and science-based strategies for agricultural, ecological, urban, and other areas. It has piloted the policy of designating permanent basic cropland areas, drawing redlines for protecting ecosystems, and delineating boundaries for urban development. It has drawn redlines for identified protected areas (PAs), areas that are ecologically vital and vulnerable but not included in PAs, and areas with important potential ecological value, thus increasing their carbon sequestration capacity.

大力發(fā)展綠色低碳產業(yè)。建立健全綠色低碳循環(huán)發(fā)展經濟體系，促進經濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉型，是解決資源環(huán)境生態(tài)問題的基礎之策。為推動形成綠色發(fā)展方式和生活方式，中國制定國家戰(zhàn)略性新興產業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，以綠色低碳技術創(chuàng)新和應用為重點，引導綠色消費，推廣綠色產品，提升新能源汽車和新能源的應用比例，全面推進高效節(jié)能、先進環(huán)保和資源循環(huán)利用產業(yè)體系建設，推動新能源汽車、新能源和節(jié)能環(huán)保產業(yè)快速壯大，積極推進統(tǒng)一的綠色產品認證與標識體系建設，增加綠色產品供給，積極培育綠色市場。持續(xù)推進產業(yè)結構調整，發(fā)布并持續(xù)修訂產業(yè)指導目錄，引導社會投資方向，改造提升傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)，推動制造業(yè)高質量發(fā)展，大力培育發(fā)展新興產業(yè)，更有力支持節(jié)能環(huán)保、清潔生產、清潔能源等綠色低碳產業(yè)發(fā)展。

Developing green and low-carbon industries. The basic solutions to resource, environmental, and ecological problems are to establish and improve an economic system featuring green, low-carbon, and circular development, and to pursue greener economic and social development in all respects. To shape green development models and green ways of life, China has formulated a plan for national strategic emerging industries with the aim to:

·        guide green consumption, promote green products and increase the proportion of new-energy vehicles and new energy use, with an emphasis on innovation and the application of green and low-carbon technologies.

·        promote industry systems for efficient energy conservation, state-of-the-art environmental protection, and resource recycling, boosting the growth of the new-energy vehicle industry, new energy industries and energy-saving and environmental protection industries.

·        develop a unified certification and labeling system for green products and foster a green market by increasing the supply of green products.

It has also pressed ahead with industrial restructuring through the following measures:

·        issuing and continuously updating the catalog for guiding industry restructuring to steer non-governmental investment.

·        transforming and upgrading traditional industries.

·        boosting high-quality development of manufacturing.

·        cultivating and developing emerging industries.

·        providing greater support to green and low-carbon industries such as energy conservation, environmental protection, clean production, and clean energy.

堅決遏制高耗能高排放項目盲目發(fā)展。中國持續(xù)嚴格控制高耗能、高排放（以下簡稱“兩高”）項目盲目擴張，依法依規(guī)淘汰落后產能，加快化解過剩產能。嚴格執(zhí)行鋼鐵、鐵合金、焦化等13個行業(yè)準入條件，提高在土地、環(huán)保、節(jié)能、技術、安全等方面的準入標準，落實國家差別電價政策，提高高耗能產品差別電價標準，擴大差別電價實施范圍。公布12批重點工業(yè)行業(yè)淘汰落后產能企業(yè)名單，2018年至2020年連續(xù)開展淘汰落后產能督查檢查，持續(xù)推動落后產能依法依規(guī)退出。中國把堅決遏制“兩高”項目盲目發(fā)展作為抓好碳達峰碳中和工作的當務之急和重中之重，組織各地區(qū)全面梳理摸排“兩高”項目，分類提出處置意見，開展“兩高”項目專項檢查，嚴肅查處違規(guī)建設運行的“兩高”項目，對“兩高”項目實行清單管理、分類處置、動態(tài)監(jiān)控。建立通報批評、用能預警、約談問責等工作機制，逐步形成一套完善的制度體系和監(jiān)管體系。

Resolutely curbing the haphazard development of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. China has strictly controlled the haphazard expansion of energy-intensive and high-emission projects, shutting down outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations, and scaling down overcapacity at a faster pace. To achieve this, it has:

·        implemented strict market access standards for 13 industries including iron & steel, ferroalloy, and coking, tightening requirements on land, environmental protection, energy conservation, technology, and safety.

·        put in place the national policy on differential electricity prices, raising standards for the differential electricity prices for energy-intensive products and expanding the scope of differential electricity prices.

·        released, 12 times, lists of enterprises in key industrial fields that were required to shut down outdated production facilities, and conducted annual supervision and inspection from 2018 to 2020 to ensure the elimination of outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations.

·        made the expansion control a top priority in the effort to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. It required local governments to clearly identify all energy-intensive and high-emission projects, produce category-based management proposals, carry out special inspections, strictly punish any such projects constructed or operated in contravention of regulations, and implement list management, category-based handling, and dynamic monitoring of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. It has established working mechanisms on openly criticizing entities for wrong-doing, early warnings on energy use, regulatory talks, and accountability, gradually forming sound working and regulatory systems.

優(yōu)化調整能源結構。能源領域是溫室氣體排放的主要來源，中國不斷加大節(jié)能減排力度，加快能源結構調整，構建清潔低碳安全高效的能源體系。確立能源安全新戰(zhàn)略，推動能源消費革命、供給革命、技術革命、體制革命，全方位加強國際合作，優(yōu)先發(fā)展非化石能源，推進水電綠色發(fā)展，全面協調推進風電和太陽能發(fā)電開發(fā)，在確保安全的前提下有序發(fā)展核電，因地制宜發(fā)展生物質能、地熱能和海洋能，全面提升可再生能源利用率。積極推動煤炭供給側結構性改革，化解煤炭過剩產能，加強煤炭安全智能綠色開發(fā)和清潔高效開發(fā)利用，推動煤電行業(yè)清潔高效高質量發(fā)展，大力推動煤炭消費減量替代和散煤綜合治理，推進終端用能領域以電代煤、以電代油。深化能源體制改革，促進能源資源高效配置。

Improving and adjusting the energy mix. The energy sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. China has continuously intensified its efforts in energy conservation and emissions reduction and accelerated energy mix readjustment to build a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system. To achieve this, it has:

·        defined a new strategy for energy security that promotes a green revolution in energy consumption, supply, technology, and systems, strengthens international cooperation in an all-round way, prioritizes the development of non-fossil fuels, promotes the green development of hydropower, makes comprehensive and coordinated progress in wind and solar power development, pursues the orderly development of nuclear power under the precondition of guaranteed safety, develops biomass energy, geothermal energy, and marine energy based on local conditions, comprehensively increasing the rate of renewable energy use.

·        driven the supply-side structural reform of coal by cutting overcapacity in coal, strengthening safe, intelligent, green, and efficient exploitation and clean and efficient use of coal, promoting clean, efficient, and high-quality development of coal-fired power industries, reducing the consumption of coal and replacing it with other fuels, taking comprehensive measures to manage the use of coal in non-industrial sectors, and promoting the substitution of coal and petroleum by electricity as end-use energy.

·        expanded reform of the energy system, promoting efficient allocation of energy and resources.

強化能源節(jié)約與能效提升。為進一步強化節(jié)約能源和提升能效目標責任落實，中國實施能源消費強度和總量雙控制度，設定省級能源消費強度和總量控制目標并進行監(jiān)督考核。把節(jié)能指標納入生態(tài)文明、綠色發(fā)展等績效評價指標體系，引導轉變發(fā)展理念。強化重點用能單位節(jié)能管理，組織實施節(jié)能重點工程，加強先進節(jié)能技術推廣，發(fā)布煤炭、電力、鋼鐵、有色、石化、化工、建材等13個行業(yè)共260項重點節(jié)能技術。建立能效“領跑者”制度，健全能效標識制度，發(fā)布15批實行能源效率標識的產品目錄及相關實施細則。加快推行合同能源管理，強化節(jié)能法規(guī)標準約束，發(fā)布實施340多項國家節(jié)能標準，積極推動節(jié)能產品認證，已頒發(fā)節(jié)能產品認證證書近5萬張，助力節(jié)能行業(yè)發(fā)展。加強公共機構節(jié)能增效示范引領，35%左右的縣級及以上黨政機關建成節(jié)約型機關，中央國家機關本級全部建成節(jié)約型機關，累計創(chuàng)建5114家節(jié)約型公共機構示范單位。加強工業(yè)領域節(jié)能，實施國家工業(yè)專項節(jié)能監(jiān)察、工業(yè)節(jié)能診斷行動、通用設備能效提升行動及工業(yè)節(jié)能與綠色標準化行動等。加強需求側管理，大力開展工業(yè)領域電力需求側管理示范企業(yè)（園區(qū)）創(chuàng)建及參考產品（技術）遴選工作，實現用電管理可視化、自動化、智能化。

Reinforcing efforts in energy conservation and greater energy efficiency. To further guarantee the fulfillment of responsibilities in meeting energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement targets, China has:

·        implemented a system for controlling energy intensity and energy consumption, and set targets for both at the provincial level with supervision and performance evaluation.

·        incorporated energy conservation indexes into the index system for evaluating the performance in environmental progress and green development to facilitate the transformation in development philosophy.

·        strengthened energy conservation management of major energy-using entities, organized the implementation of key energy conservation projects, and popularized advanced energy conservation technologies by releasing 260 key energy conservation technologies in 13 industries, including coal, electricity, iron & steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, chemicals, and building materials.

·        established a “Frontrunner” system for energy efficiency, and improved the energy efficiency labeling system by issuing 15 batches of catalogs for products with energy efficiency labels and related implementation rules.

·        implemented Energy Performance Contracting and strengthened regulations and standards on energy conservation. It has issued and implemented over 340 national standards on energy conservation and promoted the certification of energy-saving products accordingly. To date, almost 50,000 energy-saving product certificates have been issued, thus boosting the energy conservation industry.

·        required public institutions to play an exemplary role in energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement. Approximately 35 percent of Party and government offices at and above county level, and all central CPC and government departments have shifted onto an energy-saving trajectory. In all, 5,114 public institutions have become demonstrative units for energy conservation.

·        strengthened energy conservation in the industrial sector by carrying out special national inspections on energy conservation alongside campaigns on energy-saving diagnosis, on increasing the energy efficiency of general equipment, and on promoting energy conservation and establishing standards for green development.

·        strengthened demand-side management by setting up demonstrative enterprises/industrial parks and selecting reference products/technologies in the demand-side management of electricity in industrial fields, which would have achieved the visualized, automated, and intelligent management of electricity consumption.

推動自然資源節(jié)約集約利用。為推進生態(tài)文明建設，中國把堅持節(jié)約資源和保護環(huán)境作為一項基本國策。大力節(jié)約集約利用資源，推動資源利用方式根本轉變，深化增量安排與消化存量掛鉤機制，改革土地計劃管理方式，倒逼各?。▍^(qū)、市）下大力氣盤活存量。嚴格土地使用標準控制，先后組織開展了公路、工業(yè)、光伏、機場等用地標準的制修訂工作，嚴格依據標準審核建設項目土地使用情況。開展節(jié)約集約用地考核評價，大力推廣節(jié)地技術和節(jié)地模式。積極推動礦業(yè)綠色發(fā)展。加大綠色礦山建設力度，全面建立和實施礦產資源開采利用最低指標和“領跑者”指標管理制度，發(fā)布360項礦產資源節(jié)約和綜合利用先進適用技術。加強海洋資源用途管制，除國家重大項目外，全面禁止圍填海。積極推進圍填海歷史遺留問題區(qū)域生態(tài)保護修復，嚴格保護自然岸線。

Pushing for the economical and intensive use of natural resources. To further ecological progress, China has designated conserving resources and protecting the environment as a fundamental national policy. To achieve the economical and intensive use of natural resources, it has:

·        pursued fundamental changes in the way of using resources and pressured all PARMs to put their existing resources to good use by improving the mechanism for coordinating the consumption of existing resources and the arrangements for additional resources, and by reforming the way of managing land use plans.

·        imposed strict controls on land use through standards, having organized the formulation and revision of land use standards for highways, industries, photovoltaic (PV) projects, and airports and strictly reviewed the land use of construction projects in accordance with the standards.

·        carried out assessment and evaluation on economical and intensive land use and worked hard to popularize land-saving technologies and models.

·        driven the green development of the mining industry and intensified efforts to develop eco-friendly mines by establishing and implementing index management systems for the minimum exploitation and use of mineral resources and for the evaluation of “Frontrunners”. It has released 360 advanced and applicable technologies for the conservation and comprehensive use of mineral resources.

·        strengthened regulation and control over the use of marine resources and prohibited all coastal reclamation activities except those for major national projects.

·        promoted the protection and restoration of ecosystems in areas with problems carried over from reclamation activities of the past and strictly protected natural shorelines.

積極探索低碳發(fā)展新模式。中國積極探索低碳發(fā)展模式，鼓勵地方、行業(yè)、企業(yè)因地制宜探索低碳發(fā)展路徑，在能源、工業(yè)、建筑、交通等領域開展綠色低碳相關試點示范，初步形成了全方位、多層次的低碳試點體系。中國先后在10個?。ㄊ校┖?7個城市開展低碳試點工作，在組織領導、配套政策、市場機制、統(tǒng)計體系、評價考核、協同示范和合作交流等方面探索低碳發(fā)展模式和制度創(chuàng)新。試點地區(qū)碳排放強度下降幅度總體快于全國平均水平，形成了一批各具特色的低碳發(fā)展模式。

Actively exploring new, low-carbon models of development. China has actively explored low-carbon models of development. It has encouraged local governments, industries, and enterprises to explore low-carbon paths to development based on their individual conditions, and launched pilots and demonstrations on green and low-carbon development in fields such as energy, industry, construction, and transport, thus shaping a basic comprehensive and multi-tiered system for low-carbon piloting. It has launched low-carbon pilots in 10 provincial-level units and 77 cities, and explored low-carbon models of development and institutional innovations in respects including organizational leadership, support policies, market mechanisms, statistical systems, evaluation and assessment, coordination and demonstration, and cooperation and exchanges. The carbon intensity of these pilot areas has fallen faster than the national average, and a number of low-carbon models of development with distinctive features have emerged.

（三）加大溫室氣體排放控制力度

3. Tightening Control over Greenhouse Gas Emissions

中國將應對氣候變化全面融入國家經濟社會發(fā)展的總戰(zhàn)略，采取積極措施，有效控制重點工業(yè)行業(yè)溫室氣體排放，推動城鄉(xiāng)建設和建筑領域綠色低碳發(fā)展，構建綠色低碳交通體系，推動非二氧化碳溫室氣體減排，統(tǒng)籌推進山水林田湖草沙系統(tǒng)治理，嚴格落實相關舉措，持續(xù)提升生態(tài)碳匯能力。

China has incorporated climate action into every aspect of its overall strategy for economic and social development. It has taken active steps to control greenhouse gas emissions in key industries, and promote green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction and the building sector. It has worked to develop a green and low-carbon transport system and reduce non-carbon dioxide emissions. It has taken a coordinated approach to the governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and strictly implemented relevant measures to enhance its biological carbon sink capacity.

有效控制重點工業(yè)行業(yè)溫室氣體排放。強化鋼鐵、建材、化工、有色金屬等重點行業(yè)能源消費及碳排放目標管理，實施低碳標桿引領計劃，推動重點行業(yè)企業(yè)開展碳排放對標活動，推行綠色制造，推進工業(yè)綠色化改造。加強工業(yè)過程溫室氣體排放控制，通過原料替代、改善生產工藝、改進設備使用等措施積極控制工業(yè)過程溫室氣體排放。加強再生資源回收利用，提高資源利用效率，減少資源全生命周期二氧化碳排放。

Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in key industries. China has:

·        strengthened the management of targets for energy consumption and carbon emissions in key industries, including the iron & steel, building material, chemical, and non-ferrous metal sectors.

·        carried out low-carbon demonstration projects and benchmarking campaigns to reduce carbon emissions in those industries.

·        advanced green manufacturing and the transformation of industries towards green development.

·        tightened control over greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes through substituting raw materials, improving production techniques, and updating equipment utilization.

·        increased the recycling and utilization of renewable resources for higher resource utilization efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions in the whole life cycle of resources.

推動城鄉(xiāng)建設領域綠色低碳發(fā)展。建設節(jié)能低碳城市和相關基礎設施，以綠色發(fā)展引領鄉(xiāng)村振興。推廣綠色建筑，逐步完善綠色建筑評價標準體系。開展超低能耗、近零能耗建筑示范。推動既有居住建筑節(jié)能改造，提升公共建筑能效水平，加強可再生能源建筑應用。大力開展綠色低碳宜居村鎮(zhèn)建設，結合農村危房改造開展建筑節(jié)能示范，引導農戶建設節(jié)能農房，加快推進中國北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖。

Promoting green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction. China is building energy-saving and low-carbon cities and infrastructure and boosting rural revitalization through green development. It has:

·        encouraged the construction of eco-friendly buildings and improved relevant assessment standard systems.

·        carried out demonstration programs for cities with ultra-low and nearly zero energy consumption.

·        promoted energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and improved the energy efficiency of public buildings.

·        facilitated the application of renewable energy in the building sector.

·        taken measures to build green and low-carbon villages and towns, encouraging farmers to build energy-saving houses through energy efficiency demonstration projects during the process of renovating dilapidated rural housing, and accelerating the use of clean energy for winter heating in northern China.

構建綠色低碳交通體系。調整運輸結構，減少大宗貨物公路運輸量，增加鐵路和水路運輸量。以“綠色貨運配送示范城市”建設為契機，加快建立“集約、高效、綠色、智能”的城市貨運配送服務體系。提升鐵路電氣化水平，推廣天然氣車船，完善充換電和加氫基礎設施，加大新能源汽車推廣應用力度，鼓勵靠港船舶和民航飛機停靠期間使用岸電。完善綠色交通制度和標準，發(fā)布相關標準體系、行動計劃和方案，在節(jié)能減碳等方面發(fā)布了221項標準，積極推動綠色出行，已有100多個城市開展了綠色出行創(chuàng)建行動，每年在全國組織開展綠色出行宣傳月和公交出行宣傳周活動。加快交通燃料替代和優(yōu)化，推動交通排放標準與油品標準升級，通過信息化手段提升交通運輸效率。

Developing a green and low-carbon transportation system. China has taken the following measures:

·        adjusted the mix of transport by increasing the proportion of rail and water transport for bulk goods and decreasing that of highway transport.

·        launched a project to build “model cities of green freight distribution”, as part of the efforts to accelerate the establishment of an intensive, efficient, green, and smart urban freight distribution system.

·        expanded the electrification of railways and promoted the use of natural gas vehicles and vessels, with improved electric charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to facilitate the use of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and encourage anchored ships and parked civil aircraft to use shore power.

·        improved institutions and standards for green transportation by launching relevant standards, action plans and solutions. It has published 221 standards on energy-saving and carbon reduction.

·        encouraged green travel, with more than 100 cities joining the campaign to advocate green travel, and annual nation-wide publicity month for green travel and publicity week for public transit.

·        accelerated the substitution and optimization of transport fuels and upgraded the standards on transport emissions and oil products.

·        improved transport efficiency through the application of information technology.

推動非二氧化碳溫室氣體減排。中國歷來重視非二氧化碳溫室氣體排放，在《國家應對氣候變化規(guī)劃（2014－2020年）》及控制溫室氣體排放工作方案中都明確了控制非二氧化碳溫室氣體排放的具體政策措施。自2014年起對三氟甲烷（HFC-23）的處置給予財政補貼。截至2019年，共支付補貼約14.17億元，累計削減6.53萬噸HFC-23，相當于減排9.66億噸二氧化碳當量。嚴格落實《消耗臭氧層物質管理條例》和《關于消耗臭氧層物質的蒙特利爾議定書》，加大環(huán)保制冷劑的研發(fā)，積極推動制冷劑再利用和無害化處理。引導企業(yè)加快轉換為采用低全球增溫潛勢（GWP）制冷劑的空調生產線，加速淘汰氫氯氟碳化物（HCFCs）制冷劑，限控氫氟碳化物（HFCs）的使用。成立“中國油氣企業(yè)甲烷控排聯盟”，推進全產業(yè)鏈甲烷控排行動。中國接受《〈關于消耗臭氧層物質的蒙特利爾議定書〉基加利修正案》，保護臭氧層和應對氣候變化進入新階段。

Reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions. China attaches importance to the reduction of non-carbon dioxide emissions, and has introduced specific policies and measures in the National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020) and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Chinese government has:

·        offered subsidies for the handling of HFC-23 since 2014. As of 2019, subsidies worth RMB1.4 billion yuan had been paid, reducing 65,300 tonnes of HFC-23, equivalent to 966 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.

·        stepped up the development of environmentally friendly refrigerants and actively promoted the reuse and harmless treatment of refrigerants, in strict accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Ozone-Depleting Substances and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

·        supported enterprises to employ air-conditioner production lines using low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, and limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

·        set up an alliance of Chinese oil and gas enterprises to advance methane emission control across the industry chain.

·        accepted the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, representing a new stage in protecting the ozone layer and addressing climate change in the country.

持續(xù)提升生態(tài)碳匯能力。統(tǒng)籌推進山水林田湖草沙系統(tǒng)治理，深入開展大規(guī)模國土綠化行動，持續(xù)實施三北、長江等防護林和天然林保護，東北黑土地保護，高標準農田建設，濕地保護修復，退耕還林還草，草原生態(tài)修復，京津風沙源治理，荒漠化、石漠化綜合治理等重點工程。穩(wěn)步推進城鄉(xiāng)綠化，科學開展森林撫育經營，精準提升森林質量，積極發(fā)展生物質能源，加強林草資源保護，持續(xù)增加林草資源總量，鞏固提升森林、草原、濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力。構建以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系，正式設立第一批5個國家公園，開展自然保護地整合優(yōu)化。建立健全生態(tài)保護修復制度體系，統(tǒng)籌編制生態(tài)保護修復規(guī)劃，實施藍色海灣整治行動、海岸帶保護修復工程、渤海綜合治理攻堅戰(zhàn)行動、紅樹林保護修復專項行動。開展長江干流和主要支流兩側、京津冀周邊和汾渭平原重點城市、黃河流域重點地區(qū)等重點區(qū)域歷史遺留礦山生態(tài)修復，在青藏高原、黃河、長江等7大重點區(qū)域布局生態(tài)保護和修復重大工程，支持25個山水林田湖草生態(tài)保護修復工程試點。出臺社會資本參與整治修復的系列文件，努力建立市場化、多元化生態(tài)修復投入機制。中國提出的“劃定生態(tài)保護紅線，減緩和適應氣候變化案例”成功入選聯合國“基于自然的解決方案”全球15個精品案例，得到了國際社會的充分肯定和高度認可。

Enhancing biological carbon sink capacity. China has done the following:

·        taken a coordinated approach to conserving the mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and carried out large-scale land afforestation. Efforts have continued on key projects, including protecting shelterbelts and natural forests, especially those in northwest, northeast and northern China and along the Yangtze River, conserving chernozem soils in northeast China, building high-quality farmland, protecting and restoring wetlands, returning cropland back to forests and grasslands, restoring grasslands, controlling the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, and comprehensively addressing desertification and stony desertification.

·        achieved steady progress in urban and rural greening and improved the carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other ecosystems by tending and managing forests in a science-based approach, taking targeted measures to improve the quality of forests, developing biomass energy, strengthening the protection of forest and grassland resources, and increasing their total volume.

·        developed a PA system composed mainly of national parks and established its first five national parks as part of the efforts to integrate and optimize nature reserves.

·        introduced an ecological protection and restoration system, formulated relevant plans, and carried out the Blue Bay environmental improvement initiative, the coastal belts protection and restoration project, the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea region’s water environment, and a special action for mangrove conservation and restoration.

·        carried out ecological restoration of abandoned mines in key areas, such as both sides of the main stream and major tributaries of the Yangtze River, key cities around the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and in the Fenwei Plains, and key regions in the Yellow River basin.

·        implemented major projects for ecological conservation and restoration in seven key areas, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Yellow River, and the Yangtze River.

·        supported 25 trials to conserve and restore the ecosystems of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands.

·        issued a series of documents to encourage private capital to participate in ecological conservation and restoration, in an effort to establish a market-based and diversified investment mechanism.

China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe.

（四）充分發(fā)揮市場機制作用

4. Giving Full Play to the Role of the Market

碳市場為處理好經濟發(fā)展與碳減排關系提供了有效途徑。全國碳排放權交易市場（以下簡稱全國碳市場）是利用市場機制控制和減少溫室氣體排放、推動綠色低碳發(fā)展的重大制度創(chuàng)新，也是落實中國二氧化碳排放達峰目標與碳中和愿景的重要政策工具。

The carbon market provides an effective approach to managing the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions reduction. The national carbon emissions trading market (national carbon market) is a major institutional innovation that uses market mechanisms to control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote green and low-carbon development. It is also an important policy tool for China to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.

開展碳排放權交易試點工作。碳市場可將溫室氣體控排責任壓實到企業(yè)，利用市場機制發(fā)現合理碳價，引導碳排放資源的優(yōu)化配置。2011年10月，碳排放權交易地方試點工作在北京、天津、上海、重慶、廣東、湖北、深圳7個省、市啟動。2013年起，7個試點碳市場陸續(xù)開始上線交易，覆蓋了電力、鋼鐵、水泥20多個行業(yè)近3000家重點排放單位。截至2021年9月30日，7個試點碳市場累計配額成交量4.95億噸二氧化碳當量，成交額約119.78億元。試點碳市場重點排放單位履約率保持較高水平，市場覆蓋范圍內碳排放總量和強度保持雙降趨勢，有效促進了企業(yè)溫室氣體減排，強化了社會各界低碳發(fā)展的意識。碳市場地方試點為全國碳市場建設摸索了制度，鍛煉了人才，積累了經驗，奠定了基礎，為全國碳市場建設積累了寶貴經驗。

Carrying out pilot programs on carbon emissions trading. The carbon market institutions motivate companies to commit to curbing their emissions and use market-based instruments to price carbon reasonably, thus better allocating carbon emission resources. Starting from October 2011, seven provinces and municipalities – Beijing, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin – were selected to pilot projects for carbon emissions trading. Since 2013, seven local-level pilot carbon markets have been launched, covering nearly 3,000 key emissions companies in more than 20 industries, including power, steel, and cement. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of the seven pilot carbon markets had reached 495 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, representing a value of approximately RMB12 billion. Major emitters in the pilot carbon markets have maintained a relatively high level of compliance rate, with both volume and intensity of carbon emissions within the market coverage maintaining a downward trend. This has given a significant boost to enterprises’ contribution to emissions reduction, and raised the awareness of low-carbon development in all sectors of society. The local-level pilot projects have accumulated valuable experience for the launch of the national carbon market in terms of providing institutional references and training personnel.

持續(xù)推進全國碳市場制度體系建設。制度體系是推進碳市場建設的重要保障，為更好地推進完善碳交易市場，先后印發(fā)《全國碳排放權交易市場建設方案（發(fā)電行業(yè)）》，出臺《碳排放權交易管理辦法（試行）》，印發(fā)全國碳市場第一個履約周期配額分配方案。2021年以來，陸續(xù)發(fā)布了企業(yè)溫室氣體排放報告、核查技術規(guī)范和碳排放權登記、交易、結算三項管理規(guī)則，初步構建起全國碳市場制度體系。積極推動《碳排放權交易管理暫行條例》立法進程，夯實碳排放權交易的法律基礎，規(guī)范全國碳市場運行和管理的各重點環(huán)節(jié)。

Building a national carbon market system. Systems are key in advancing carbon market development. To better regulate the carbon market, the Chinese government promulgated the National Carbon Emissions Trading Market Construction Plan (Power Generation Industry), Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (for Trial Implementation), and a quota allocation plan for the national carbon market in the first compliance period. In 2021, with the release of guidelines for accounting and reporting corporate greenhouse gas emissions and three sets of management rules for carbon emission rights regarding registration, trading, and settlement, a basic national carbon market system was established. The legislative process has moved forward on the Interim Rules on the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading, which consolidated the legal basis for carbon emissions trading, and ensured standardized operation and management in the key links of the national carbon market.

啟動全國碳市場上線交易。2021年7月16日，全國碳市場上線交易正式啟動。納入發(fā)電行業(yè)重點排放單位2162家，覆蓋約45億噸二氧化碳排放量，是全球規(guī)模最大的碳市場。全國碳市場上線交易得到國內國際高度關注和積極評價。截至2021年9月30日，全國碳市場碳排放配額累計成交量約1765萬噸，累計成交金額約8.01億元，市場運行總體平穩(wěn)有序。

Launching the national carbon market. On July 16, 2021, the national carbon market started online trading. A total of 2,162 power generation companies were involved, representing 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, making this the world’s largest emissions trading system. The launch attracted great attention and positive comments in China and elsewhere. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume in the market had reached 17.65 million tonnes, with turnover of RMB801 million. In general, the operation of the market has been stable and orderly.

建立溫室氣體自愿減排交易機制。為調動全社會自覺參與碳減排活動的積極性，體現交易主體的社會責任和低碳發(fā)展需求，促進能源消費和產業(yè)結構低碳化，2012年，中國建立溫室氣體自愿減排交易機制。截至2021年9月30日，自愿減排交易累計成交量超過3.34億噸二氧化碳當量，成交額逾29.51億元，國家核證自愿減排量（CCER）已被用于碳排放權交易試點市場配額清繳抵銷或公益性注銷，有效促進了能源結構優(yōu)化和生態(tài)保護補償。

Establishing a greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction program. The China Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Program was established in 2012. Its goals are to encourage the whole of society to participate in emissions reduction activities, ensure that the transaction entities fulfill their social responsibilities, pursue a low-carbon development path, and promote a low-carbon industrial structure and low-carbon energy consumption. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction had exceeded 334 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, with turnover approaching RMB3 billion. China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) has been introduced to pilot markets in offsetting carbon emissions, or writing off emissions occurred for public welfare purposes, effectively optimizing China’s national energy mix and its compensation mechanism for eco-environmental conservation.

（五）增強適應氣候變化能力

5. Reinforcing Ability to Adapt to Climate Change

廣大發(fā)展中國家由于生態(tài)環(huán)境、產業(yè)結構和社會經濟發(fā)展水平等方面的原因，適應氣候變化的能力普遍較弱，比發(fā)達國家更易受到氣候變化的不利影響。中國是全球氣候變化的敏感區(qū)和影響顯著區(qū)，中國把主動適應氣候變化作為實施積極應對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略的重要內容，推進和實施適應氣候變化重大戰(zhàn)略，開展重點區(qū)域、重點領域適應氣候變化行動，強化監(jiān)測預警和防災減災能力，努力提高適應氣候變化能力和水平。

Due to ecological and environmental constraints, limitations imposed by the industrial structure, and the level of social and economic development, developing countries are generally weaker in terms of their ability to adapt to climate change, and are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change than developed countries. China is a climate sensitive region, and has witnessed a profound impact. Regarding adaptation as a major component in executing the national strategy for actively responding to climate change, the Chinese government has promoted and implemented major adaptation strategies, launching adaptation actions in key areas and sectors, and strengthening monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.

推進和實施適應氣候變化重大戰(zhàn)略。為統(tǒng)籌開展適應氣候變化工作，2013年，中國制定了國家適應氣候變化戰(zhàn)略，明確了2014年至2020年國家適應氣候變化工作的指導思想和原則、主要目標，制定實施基礎設施、農業(yè)、水資源、海岸帶和相關海域、森林和其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、人體健康、旅游業(yè)和其他產業(yè)七大重點任務等。2020年，中國啟動編制《國家適應氣候變化戰(zhàn)略2035》，著力加強統(tǒng)籌指導和溝通協調，強化氣候變化影響觀測評估，提升重點領域和關鍵脆弱區(qū)域適應氣候變化能力。

Pressing ahead with major national strategies to improve climate resilience. In order to carry out the climate adaptation related work in a coordinated way, China formulated the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in 2013, identifying guidelines, principles, and main targets of this undertaking from 2014 to 2020, and supervised the formulation and implementation of seven major tasks involving infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal zone and related sea areas, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries. In 2020, China started the preparation of the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035, which focused on overall guidance, communication, coordination, strengthening observation and assessment of climate change impacts, and improving the ability of major sectors and key vulnerable regions to adapt to climate change.

開展重點區(qū)域適應氣候變化行動。在城市地區(qū)，制定城市適應氣候變化行動方案，開展海綿城市以及氣候適應型城市試點，提升城市基礎設施建設的氣候韌性，通過城市組團式布局和綠廊、綠道、公園等城市綠化環(huán)境建設，有效緩解城市熱島效應和相關氣候風險，提升國家交通網絡對低溫冰雪、洪澇、臺風等極端天氣適應能力。在沿海地區(qū)，組織開展年度全國海平面變化監(jiān)測、影響調查與評估，嚴格管控圍填海，加強濱海濕地保護，提高沿海重點地區(qū)抵御氣候變化風險能力。在其他重點生態(tài)地區(qū)，開展青藏高原、西北農牧交錯帶、西南石漠化地區(qū)、長江與黃河流域等生態(tài)脆弱地區(qū)氣候適應與生態(tài)修復工作，協同提高適應氣候變化能力。

Launching climate change adaptation actions in key regions. In urban areas, action plan for cities to adapt to climate change has been formulated, and pilot projects for “sponge cities” and climate-adaptive cities have been carried out to improve the resilience of urban infrastructure. The urban cluster configuration and urban afforestation efforts such as corridors, greenways, and parks have effectively alleviated the urban heat island (UHI) effect and other climate risks, and improved the national transport network’s ability to adapt to extreme weather conditions such as unusually high or low levels of rain or snow, temperature fluctuations, typhoons, and other phenomena. In coastal areas, nationwide sea level change monitoring and surveys and assessments have been carried out annually, and land reclamation from the sea has been strictly regulated. The government has strengthened protection of coastal wetland, and improved the ability of key coastal areas to deal with climate change risks. In other key eco-environmental areas including ecologically fragile areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, transition areas between cropland and grassland in the northwest, stony deserts in the southwest, and the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins, China has carried out climate adaption and ecological restoration efforts to improve the overall ability to adapt to climate change.

推進重點領域適應氣候變化行動。在農業(yè)領域，加快轉變農業(yè)發(fā)展方式，推進農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，啟動實施東北地區(qū)秸稈處理等農業(yè)綠色發(fā)展五大行動，提升農業(yè)減排固碳能力。大力研發(fā)推廣防災減災增產、氣候資源利用等農業(yè)氣象災害防御和適應新技術，完成農業(yè)氣象災害風險區(qū)劃5000多項。在林業(yè)和草原領域，因地制宜、適地適樹科學造林綠化，優(yōu)化造林模式，培育健康森林，全面提升林業(yè)適應氣候變化能力。加強各類林地的保護管理，構建以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系，實施草原保護修復重大工程，恢復和增強草原生態(tài)功能。在水資源領域，完善防洪減災體系，加強水利基礎設施建設，提升水資源優(yōu)化配置和水旱災害防御能力。實施國家節(jié)水行動，建立水資源剛性約束制度，推進水資源消耗總量和強度雙控，提高水資源集約節(jié)約利用水平。在公眾健康領域，組織開展氣候變化健康風險評估，提升中國適應氣候變化保護人群健康能力。啟動實施“健康環(huán)境促進行動”，開展氣候敏感性疾病防控工作，加強應對氣候變化衛(wèi)生應急保障。

Promoting climate change adaptation actions in key sectors. In the agricultural sector, China has promoted sustainable agricultural development by transforming agricultural growth models. Capacity for agricultural emissions reduction and carbon sequestration has been strengthened thanks to the implementation of five major agricultural green development actions in Northeast China, including straw processing. The government has made every effort to develop and promote new technologies for the prevention and adaptation of agrometeorological disasters, such as those related to preventing and mitigating disaster, increasing production, and utilizing climate resources. It has completed more than 5,000 exercises in agrometeorological disaster risk zoning. In forestry and grassland, afforestation and greening efforts have been carried out scientifically in line with local conditions and suitable tree types. The optimized afforestation models guarantee forest health, thus comprehensively increasing the ability of forestry to adapt to climate change. The government has strengthened the protection and management of various types of forest lands, built a nature reserve system with a focus on national parks, implemented major grassland protection and restoration projects, and restored and reinforced grassland ecological functions. In the water resources sector, China has improved the flood prevention and disaster reduction system, strengthened the construction of water conservancy infrastructure, and optimized the allocation of water resources to prevent floods and droughts. In order to control the total amount and intensity of water consumption and ensure its intensive and economical use, nationwide water-saving campaigns have been launched and a rigid restraint system has been established. In the public health sector, the government has organized and carried out climate change related health risk assessment, and worked to improve the country’s ability to protect public health in the context of climate change. China has launched Healthy Environment Promotion Action, carried out prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases, and reinforced safeguards in response to the climate change health emergency.

強化監(jiān)測預警和防災減災能力。強化自然災害風險監(jiān)測、調查和評估，完善自然災害監(jiān)測預警預報和綜合風險防范體系。建立了全國范圍內多種氣象災害長時間序列災情數據庫，完成國家級精細化氣象災害風險預警業(yè)務平臺建設。建立空天地一體化的自然災害綜合風險監(jiān)測預警系統(tǒng)，定期發(fā)布全國自然災害風險形勢報告。發(fā)布綜合防災減災規(guī)劃，指導氣候變化背景下防災減災救災工作。實施自然災害防治九項重點工程建設，推動自然災害防治能力持續(xù)提升，重點加強強對流天氣、冰川災害、堰塞湖等監(jiān)測預警和會商研判。發(fā)揮國土空間規(guī)劃對提升自然災害防治能力的基礎性作用。實現基層氣象防災減災標準化全國縣（區(qū)）全覆蓋。

Strengthening monitoring, early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. Systems for natural disaster risk monitoring, investigation and assessment, early warning and forecasting, and comprehensive risk prevention have been optimized. China has established a nationwide long-term sequences disaster database for various meteorological disasters, and completed a national-level refined meteorological disaster risk early warning service platform. With the establishment of a comprehensive system that integrates air, space and land, China now publishes regular reports on national natural disaster risks. The government has promulgated national disaster prevention and mitigation plans to guide disaster prevention, mitigation and relief work in the context of climate change, carried out nine key projects for strengthening natural disaster prevention and control, monitoring, early warning, consultation and evaluation of severe convective weather, melting glaciers, and dammed lakes. Territorial space planning plays a key role in preventing and controlling natural disasters, and ensures that local-level meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation standards apply to all counties (districts) across the country.

（六）持續(xù)提升應對氣候變化支撐水平

6. Increasing Support for Addressing Climate Change

中國高度重視應對氣候變化支撐保障能力建設，不斷完善溫室氣體排放統(tǒng)計核算體系，發(fā)揮綠色金融重要作用，提升科技創(chuàng)新支撐能力，積極推動應對氣候變化技術轉移轉化。

China attaches great importance to developing support capacity to address climate change. It has continuously improved the statistical and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions, given a key role to green finance, and leveraged the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation to promote the transfer and application of climate change technologies.

完善溫室氣體排放統(tǒng)計核算體系。建立健全溫室氣體排放基礎統(tǒng)計制度，提出涵蓋氣候變化及影響等5大類36個指標的應對氣候變化統(tǒng)計指標體系，在此基礎上構建應對氣候變化統(tǒng)計報表制度，持續(xù)對統(tǒng)計報表進行整體更新與修訂。編制國家溫室氣體清單，在已提交中華人民共和國氣候變化初始國家信息通報的基礎上，提交兩次國家信息通報和兩次兩年更新報告。推動企業(yè)溫室氣體排放核算和報告，印發(fā)24個行業(yè)企業(yè)溫室氣體排放核算方法與報告指南，組織開展企業(yè)溫室氣體排放報告工作。碳達峰碳中和工作領導小組辦公室設立碳排放統(tǒng)計核算工作組，加快完善碳排放統(tǒng)計核算體系。

Improving the statistical and accounting systems of greenhouse gas emissions. China has established and improved a basic statistical system for measuring greenhouse gas emissions. It has proposed a statistical indicator system on climate change response involving 36 indicators grouped into 5 categories, including climate change and impact. It has launched a statistical report on climate change response on this basis, and continued to update and revise the report. It has compiled a greenhouse gas inventory, and submitted two national reports and two two-year update reports based on the Initial National Report on Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. The government has urged enterprises to improve their accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, issued appropriate guidelines for 24 industries, and organized companies to prepare greenhouse gas emission reports. The Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality has formed a taskforce to speed up efforts to upgrade the carbon emission statistical and accounting system.

加強綠色金融支持。中國不斷加大資金投入，支持應對氣候變化工作。加強綠色金融頂層設計，先后在浙江、江西、廣東、貴州、甘肅、新疆等六?。▍^(qū)）九地設立了綠色金融改革創(chuàng)新試驗區(qū)，強化金融支持綠色低碳轉型功能，引導試驗區(qū)加快經驗復制推廣。出臺氣候投融資綜合配套政策，統(tǒng)籌推進氣候投融資標準體系建設，強化市場資金引導機制，推動氣候投融資試點工作。大力發(fā)展綠色信貸，完善綠色債券配套政策，發(fā)布相關支持項目目錄，有效引導社會資本支持應對氣候變化。截至2020年末，中國綠色貸款余額11.95萬億元，其中清潔能源貸款余額為3.2萬億元，綠色債券市場累計發(fā)行約1.2萬億元，存量規(guī)模達8000億元，位于世界第二。

Increasing green finance support. China continues to increase investment to support efforts to tackle climate change. It has improved the top-level design of green finance, and set up nine pilot zones for reform and innovation of green finance in six provincial-level administrative units, namely, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Xinjiang, and Zhejiang. It has strengthened financial support for green and low-carbon transformation, and encouraged pilot zones to introduce successful practices to more regions. It has introduced comprehensive support policies for climate investment and financing, and pressed for building a standard system accordingly. It has also strengthened market funding guidance and promoted pilot work in climate investment and financing. It has encouraged the development of green credit mechanisms, improved supporting policies for green bonds, and published a catalog of related supporting projects, effectively guiding private capital in addressing climate change. As of the end of 2020, China’s balance of green loans amounted to RMB11.95 trillion, of which the clean energy loan balance was RMB3.2 trillion. China has issued a total of about RMB1.2 trillion of green bonds, with roughly RMB800 billion outstanding, making it the world’s second-biggest green bond market.

強化科技創(chuàng)新支撐?？萍紕?chuàng)新在發(fā)現、揭示和應對氣候變化問題中發(fā)揮著基礎性作用，在推動綠色低碳轉型中將發(fā)揮關鍵性作用。中國先后發(fā)布應對氣候變化相關科技創(chuàng)新專項規(guī)劃、技術推廣清單、綠色產業(yè)目錄，全面部署了應對氣候變化科技工作，持續(xù)開展應對氣候變化基礎科學研究，強化智庫咨詢支撐，加強低碳技術研發(fā)應用。國家重點研發(fā)計劃開展10余個應對氣候變化科技研發(fā)重大專項，積極推廣溫室氣體削減和利用領域143項技術的應用。鼓勵企業(yè)牽頭綠色技術研發(fā)項目，支持綠色技術成果轉移轉化，建立綜合性國家級綠色技術交易市場，引導企業(yè)采用先進適用的節(jié)能低碳新工藝和技術。成立二氧化碳捕集、利用與封存（以下簡稱CCUS）創(chuàng)業(yè)技術創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略聯盟、CCUS專委會等專門機構，持續(xù)推動CCUS領域技術進步、成果轉化。

Strengthening the role of scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation plays a fundamental role in identifying, analyzing, and responding to issues related to climate change, and is set to play a crucial role in promoting the green and low-carbon transition. China has issued a series of climate change-related special plans for technological innovation, technology promotion lists, and green industry catalogs. The government has committed to basic scientific research on climate change, emphasized the consulting function of think tanks, and promoted the research, development, and application of low-carbon technologies. More than 10 major climate change-related research and development projects have been carried out, and the application of 143 technologies in the field of greenhouse gas reduction and utilization has been promoted under the national key research and development plan. The government has encouraged enterprises to take the lead in green technology research and development, supported the transfer and application of green technology achievements, established a comprehensive national-level green technology trading market, and guided enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable energy-saving and low-carbon new technologies. China has established a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) entrepreneurial technology innovation strategic alliance, along with a special committee and other institutions, to promote technical progress and the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field.

三、中國應對氣候變化發(fā)生歷史性變化

III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change

中國堅持創(chuàng)新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，立足國內、胸懷世界，以中國智慧和中國方案推動經濟社會綠色低碳轉型發(fā)展不斷取得新成效，以大國擔當為全球應對氣候變化作出積極貢獻。

China upholds the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Based on domestic realities and taking into consideration the international situation, China continues to employ its wisdom and apply its solutions to the transition to green and low-carbon social and economic development. As a responsible major country, it is making its due contribution to the global response to climate change.

（一）經濟發(fā)展與減污降碳協同效應凸顯

1. Coordinating Economic Development with Reductions in Pollution and Carbon Emissions

中國堅定不移走綠色、低碳、可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，致力于將綠色發(fā)展理念融匯到經濟建設的各方面和全過程，綠色已成為經濟高質量發(fā)展的亮麗底色，在經濟社會持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的同時，碳排放強度顯著下降。2020年中國碳排放強度比2015年下降18.8%，超額完成“十三五”約束性目標，比2005年下降48.4%，超額完成了中國向國際社會承諾的到2020年下降40%－45%的目標，累計少排放二氧化碳約58億噸，基本扭轉了二氧化碳排放快速增長的局面。與此同時，中國經濟實現跨越式發(fā)展，2020年GDP比2005年增長超4倍，取得了近1億農村貧困人口脫貧的巨大勝利，完成了消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務。中國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護工作也取得歷史性成就，環(huán)境“顏值”普遍提升，美麗中國建設邁出堅實步伐?！笆濉币?guī)劃綱要確定的生態(tài)環(huán)境約束性指標均圓滿超額完成。其中，全國地級及以上城市優(yōu)良天數比率為87%（目標84.5%）；PM2.5未達標地級及以上城市平均濃度相比2015年下降28.8%（目標18%）；全國地表水優(yōu)良水質斷面比例提高到83.4%（目標70%）；劣Ⅴ類水體比例下降到0.6%（目標5%）；二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化學需氧量、氨氮排放量和單位GDP二氧化碳排放指標，均在2019年提前完成“十三五”目標基礎上繼續(xù)保持下降。污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)階段性目標任務高質量完成。藍天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，七大標志性戰(zhàn)役取得決定性成效。重污染天數明顯減少。

China follows the path of green, low-carbon and sustainable development, and is committed to integrating green development into the whole process of economic development. Greenness has become an integral component of sustained and high-quality social and economic development, and China’s carbon intensity has decreased significantly.

China’s carbon intensity in 2020 was 18.8 percent lower than that in 2015, a better result than the binding target set in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). The figure was also 48.4 percent less than that in 2005, which means that China had more than fulfilled its commitment to the international community – to achieve a 40-45 percent reduction in carbon intensity from the 2005 level by 2020. The drop in carbon intensity translates to a total reduction of about 5.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions from 2005 to 2020, and demonstrates that China has largely reversed the rapid growth of its carbon dioxide emissions.

At the same time, China’s economy has achieved leapfrog development. Its GDP in 2020 was more than four times greater than in 2005. It has achieved a great victory in moving nearly 100 million rural poor out of poverty, and succeeded in the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty.

China has also achieved remarkable successes in eco-environmental protection, and the overall environment is becoming more beautiful. It has taken solid steps to build a beautiful China. The binding eco-environmental targets set in the 13th Five-Year Plan have all been exceeded. The following results were achieved in 2020:

·        The ratio of days with “excellent” air quality in cities at and above prefecture level was 87 percent (against a target of 84.5 percent).

·        The average concentration of PM2.5 in cities at and above prefecture level went down by 28.8 percent from the 2015 level (against a target of 18 percent).

·        The combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water increased to 83.4 percent (against a target of 70 percent).

·        The proportion of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V decreased to 0.6 percent (against a target of 5 percent).

·        Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen emissions and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have continued to decline after China completed the 13th Five-Year Plan ahead of schedule in 2019. The phased objectives and tasks of pollution prevention and control have been completed to a high standard. The battles to defend blue skies, clear waters and clean land and the seven landmark campaigns for pollution prevention and control have achieved decisive results. The number of days with heavy pollution has decreased significantly.

（二）能源生產和消費革命取得顯著成效

2. Remarkable Results in Revolutionizing Energy Production and Consumption

中國堅定不移實施能源安全新戰(zhàn)略，能源生產和利用方式發(fā)生重大變革，能源發(fā)展取得歷史性成就，為服務高質量發(fā)展、打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)和全面建成小康社會提供重要支撐，為應對氣候變化、建設清潔美麗世界作出積極貢獻。

China has committed to implementing a new energy security strategy, with major changes made in energy production and utilization, and historic achievements in energy development. These provide vital momentum to achieve high-quality development, win the battle against poverty, and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. They also contribute to China’s drive to mitigate climate change and build a clean and beautiful world.

非化石能源快速發(fā)展。中國把非化石能源放在能源發(fā)展優(yōu)先位置，大力開發(fā)利用非化石能源，推進能源綠色低碳轉型。初步核算，2020年，中國非化石能源占能源消費總量比重提高到15.9%，比2005年大幅提升了8.5個百分點；中國非化石能源發(fā)電裝機總規(guī)模達到9.8億千瓦，占總裝機的比重達到44.7%，其中，風電、光伏、水電、生物質發(fā)電、核電裝機容量分別達到2.8億千瓦、2.5億千瓦、3.7億千瓦、2952萬千瓦、4989萬千瓦，光伏和風電裝機容量較2005年分別增加了3000多倍和200多倍。非化石能源發(fā)電量達到2.6萬億千瓦時，占全社會用電量的比重達到三分之一以上。

Non-fossil energy is developing rapidly. China gives priority to the development of non-fossil energy. It is vigorously developing and utilizing alternative energy sources, and promoting a green and low-carbon transformation of its energy industry. Preliminary calculations show that in 2020, non-fossil energy contributed 15.9 percent to China’s total energy consumption, a significant increase of 8.5 percentage points compared with 2005. The total installed capacity of non-fossil energy power generation in China reached 980 million kW, accounting for 44.7 percent of total installed capacity. Within this figure, wind represented 280 million kW, PV 250 million kW, hydro 370 million kW, biomass 29.52 million kW, and nuclear power 49.89 million kW. PV power increased by a factor of more than 3,000 compared with 2005, and wind by a factor of more than 200. Electricity generated by non-fossil energy reached 2.6 trillion kWh, representing more than one third of the power consumption of the country.

能耗強度顯著降低。中國是全球能耗強度降低最快的國家之一，初步核算，2011年至2020年中國能耗強度累計下降28.7%?！笆濉逼陂g，中國以年均2.8%的能源消費量增長支撐了年均5.7%的經濟增長，節(jié)約能源占同時期全球節(jié)能量的一半左右。中國煤電機組供電煤耗持續(xù)保持世界先進水平，截至2020年底，中國達到超低排放水平的煤電機組約9.5億千瓦，節(jié)能改造規(guī)模超過8億千瓦，火電廠平均供電煤耗降至305.8克標煤/千瓦時，較2010年下降超過27克標煤/千瓦時。據測算，供電能耗降低使2020年火電行業(yè)相比2010年減少二氧化碳排放3.7億噸。2016年至2020年，中國發(fā)布強制性能耗限額標準16項，實現年節(jié)能量7700萬噸標準煤，相當于減排二氧化碳1.48億噸；發(fā)布強制性產品設備能效標準26項，實現年節(jié)電量490億千瓦時。

China is rapidly reducing its energy consumption intensity. Preliminary calculations show that the reduction from 2011 to 2020 reached 28.7 percent, one of the fastest in the world. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), China fueled an average annual economic growth of 5.7 percent with an average annual energy consumption growth of 2.8 percent, and the amount of energy it saved accounted for about half of the global energy savings in the same period. China has been ranked among leading countries in the efficiency of coal consumption in its coal-fired power generation units. By the end of 2020, it had approximately 950 million kW of installed capacity in ultra-low emission units, and over 800 million kW of installed capacity in units that had undergone energy-saving transformation. The average coal consumption of thermal power plants had decreased to 305.8 grams of standard coal per kWh, down more than 27 grams compared with 2010. The energy saved represents a reduction of 370 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission by coal-fired power generation units in 2020 compared with 2010.

From 2016 to 2020, China issued 16 mandatory energy consumption quota standards, achieving an annual energy saving of 77 million tonnes of standard coal, equivalent to 148 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions; it issued 26 mandatory product and equipment energy efficiency standards, realizing an annual power saving of 49 billion kWh.

能源消費結構向清潔低碳加速轉化。為應對化石能源燃燒所帶來的環(huán)境污染和氣候變化問題，中國嚴控煤炭消費，煤炭消費占比持續(xù)明顯下降。2020年中國能源消費總量控制在50億噸標準煤以內，煤炭占能源消費總量比重由2005年的72.4%下降至2020年的56.8%。中國超額完成“十三五”煤炭去產能、淘汰煤電落后產能目標任務，累計淘汰煤電落后產能4500萬千瓦以上。截至2020年底，中國北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖率已提升到60%以上，京津冀及周邊地區(qū)、汾渭平原累計完成散煤替代2500萬戶左右，削減散煤約5000萬噸，據測算，相當于少排放二氧化碳約9200萬噸。

China has accelerated the transformation to a clean and low-carbon energy consumption structure. In order to address pollution and climate change caused by fossil fuel combustion, China has strictly controlled coal consumption, and the proportion of coal consumption has continued to decline significantly. In 2020, China’s total energy consumption was kept under 5 billion tonnes of standard coal. The proportion of coal in its total energy consumption dropped from 72.4 percent in 2005 to 56.8 percent in 2020. China exceeded the target for reducing coal production capacity and eliminated more than 45 million kW of outdated coal and electricity production capacity during the 2016-2020 period. By the end of 2020, the clean heating rate in winter in northern China had increased to more than 60 percent. Coal for non-industrial sectors has been replaced with cleaner energy in the power supply to around 25 million households in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding areas and on the Fenwei Plain, representing a reduction of around 50 million tonnes of coal for non-industrial sectors, which is equivalent to cutting about 92 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.

能源發(fā)展有力支持脫貧攻堅。中國實施能源扶貧工程，通過合理開發(fā)利用貧困地區(qū)能源資源，有效提升了貧困地區(qū)自身“造血”能力，為貧困地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展增添新動能。中國累計建成超過2600萬千瓦光伏扶貧電站，成千上萬座“陽光銀行”遍布貧困農村地區(qū)，惠及約6萬個貧困村、415萬貧困戶，形成了光伏與農業(yè)融合發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新模式，助力打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)。

Energy development significantly contributes to poverty alleviation. China has implemented a project to alleviate poverty through the rational development and utilization of energy resources in poor areas, effectively boosting their economic development capacity. China has built a total of more than 26 million kW of PV poverty-alleviation power stations, and thousands of “sunshine banks” in poor rural areas, benefiting about 60,000 poor villages and 4.15 million poor households. This innovative model for the integrated development of PV energy and agriculture is helping to win the battle against poverty.

（三）產業(yè)低碳化為綠色發(fā)展提供新動能

3. Low-Carbon Industrial Transition Fueling Green Development

中國堅持把生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展的要求落實到產業(yè)升級之中，持續(xù)推動產業(yè)綠色低碳化和綠色低碳產業(yè)化，努力走出了一條產業(yè)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護雙贏的生態(tài)文明發(fā)展新路。

China has incorporated the concepts of putting the environment first and pursuing green development into its industrial upgrading. Through green, low carbon transformation of industries and the application of green, low carbon solutions, it has opened a new path to progress in both industrial development and environmental protection.

產業(yè)結構進一步優(yōu)化。應對氣候變化為中國產業(yè)綠色低碳發(fā)展賦予新使命，帶來新機遇。2020年中國第三產業(yè)增加值占GDP比重達到54.5%，比2015年提高3.7個百分點，高于第二產業(yè)16.7個百分點。節(jié)能環(huán)保等戰(zhàn)略性新興產業(yè)快速壯大并逐步成為支柱產業(yè)，高技術制造業(yè)增加值占規(guī)模以上工業(yè)增加值比重為15.1%。“十三五”期間，中國高耗能項目產能擴張得到有效控制，石化、化工、鋼鐵等重點行業(yè)轉型升級加速，提前兩年完成“十三五”化解鋼鐵過剩產能1.5億噸上限目標任務，全面取締“地條鋼”產能1億多噸。據測算，截至2020年，中國單位工業(yè)增加值二氧化碳排放量比2015年下降約22%。2020年主要資源產出率比2015年提高約26%，廢鋼、廢紙累計利用量分別達到約2.6億噸、5490萬噸，再生有色金屬產量達到1450萬噸。

China is improving its industrial structure. Responding to climate change is a new mission for Chinese industry in its pursuit of green, low-carbon development, which also opens up new opportunities. The added value of tertiary industry made up 54.5 percent of China’s GDP in 2020, 3.7 percentage points above that of 2015 and 16.7 percentage points higher than the figure for secondary industry. Strategic emerging industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection are growing rapidly and becoming pillars of the economy. Hi-tech manufacturing now accounts for 15.1 percent of the added value of industrial firms of designated size – with a revenue of RMB20 million and above per annum.

During the 2016-2020 period, China effectively reined in the expansion of energy-intensive industries, and accelerated the upgrading and transformation of key industries, including petrochemicals, chemicals, and iron & steel. Having set the goal of reducing the overcapacity of iron & steel production by up to 150 million tonnes during this period, it met the goal two years ahead of schedule, and decommissioned facilities producing substandard steel products to a total volume exceeding 100 million tonnes. It is estimated that from 2015 to 2020 carbon dioxide emissions per unit of added value of Chinese industries fell by about 22 percent.

In 2020, major resource productivity rose by approximately 26 percent from the 2015 level. About 260 million tonnes of scrap steel and 54.9 million tonnes of waste paper were reused, and the output of recycled non-ferrous metals reached 14.5 million tonnes.

新能源產業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。隨著新一輪科技革命和產業(yè)變革孕育興起，新能源汽車產業(yè)正進入加速發(fā)展的新階段。中國新能源汽車生產和銷售規(guī)模連續(xù)6年位居全球第一，截至2021年6月，新能源汽車保有量已達603萬輛。中國風電、光伏發(fā)電設備制造形成了全球最完整的產業(yè)鏈，技術水平和制造規(guī)模居世界前列，新型儲能產業(yè)鏈日趨完善，技術路線多元化發(fā)展，為全球能源清潔低碳轉型提供了重要保障。截至2020年底，中國多晶硅、光伏電池、光伏組件等產品產量占全球總產量份額均位居全球第一，連續(xù)8年成為全球最大新增光伏市場；光伏產品出口到200多個國家及地區(qū)，降低了全球清潔能源使用成本；新型儲能裝機規(guī)模約330萬千瓦，位居全球第一。

The new energy industry is witnessing strong growth. The latest revolution in science and technology and industrial transformation has accelerated the growth of the NEV industry. China has topped the world in NEV output and sales for the last six years. In June 2021 the country’s NEV fleet reached 6.03 million.

In the manufacture of wind power and PV power generation equipment, China has established the most complete industrial chain in the world, and is the global leader in terms of technology and output. The steady maturing of China’s industrial chain for new energy storage and the diversity of its technology lend strength to the clean, low-carbon transition of the global energy sector. As of the end of 2020, China had secured the largest share in the global output of polycrystalline silicon, PV cells, and PV modules, and led the world in PV capacity additions for eight consecutive years; it had exported PV products to more than 200 countries and regions worldwide, helping to bring down the cost of clean energy globally; its installed capacity for new energy storage stood at 3.3 million kW, the largest in the world.

綠色節(jié)能建筑跨越式增長。以綠色發(fā)展理念為牽引，中國全面深入推進綠色建筑和建筑節(jié)能，充分釋放建筑領域巨大的碳減排潛力。截至2020年底，城鎮(zhèn)新建綠色建筑占當年新建建筑比例高達77%，累計建成綠色建筑面積超過66億平方米。累計建成節(jié)能建筑面積超過238億平方米，節(jié)能建筑占城鎮(zhèn)民用建筑面積比例超過63%?！笆濉逼陂g，城鎮(zhèn)新建建筑節(jié)能標準進一步提高，完成既有居住建筑節(jié)能改造面積5.14億平方米，公共建筑節(jié)能改造面積1.85億平方米。可再生能源替代民用建筑常規(guī)能源消耗比重達到6%。

Green, energy-efficient buildings are growing rapidly. Under its green development philosophy, China has made sweeping efforts to promote eco-friendly and energy-efficient buildings, in a bid to harness the full potential for carbon emissions reduction in the architectural sector. By the end of 2020, the floorage of China’s green buildings had exceeded 6.6 billion square meters, with as many as 77 percent of urban buildings completed in the year meeting the green standard. The floorage of energy-efficient buildings had surpassed 23.8 billion square meters, accounting for more than 63 percent of the total floor space of urban civic buildings.

During the 2016-2020 period, China further raised its energy conservation standard for newly built urban buildings. It improved energy efficiency over 514 million square meters of floor space in existing civic buildings and 185 million square meters in public buildings, and increased the share of renewable energy in energy use by civic buildings to six percent.

綠色交通體系日益完善。中國堅定不移推進交通領域節(jié)能減排，走出了一條能耗排放做“減法”、經濟發(fā)展做“加法”的新路子。綜合運輸網絡不斷完善，大宗貨物運輸“公轉鐵”、“公轉水”、江海直達運輸、多式聯運發(fā)展持續(xù)推進；鐵路貨運量占全社會貨運量比例較2017年增長近兩個百分點，水路貨運量較2010年增加了38.27億噸，集裝箱鐵水聯運量“十三五”期間年均增長超過23%。城市低碳交通系統(tǒng)建設成效顯著，截至2020年底，31個?。▍^(qū)、市）中有87個城市開展了國家公交都市建設，43個城市開通運營城市軌道交通?！笆濉逼陂g城市公共交通累計完成客運量超4270億人次，城市公共交通機動化出行分擔率穩(wěn)步提高。

Steady progress is being made in green transport. China is firmly committed to energy conservation and emissions reduction in the transport industry. It has therefore devised a means of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions while maintaining economic growth. With steady improvements to the integrated transport system, more bulk cargos are carried by train and ship instead of truck, and river-sea shipping and multimodal transport continue to expand. By 2020 the share of railways in China’s total freight volume had increased by nearly two percentage points over 2017, and the volume of river and sea freight had grown by 3.83 billion tonnes compared to 2010. Between 2016 and 2020 the volume of intermodal rail-water freight grew by an average of 23 percent year on year.

Notable progress has also been made in building low-carbon urban transport systems. As of the end of 2020, 87 cities on China’s mainland had joined the national program to improve public transport, and 43 cities had launched urban rail transit networks. During the 2016-2020 period, trips by urban public transport exceeded 427 billion, signifying a steady increase in the proportion of city dwellers using public transport.

（四）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力明顯提高

4. Marked Increase in the Carbon Sink Capacity of Ecosystems

中國堅持多措并舉，有效發(fā)揮森林、草原、濕地、海洋、土壤、凍土等的固碳作用，持續(xù)鞏固提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力。中國是全球森林資源增長最多和人工造林面積最大的國家，成為全球“增綠”的主力軍。2010年至2020年，中國實施退耕還林還草約1.08億畝?！笆濉逼陂g，累計完成造林5.45億畝、森林撫育6.37億畝。2020年底，全國森林面積2.2億公頃，全國森林覆蓋率達到23.04%，草原綜合植被覆蓋度達到56.1%，濕地保護率達到50%以上，森林植被碳儲備量91.86億噸，“地球之肺”發(fā)揮了重要的碳匯價值。“十三五”期間，中國累計完成防沙治沙任務1097.8萬公頃，完成石漠化治理面積165萬公頃，新增水土流失綜合治理面積31萬平方公里，塞罕壩、庫布齊等創(chuàng)造了一個個“荒漠變綠洲”的綠色傳奇；修復退化濕地46.74萬公頃，新增濕地面積20.26萬公頃。截至2020年底，中國建立了國家級自然保護區(qū)474處，面積超過國土面積的十分之一，累計建成高標準農田8億畝，整治修復岸線1200公里，濱海濕地2.3萬公頃，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯功能得到有效保護。

China has taken various measures to build up the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems and ensure that forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, soil and frigid zones play their role in carbon sequestration. With the highest growth in forest coverage and the largest area of man-made forests, China leads the world in greening the planet. In the decade between 2010 and 2020, 7.2 million ha of marginal farmland were turned into forest and grassland. By 2020, vegetation coverage of its grasslands was 56.1 percent, and more than half of its wetland areas were under protection.

In the 2016-2020 period, 36.3 million ha of forests were planted, and 42.5 million ha of forests were tended. At the end of 2020, China’s forest area stood at 220 million ha, its forest coverage reached 23 percent, and forest carbon storage approached 9.19 billion tonnes. Forests, the lungs of the earth, are playing their due role as an important carbon sink.

During the five years from 2016 to 2020, China conducted desertification control on almost 11 million ha, addressed stony desertification on 1.65 million ha, and applied comprehensive treatment of soil erosion to an additional 310,000 square kilometers of land. Saihanba and Kubuqi are two shining examples of this “desert to oasis” miracle China has created. China also restored 467,400 ha of degraded wetlands, and added 202,600 ha of new wetlands.

By the end of 2020, China had established 474 national nature reserves, which accounted for more than one tenth of its land mass. It had cultivated 53.3 million ha of high-quality farmland, and restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands. As a result, ecosystems are better conserved and geared to play their role as carbon sinks.

（五）綠色低碳生活成為新風尚

5. Green and Low Carbon Lifestyles Gaining Popularity

踐行綠色生活已成為建設美麗中國的必要前提，也正在成為全社會共建美麗中國的自覺行動。中國長期開展“全國節(jié)能宣傳周”“全國低碳日”“世界環(huán)境日”等活動，向社會公眾普及氣候變化知識，積極在國民教育體系中突出包括氣候變化和綠色發(fā)展在內的生態(tài)文明教育，組織開展面向社會的應對氣候變化培訓?！懊利愔袊?，我是行動者”活動在中國大地上如火如荼展開。以公交、地鐵為主的城市公共交通日出行量超過2億人次，騎行、步行等城市慢行系統(tǒng)建設穩(wěn)步推進，綠色、低碳出行理念深入人心。從“光盤行動”、反對餐飲浪費、節(jié)水節(jié)紙、節(jié)電節(jié)能，到環(huán)保裝修、拒絕過度包裝、告別一次性用品，“綠色低碳節(jié)儉風”吹進千家萬戶，簡約適度、綠色低碳、文明健康的生活方式成為社會新風尚。

Green living is a prerequisite for building a beautiful China, and every member of society has become conscious of the need and is ready to act. Through regular activities, including those for National Energy Conservation Week, National Low Carbon Day and World Environment Day, China educates the public about climate change. It also promotes the concept of eco-civilization, including climate change and green development, in the national education system, and organizes training courses for the public on responding to climate change.

The “Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor” campaign is sweeping the nation, attracting large numbers of participants. Urban public vehicles, mainly buses and subways, carry over 200 million passengers every day, roads and facilities friendly to cycling and walking are expanding in urban areas, and more people are favoring green, low-carbon modes of transport.

In addition, tens of thousands of households are practicing thrift through actions such as saving food, water, paper, and energy, choosing eco-friendly materials for home decoration, and saying no to over-packaging and disposable products. The nation is turning towards a thrifty, healthy, green and low-carbon lifestyle.

四、共建公平合理、合作共贏的全球氣候治理體系

IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results

面對復雜形勢和諸多挑戰(zhàn)，應對氣候變化任重道遠，需要全球廣泛參與、共同行動。中國呼吁國際社會緊急行動起來，全面加強團結合作，堅持多邊主義，堅定維護以聯合國為核心的國際體系、以國際法為基礎的國際秩序，堅定維護《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》及其《巴黎協定》確定的目標、原則和框架，全面落實《巴黎協定》，努力推動構建公平合理、合作共贏的全球氣候治理體系。

Due to the complexity of the problem and the many facets of the challenge, addressing climate change remains a long and arduous task that demands wide participation and a concerted effort from around the globe. China calls on the international community to take immediate action, strengthen solidarity and cooperation, and remain committed to multilateralism. The whole world should safeguard the international system with the UN at its core and the international order underpinned by international law. All countries should uphold the goals, principles and framework set in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, implement the latter in full, and build a fair and rational global climate governance system for win-win results.

（一）全球應對氣候變化面臨嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)

1. Severe Challenges to Global Efforts on Climate Change

工業(yè)革命以來的人類活動，特別是發(fā)達國家大量消費化石能源所產生的二氧化碳累積排放，導致大氣中溫室氣體濃度顯著增加，加劇了以變暖為主要特征的全球氣候變化。世界氣象組織發(fā)布的《2020年全球氣候狀況》報告表明，2020年全球平均溫度較工業(yè)化前水平高出約1.2℃，2011年至2020年是有記錄以來最暖的10年。2021年政府間氣候變化專門委員會發(fā)布的第六次評估報告第一工作組報告表明，人類活動已造成氣候系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了前所未有的變化。1970年以來的50年是過去兩千年以來最暖的50年。預計到本世紀中期，氣候系統(tǒng)的變暖仍將持續(xù)。

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution, particularly the cumulative carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the huge consumption of fossil fuels by developed countries, have led to a significant increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases exacerbating climate change characterized by global warming. As is stated in the State of the Global Climate 2020 released by the World Meteorological Organization, the global mean temperature for 2020 was around 1.2 °C warmer than pre-industrial times, and the last 10-year average (2011-2020) was the warmest on record. The Working Group I report of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was released in 2021, showed that human activity has caused unprecedented changes to the climate system. According to the report, the five decades since 1970 was the warmest period in the last 2,000 years. It was projected that climate warming will continue beyond the middle of the century.

氣候變化對全球自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產生顯著影響，全球許多區(qū)域出現并發(fā)極端天氣氣候事件和復合型事件的概率和頻率大大增加，高溫熱浪及干旱并發(fā)，極端海平面和強降水疊加造成復合型洪澇事件加劇。2021年，有的地區(qū)遭遇強降雨，并引發(fā)洪澇災害，有的地區(qū)氣溫創(chuàng)下歷史新高，有的地區(qū)森林火災頻發(fā)。全球變暖正在影響地球上每一個地區(qū)，其中許多變化不可逆轉，溫度升高、海平面上升、極端氣候事件頻發(fā)給人類生存和發(fā)展帶來嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)，對全球糧食、水、生態(tài)、能源、基礎設施以及民眾生命財產安全構成長期重大威脅，應對氣候變化刻不容緩。

Climate change has had a significant impact on the Earth’s natural ecosystems. In many regions across the world, the probability and the frequency of concurrent extreme weather and climate events and compound events have risen notably. Heatwaves and droughts have hit simultaneously, and extreme sea levels and strong precipitation have caused more frequent and severe compound flooding. In 2021, some areas have been battered by heavy rainfall and consequent floods; some have seen new temperature highs; some have been ravaged by wildfires. Global warming is affecting every region on our planet, and many of the changes are irreversible. Rising temperatures and sea levels and frequent extreme climate events pose a serious challenge for the very survival of humanity and are long-term major threats to the security of global food, water, ecology, energy and infrastructure, and to people’s lives and property. Therefore, addressing climate change is a task of great urgency.

（二）中國為全球氣候治理注入強大動力

2. China Provides Powerful Impetus for Global Climate Governance

中國一貫高度重視應對氣候變化國際合作，積極參與氣候變化談判，推動達成和加快落實《巴黎協定》，以中國理念和實踐引領全球氣候治理新格局，逐步站到了全球氣候治理舞臺的中央。

China attaches great importance to international cooperation on climate change. It is an active participant in climate talks; it has contributed to the conclusion and quick implementation of the Paris Agreement; with its own vision and action it has charted the course for a new form of global climate governance. It has thus gradually moved onto the center stage of global climate governance.

領導人氣候外交增強全球氣候治理凝聚力。習近平主席多次在重要會議和活動中闡釋中國的全球氣候治理主張，推動全球氣候治理取得重大進展。2015年，習近平主席出席氣候變化巴黎大會并發(fā)表重要講話，為達成2020年后全球合作應對氣候變化的《巴黎協定》作出歷史性貢獻。2016年9月，習近平主席親自交存中國批準《巴黎協定》的法律文書，推動《巴黎協定》快速生效，展示了中國應對氣候變化的雄心和決心。在全球氣候治理面臨重大不確定性時，習近平主席多次表明中方堅定支持《巴黎協定》的態(tài)度，為推動全球氣候治理指明了前進方向，注入了強勁動力。2020年9月，習近平主席在第七十五屆聯合國大會一般性辯論上宣布中國將提高國家自主貢獻力度，表明了中國全力推進新發(fā)展理念的堅定意志，彰顯了中國愿為全球應對氣候變化作出新貢獻的明確態(tài)度。2020年12月，習近平主席在氣候雄心峰會上進一步宣布到2030年中國二氧化碳減排、非化石能源發(fā)展、森林蓄積量提升等一系列新目標。2021年9月，習近平主席出席第七十六屆聯合國大會一般性辯論時提出，中國將大力支持發(fā)展中國家能源綠色低碳發(fā)展，不再新建境外煤電項目，展現了中國負責任大國的責任擔當。2021年10月，習近平主席出席《生物多樣性公約》第十五次締約方大會領導人峰會并發(fā)表主旨講話，強調為推動實現碳達峰、碳中和目標，中國將陸續(xù)發(fā)布重點領域和行業(yè)碳達峰實施方案和一系列支撐保障措施，構建起碳達峰、碳中和“1+N”政策體系；中國將持續(xù)推進產業(yè)結構和能源結構調整，大力發(fā)展可再生能源，在沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地區(qū)加快規(guī)劃建設大型風電光伏基地項目，第一期裝機容量約1億千瓦的項目已于近期有序開工。

China has contributed to global unity on climate governance through its leaders’ climate diplomacy. President Xi Jinping has elaborated China’s view on global climate governance at many events, facilitating major progress at the global level.

In 2015, he gave a keynote speech at the Paris Conference on Climate Change, making a historic contribution to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement on global climate action after 2020.

In September 2016, he deposited in person the legal instrument of China’s ratification of the Paris Agreement. This was a forceful push for the agreement to take effect quickly, showing China’s ambition and resolution in tackling climate change.

At critical moments when global climate governance is facing great uncertainties, President Xi has repeatedly expressed China’s firm support for the Paris Agreement, pointing the direction of global climate governance and adding powerful impetus.

In September 2020, at the general debate of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, he announced that China will scale up its NDC, demonstrating China’s resolve in applying its new development philosophy and its clear attitude to make further contributions to global efforts against climate change.

In December 2020, at the Climate Ambition Summit, President Xi announced China’s further commitments for 2030 pertaining to matters such as the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, the increase in use of non-fossil fuels, and the forest stock volume.

In September 2021, at the general debate of the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly, he stated that China will step up support for other developing countries in developing green and low-carbon energy, and will build no new coal-fired power projects abroad, manifesting China’s sense of responsibility as a major country.

In October 2021, President Xi attended the Leaders’ Summit of the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and delivered a keynote speech, in which he emphasized that to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality targets, China will release implementation plans for peaking carbon dioxide emissions in key areas and sectors as well as a series of supporting measures, and will put in place a “1+N” policy framework for carbon peak and carbon neutrality. China will continue to readjust its industrial structure and energy mix, vigorously develop renewable energy, and make faster progress in planning and developing large wind power and photovoltaic bases in sandy areas, rocky areas and deserts. The first phase of projects with an installed capacity of approximately 100 million kW has recently started construction in a smooth fashion.

積極建設性參與氣候變化國際談判。中國堅持公平、共同但有區(qū)別的責任和各自能力原則，堅持按照公開透明、廣泛參與、締約方驅動和協商一致的原則，引導和推動了《巴黎協定》等重要成果文件的達成。中國推動發(fā)起建立了“基礎四國”部長級會議和氣候行動部長級會議等多邊磋商機制，積極協調“基礎四國”“立場相近發(fā)展中國家”“七十七國集團和中國”應對氣候變化談判立場，為維護發(fā)展中國家團結、捍衛(wèi)發(fā)展中國家共同利益發(fā)揮了重要作用。積極參加二十國集團（G20）、國際民航組織、國際海事組織、金磚國家會議等框架下氣候議題磋商談判，調動發(fā)揮多渠道協同效應，推動多邊進程持續(xù)向前。

China has been an active and constructive participant in international climate talks. It is committed to the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and respective capabilities, and maintains that negotiations should be open, transparent, inclusive, party-driven and consensus-based. It played a leading role in and pressed ahead with the conclusion of key documents including the Paris Agreement. China initiated the establishment of multilateral negotiation mechanisms such as the BASIC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change and the Ministerial on Climate Action. It actively coordinates the positions of countries within climate negotiation blocs such as the BASIC countries, the Like-Minded Developing Countries, and the Group of 77 and China, playing an important role in maintaining the unity of developing countries and defending their common interests. China actively participates in climate negotiations through the Group of 20, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the BRICS meetings and so forth, promoting the synergy of multiple channels and multilateral processes.

為廣大發(fā)展中國家應對氣候變化提供力所能及的支持和幫助。中國秉持“授人以漁”理念，積極同廣大發(fā)展中國家開展應對氣候變化南南合作，盡己所能幫助發(fā)展中國家特別是小島嶼國家、非洲國家和最不發(fā)達國家提高應對氣候變化能力，減少氣候變化帶來的不利影響，中國應對氣候變化南南合作成果看得見、摸得著、有實效。2011年以來，中國累計安排約12億元用于開展應對氣候變化南南合作，與35個國家簽署40份合作文件，通過建設低碳示范區(qū)，援助氣象衛(wèi)星、光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和照明設備、新能源汽車、環(huán)境監(jiān)測設備、清潔爐灶等應對氣候變化相關物資，幫助有關國家提高應對氣候變化能力，同時為近120個發(fā)展中國家培訓了約2000名應對氣候變化領域的官員和技術人員。

China provides assistance and support within its means to other developing countries to tackle climate change. China engages in South-South cooperation on climate change with other developing countries. It has done its best to help those countries – in particular small island states, the least developed countries, and African countries – to build capacity to fight climate change and reduce the adverse impact of climate change. This cooperation has yielded real, tangible and solid results. Since 2011, China has allocated about RMB1.2 billion for South-South climate cooperation and signed 40 cooperation documents with 35 countries. It has helped countries to build low-carbon demonstration zones and provided them with climate-related supplies such as meteorological satellites, PV power generation and lighting equipment, NEVs, environmental monitoring devices, and clean cookstoves. It has trained about 2,000 officials and professionals in the field of climate change for nearly 120 developing countries.

建設綠色絲綢之路為全球氣候治理貢獻中國方案。中國堅持把綠色作為底色，攜手各方共建綠色絲綢之路，強調積極應對氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)，倡議加強在落實《巴黎協定》等方面的務實合作。2021年，中國與28個國家共同發(fā)起“一帶一路”綠色發(fā)展伙伴關系倡議，呼吁各國應根據公平、共同但有區(qū)別的責任和各自能力原則，結合各自國情采取氣候行動以應對氣候變化。中國同有關國家一道實施“一帶一路”應對氣候變化南南合作計劃，成立“一帶一路”能源合作伙伴關系，促進共建“一帶一路”國家開展生態(tài)環(huán)境保護和應對氣候變化。

China offers its approach to global climate governance through building a green silk road. China aims to promote green development and is working with relevant partners to build a green silk road. It emphasizes the importance of an active response to the challenges of climate change and calls for closer results-oriented cooperation in implementing the Paris Agreement and in other areas. In 2021, China and 28 other countries launched the Initiative for Belt and Road Partnership on Green Development, advocating that climate change can be addressed through actions guided by the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, weighted against different national circumstances. China is working with relevant countries to implement the Belt and Road South-South Cooperation Initiative on Climate Change, establish the Belt and Road Energy Partnership, and facilitate actions on ecological conservation and climate change.

（三）應對氣候變化中國倡議

3. Tackling Climate Change: China’s Initiatives

應對氣候變化是全人類的共同事業(yè)，面對全球氣候治理前所未有的困難，國際社會要以前所未有的雄心和行動，勇于擔當，勠力同心，積極應對氣候變化，共謀人與自然和諧共生之道。

Addressing climate change is a cause shared by all of humanity. Faced with unprecedented challenges in global climate governance, the international community needs to respond with unprecedented ambition and action. We need to act with a sense of responsibility and unity, take proactive measures, and work together to pursue harmony between humanity and nature.

堅持可持續(xù)發(fā)展。氣候變化是人類不可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式的產物，只有在可持續(xù)發(fā)展的框架內加以統(tǒng)籌，才可能得到根本解決。要把應對氣候變化納入國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展整體規(guī)劃，倡導綠色、低碳、循環(huán)、可持續(xù)的生產生活方式，不斷開拓生產發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路。

We must commit to sustainable development. Climate change results from unsustainable development models, thus it can be fundamentally resolved only by taking coordinated actions within the framework of sustainable development. All countries should integrate climate action into their national overall plans for sustainable development, promote a green, low-carbon, circular and sustainable approach to life and work, and foster a model of sustainable development featuring increased output, higher living standards, and healthy ecosystems.

堅持多邊主義。國際上的事要由大家共同商量著辦，世界前途命運要由各國共同掌握。在氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)面前，人類命運與共，單邊主義沒有出路，只有堅持多邊主義，講團結、促合作，才能互利共贏，福澤各國人民。要堅持通過制度和規(guī)則來協調規(guī)范各國關系，反對恃強凌弱，規(guī)則一旦確定，就要有效遵循，不能合則用、不合則棄，這是共同應對氣候變化的有效途徑，也是國際社會的基本共識。

We must commit to multilateralism. International affairs should be addressed by all parties involved through consultation, and the future of the world should be shaped by all countries acting together. In meeting the climate challenge, no one can isolate themselves and unilateralism will get us nowhere. Only by upholding multilateralism, unity and cooperation can we deliver shared benefits for all nations. State-to-state relations should be coordinated and regulated through proper institutions and rules. The strong should not abuse the weak. Rules, once made, should be followed by all. They should never be options which are observed or abandoned according to national interests. This is an effective way of jointly addressing climate change that must be respected by all of the international community.

堅持共同但有區(qū)別的責任原則。這是全球氣候治理的基石。發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家在造成氣候變化上歷史責任不同，發(fā)展需求和能力也存在差異，用統(tǒng)一尺度來限制是不適當的，也是不公平的。要充分考慮各國國情和能力，堅持各盡所能、國家自主決定貢獻的制度安排，不搞“一刀切”。發(fā)展中國家的特殊困難和關切應當得到充分重視，發(fā)達國家在應對氣候變化方面要多作表率，為發(fā)展中國家提供資金、技術、能力建設等方面支持。

We must commit to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is the cornerstone of global climate governance. Developed and developing countries shoulder different historical responsibilities for climate change, and they also have different development needs and capabilities. Therefore, it is unreasonable and unfair to enforce uniform restrictions on them. We should take into account different national circumstances and capabilities, and uphold the institutions according to which every country determines its contribution and does its part to the best of its ability. No one-size-fits-all standards should be adopted. Particular difficulties and concerns of developing countries should be accommodated. Developed countries should play an exemplary role in climate action and support developing countries in financing, technology, and capacity building.

堅持合作共贏。當今世界正經歷百年未有之大變局，人類也正處在一個挑戰(zhàn)層出不窮、風險日益增多的時代，氣候變化等非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅持續(xù)蔓延，沒有哪個國家能獨善其身，需要同舟共濟、團結合作。國際社會應深化伙伴關系，提升合作水平，在應對全球氣候變化的征程中取長補短、互學互鑒、互利共贏，實現共同發(fā)展，惠及全人類。

We must commit to win-win cooperation. The world is undergoing changes of a scale unseen in a century, and humanity is in an era in which challenges emerge one after another and risks increase with each passing day. Non-conventional security threats including climate change are spreading. No country is immune from such challenges. The whole world needs to work together in solidarity and engage in cooperation. Countries should learn from each other and make common progress in a global effort to combat climate change, with the goal of achieving shared development for all.

堅持言出必行。應對氣候變化關鍵在行動。各方共同推動《巴黎協定》實施，要持之以恒，不要朝令夕改；要重信守諾，不要言而無信。要積極推動各國落實已經提出的國家自主貢獻目標，將目標轉化為落實的政策、措施和具體行動，避免把提出目標變成空喊口號。

We must commit to concrete actions. The key to addressing climate change lies in action. In implementing the Paris Agreement, we must maintain continuity and honor commitments. We must not be diverted from our course, turn about, or pay lip service. All countries should actively fulfill the NDCs they themselves have set, and turn goals into concrete policies, measures and actions.

結束語

Conclusion

當前，中國已經全面建成小康社會，正開啟全面建設社會主義現代化國家、實現中華民族偉大復興的新征程。應對氣候變化是中國高質量發(fā)展的應有之義，既關乎中國人民對美好生活的期待，也關系到各國人民福祉。

China has succeeded in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and has now embarked on a new journey to build a modern country and achieve national rejuvenation. To realize high-quality development, it is essential for China to tackle climate change, a key issue that will have an impact on the wellbeing not only of the people of China, but of all the peoples throughout the world.

面對新征程，中國將立足新發(fā)展階段，貫徹新發(fā)展理念，構建新發(fā)展格局，推動高質量發(fā)展，將碳達峰、碳中和納入經濟社會發(fā)展全局，以降碳為生態(tài)文明建設的重點戰(zhàn)略方向，推動減污降碳協同增效，促進經濟社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉型，推動實現生態(tài)環(huán)境質量改善由量變到質變，努力建設人與自然和諧共生的現代化。

On the way forward into a new development stage, China will implement its new development philosophy and create a new development dynamic to boost high-quality development. With the reduction in carbon emissions as a major strategic goal for eco-environmental progress, it will incorporate the goals of peaking carbon emissions and reaching carbon neutrality into the overall economic and social development. It will decrease the emissions of both pollution and carbon, and strive to achieve synergy and efficiency. It will promote a comprehensive transition to green and low-carbon economic and social development, bring a fundamental change to its eco-environment by accumulating small changes, and achieve a model of modernization in which humanity and nature exist harmoniously.

氣候變化帶給人類的挑戰(zhàn)是現實的、嚴峻的、長遠的。把一個清潔美麗的世界留給子孫后代，需要國際社會共同努力。無論國際形勢如何變化，中國將重信守諾，繼續(xù)堅定不移堅持多邊主義，與各方一道推動《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》及其《巴黎協定》的全面平衡有效持續(xù)實施，腳踏實地落實國家自主貢獻目標，強化溫室氣體排放控制，提升適應氣候變化能力水平，為推動構建人類命運共同體作出更大努力和貢獻，讓人類生活的地球家園更加美好。

Challenges posed by climate change are real, severe and lasting. The response requires the joint effort of all the international community, if we are to leave a clean and beautiful world to future generations. China will honor its promises and continue to support multilateralism, however the global situation changes. It will work with other parties to achieve the full, balanced, effective and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, to fulfill its NDC goals, to control greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase its ability to adapt to climate change. It will redouble its efforts to promote a global community of shared future, and make a greater contribution to a better home planet for all humanity.