新疆各民族平等權利的保障
Respecting and Protecting the Rights of All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2021年7月
July 2021
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、公民權利的保障
I. Civil Rights
二、政治權利的保障
II. Political Rights
三、經(jīng)濟權利的保障
III. Economic Rights
四、文化權利的保障
IV. Cultural Rights
五、社會權利的保障
V. Social Rights
六、婦女兒童權利的保障
VI. Rights of Women and Children
七、宗教信仰自由權利的保障
VII. Freedom of Religious Belief
結束語
Conclusion
前言
Preface
人人充分享有人權，是人類社會的偉大夢想，也是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全體中國人民長期追求、不懈奮斗的共同目標。
Full realization of human rights is one of the great dreams of all humanity, and a goal to which the people of China, including those of the ethnic groups in Xinjiang, have long aspired.
新疆自古以來就是多民族聚居地區(qū)，新疆各民族是中華民族大家庭血脈相連的家庭成員。公元前60年，西漢王朝中央政權設置西域都護府，新疆地區(qū)正式納入中國版圖，成為中國統(tǒng)一的多民族國家不可分割的組成部分。
Xinjiang has been home to numerous ethnic groups since remote antiquity, and all the groups in the region are closely related members of the broader family of the Chinese nation. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Xinjiang was formally incorporated into the territory of China, becoming an integral part of this unified multiethnic country.
新中國成立前，新疆各族人民歷經(jīng)磨難，深受帝國主義侵略勢力、封建剝削階級和宗教特權階層的壓迫，社會地位極其低下，無法享有基本人權。
Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the people of Xinjiang suffered oppression from invading imperialist forces, the feudal exploiting class and the privileged religious hierarchy. At the bottom of the social ladder, they were deprived of basic human rights.
1949年，中國共產(chǎn)黨領導各族人民推翻了帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的統(tǒng)治，建立了中華人民共和國。新疆各族人民同全國人民一道翻身解放，共同當家做了主人。
In 1949, the Chinese people led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) overthrew the forces of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, and founded the PRC. The people of Xinjiang, together with the rest of the country, were liberated and became masters of their own country.
新中國把堅持民族平等、民族團結和各民族共同繁榮發(fā)展作為解決民族問題和處理民族關系的基本原則，并確立在少數(shù)民族聚居地區(qū)實施民族區(qū)域自治制度。截至1954年，新疆成立了5個自治州、6個自治縣。1955年，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)成立。各自治地方的建立，有力保障了新疆各族人民當家作主的民主權利，開啟了各民族平等團結互助和諧的社會主義民族關系新紀元，新疆經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展進入新的歷史時期，各族人民的人權保障水平不斷提升。
The PRC regards equality, unity and common prosperity for all ethnic groups as the basic requirements for managing ethnic affairs and handling ethnic relations. It established the system of regional ethnic autonomy in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities. By 1954, Xinjiang had established five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties. In 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was founded. The establishment of these autonomous divisions effectively guaranteed the democratic rights of people in Xinjiang to be masters of their own affairs, and started a new era of socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony. Xinjiang ushered in a new stage of economic and social development, and better protection of human rights.
70多年來，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府始終堅持“以人民為中心”的人權理念，始終把生存權、發(fā)展權作為首要的基本人權，把人權的普遍性原則與中國實際相結合，不斷豐富和發(fā)展治疆方略，堅持依法治疆、團結穩(wěn)疆、文化潤疆、富民興疆、長期建疆，堅持以保障和改善民生為重點，大力發(fā)展各項事業(yè)，共享改革發(fā)展成果，切實保障各族人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權利，新疆人權事業(yè)不斷得到新的發(fā)展和進步。
For more than 70 years since 1949, the CPC and the Chinese government have upheld a people-centered approach to human rights protection, treating the rights to subsistence and development as the primary human rights. Integrating the principle of universal human rights with the country’s realities, China has enriched its strategy for the governance of Xinjiang with the following guidelines: governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability in the region through ethnic unity, nourishing the cultures of Xinjiang, promoting prosperity among the local population, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. In this process, China has given priority to securing and improving people’s wellbeing, advanced various undertakings in Xinjiang, and shared the fruits of reform and development with people of all ethnic groups, so as to guarantee their equal rights to participation and development. Thanks to these efforts, human rights have made steady progress in Xinjiang.
一、公民權利的保障
I. Civil Rights
中華人民共和國各民族一律平等。公民不分民族、性別、職業(yè)、教育程度、宗教信仰，都平等地享有憲法和法律規(guī)定的公民權利。
All ethnic groups of the People’s Republic of China enjoy equality. All citizens, regardless of ethnicity, gender, occupation, level of education, and religious belief, share the civil rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law on an equal footing.
有效保障生命權。生命權是人的固有權利，不得任意剝奪。一段時間里，受國際形勢變化和恐怖主義、極端主義全球蔓延影響，境內(nèi)外“東突”勢力相互勾連，打著民族、宗教幌子，利用群眾樸素的民族、宗教感情，大肆散布宗教極端思想，煽動民族仇恨和民族歧視，鼓吹暴力，策劃實施了數(shù)千起暴力恐怖案（事）件，造成大量無辜群眾被害，數(shù)百名人民警察殉職，嚴重危害了新疆各族群眾生命安全，踐踏了人類尊嚴。面對嚴峻復雜的反恐形勢和各族群眾打擊暴恐的迫切要求，新疆依據(jù)《中華人民共和國憲法》及《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法》《中華人民共和國國家安全法》《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》等法律，并結合本地區(qū)實際，出臺了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)去極端化條例》等地方性法規(guī)，對一切侵犯公民人權、危害公共安全的暴力恐怖活動，利用極端主義破壞法律實施的違法犯罪活動，依法進行嚴厲打擊。重視源頭治理，通過設立職業(yè)技能教育培訓中心等方式，開展預防性反恐，最大限度保障公民基本人權免遭恐怖主義和極端主義侵害。2016年底以來，新疆已連續(xù)四年多未發(fā)生暴力恐怖案（事）件，極端主義滲透得到有效遏制，各族群眾生命權得到充分保障。
The right to life is guaranteed. The right to life is an inherent right of humanity, and no person can be arbitrarily deprived of this right. For some time, under the influence of the evolving international situation and the spread of terrorism and extremism around the world, terrorist forces at home and abroad claiming to represent “East Turkistan” have colluded to spread religious extremism behind the smokescreen of ethnicity and religion, taking advantage of people’s ethnic and religious feelings. They have incited hatred and discrimination, advocated violence, and plotted and carried out thousands of terrorist acts, resulting in the deaths of large numbers of innocent people and hundreds of police officers. These acts have seriously endangered the lives of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and trampled on human dignity.
In the face of such a severe and complex situation and the urgent need to combat terrorism, Xinjiang has promulgated two local regulations – the Measures on Implementing the Counter-Terrorism Law and the Regulations on Deradicalization. This has been done in full accordance with China’s Constitution, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, National Security Law, and Counter-Terrorism Law, and by taking into account the actual conditions in the region. The purpose of the local regulations is to strike hard at terrorist activities that infringe upon human rights and endanger public security, and at illegal and criminal activities that make use of extremism to undermine the law.
Xinjiang attaches importance to preventing terrorism at its source. It has carried out preventive counter-terrorism measures, including the establishment of vocational education and training centers, to protect basic rights. For more than four years since the end of 2016, there has been no terrorist incident in Xinjiang. The infiltration of extremism has been effectively curbed, and the right to life of people of all ethnic groups has been fully protected.
尊重保護自由權。自由權是公民在法律范圍內(nèi)，按照自己意愿進行活動的權利，不容侵犯。一個時期，宗教極端勢力鼓吹把一切不遵循極端做法的人都視為“異教徒”，將宗教極端思想滲透到公民日常生活中，假借宗教名義，煽動、脅迫婦女穿戴蒙面罩袍、男人留大胡須；蠱惑群眾不看電視、不聽廣播、不讀報紙、葬禮不哭、婚禮不笑，禁止人們唱歌、跳舞；大搞“清真”概念泛化，借不“清真”之名排斥、干預人們正常生活，侵害公民生活方式的選擇權。為有效防止侵犯公民自由權利現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，新疆依據(jù)憲法和法律法規(guī)，采取果斷措施，依法嚴厲打擊極端主義，積極開展法治宣傳和幫扶教育，切實維護公民人身自由權利。無論哪個民族，無論什么信仰，只要在法律允許范圍內(nèi)，公民都可以根據(jù)自己的意愿自由行動、自主擇業(yè)、自在生活，去什么地方、做什么工作、過什么樣的生活都不受他人干涉和限制。同時，新疆積極辦好廣播、電視、報紙、雜志，大力開展互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎設施建設，搭建各種網(wǎng)絡平臺，公民表達渠道更加通暢，表達方式更加多樣，表達訴求更加便捷。
Liberty is respected and protected. Liberty is the inviolable right of citizens to carry out whatever activities they wish within the confines of the law. Religious extremists regard those who do not follow extremist practices as “infidels”. They insinuate religious extremism into people’s daily lives, inciting and forcing women to wear burqas and men to wear long beards in the name of religion. They try to persuade people not to watch TV, listen to the radio, read newspapers, cry at funerals, or laugh at weddings, and forbid them to sing and dance. They abuse the halal concept to interfere with daily routines and people’s right to choose their way of life.
To prevent the infringement of civil liberties, Xinjiang has taken resolute measures to combat extremism, in full accordance with the Constitution, laws and regulations. It has carried out publicity and education campaigns on the rule of law to safeguard the public’s right to personal liberty. Citizens, regardless of ethnicity and belief, are free to move, choose their own jobs, and lead the lives they choose as far as the law permits without external interference or constraint. At the same time, Xinjiang has made great efforts to operate radio and television stations, publish newspapers and magazines, and build internet infrastructure and various online platforms, so that citizens can enjoy their right to freedom of expression through smoother channels and in more diverse and convenient ways.
切實維護公正審判權。公正是法治的生命線。新疆司法機關牢牢把握社會公平正義這一法治價值追求，推進以審判為中心的訴訟制度改革，從偵查、起訴、審判、執(zhí)行等各環(huán)節(jié)充分保障公民獲得公正審判的權利，努力讓各族群眾在每一個司法案件中都感受到公平正義。堅持訴服為民，建成旅游巡回法庭74個，打造“楓橋式法庭”103個，設立法官工作室、便民服務站、巡回審判點等1645個。平均審理周期縮短21.6天，一審服判息訴率達90.79%以上。2020年，新疆各級法院共受理各類案件60.49萬件，審結58.74萬件，結案率97.11%。積極運用移動微法院、云間庭審、智慧執(zhí)行等科技手段，開展網(wǎng)上立案、跨域立案、遠程開庭、線上調(diào)解，群眾足不出戶就能打官司。不斷完善司法救助制度，保障困難群眾獲得訴訟救濟權利。辦結國家賠償與司法救助案件545件，為生活困難群眾緩、減、免訴訟費用共計2606.11萬元。建立司法公開平臺，及時發(fā)布案件審理、執(zhí)行信息，充分保障公民司法知情權。積極開展刑事案件律師辯護全覆蓋工作。依法保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的辯護權。
The right to a fair trial is well maintained. Impartiality is the lifeline of the rule of law. Xinjiang’s judicial organs pursue social fairness and justice, which are the values of the rule of law. They promote reform to establish a criminal litigation system centering on trials, fully protect the right to a fair trial at all stages from investigation to prosecution, trial, and enforcement of court rulings, and strive to ensure that all people, whatever their ethnic background, experience a sense of fairness and justice in every judicial case.
To provide the public with better access to litigation, the judicial authorities have set up 74 circuit courts, 103 Fengqiao-style [In the early 1960s, the officials and citizenry of Fengqiao Town in Zhejiang Province created the Fengqiao practice, which emphasized solving problems in situ rather than passing them up to higher authorities. The practice has developed over the intervening decades, and is now a model for promoting community-level governance and social harmony.] courts, and 1,645 service stations, circuit trial centers, and offices for case consultations with judges. The average trial period has been shortened by 21.6 days, and the rate of cases ended at first instance is 90.8 percent. In 2020, courts at various levels in Xinjiang heard 604,900 cases, and concluded 587,400 of them, with a settlement rate of 97.1 percent.
Technological tools such as mobile e-court, cloud court trial, and smart enforcement of court rulings are used to file cases online and across geographical boundaries, hold remote court sessions, and mediate online, so that people can engage in legal action without leaving their homes.
Xinjiang has also improved its judicial assistance system to ensure that people in need have access to judicial relief. Courts at all levels in Xinjiang handled and concluded 545 cases of state compensation and judicial relief, and deferred, reduced or exempted litigation costs to a value of RMB26.1 million for needy litigants. In order to fully protect the public’s right to information, they have established a platform for judicial openness to release timely information on the hearing of cases and enforcement of court rulings. They are also working to achieve full coverage of lawyers’ service in criminal cases to guarantee the right of defense to suspects and defendants.
二、政治權利的保障
II. Political Rights
在新疆，各民族不論人口多少、歷史長短、發(fā)展水平高低、風俗習慣差異等，都具有平等的地位，共同參與國家事務、管理地方事務、行使基層民主權利。
All ethnic groups in Xinjiang, regardless of their population, history, development level and customs, have equal status. They all enjoy the democratic right to participate in the administration of state and local affairs and in community-level self-governance.
貫徹落實民族區(qū)域自治制度。民族區(qū)域自治制度是中國的一項基本政治制度，是在國家統(tǒng)一領導下，各少數(shù)民族聚居地方實行區(qū)域自治，設立自治機關，依法行使自治權的制度。民族區(qū)域自治不是某個民族獨享的自治，民族自治地方更不是某個民族獨有的地方。新疆貫徹落實民族區(qū)域自治制度，成立了巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博爾塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州、昌吉回族自治州、伊犁哈薩克自治州、焉耆回族自治縣、察布查爾錫伯自治縣、木壘哈薩克自治縣、和布克賽爾蒙古自治縣、塔什庫爾干塔吉克自治縣、巴里坤哈薩克自治縣。各自治地方充分行使自治權利，自主管理地方事務，平等參與管理國家事務。自治區(qū)立法機關根據(jù)憲法和法律，既享有普通省級行政區(qū)地方立法權，又享有根據(jù)本區(qū)域?qū)嶋H制定自治條例、單行條例的立法權。1979年以來，自治區(qū)人大及其常委會共制定地方性法規(guī)669件，現(xiàn)行有效161件；作出法規(guī)性決議決定和重大事項決議決定54件；批準設區(qū)的市、自治州、自治縣單行條例和地方性法規(guī)239件。
A system of regional ethnic autonomy is in place. This system is a basic component of China’s political system. Under the unified leadership of the state, regional autonomy is practiced in areas where ethnic minority groups live in compact communities. Organs of self-government are established to exercise autonomy in accordance with the law. Regional ethnic autonomy and autonomous areas are not the exclusive possession of any ethnic group.
Xinjiang practices regional autonomy in five prefectures: Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture; and in six counties: Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Hoboksar Mongolian Autonomous County, Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, and Barkol Kazak Autonomous County.
All the autonomous areas exercise the power to govern their respective local affairs, and participate as equals in the administration of state affairs. According to the Constitution and relevant state laws, the legislature of an autonomous region, while exercising the powers of a provincial-level administrative division, has the power to enact regulations on the exercise of regional autonomy and other particular regulations in line with local conditions.
Since 1979, the People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have formulated a total of 669 local regulations, with 161 currently in effect. They have passed 54 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and approved 239 separate regulations and other local regulations submitted by prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties.
有效行使選舉權和被選舉權。依照憲法法律規(guī)定，各民族公民平等享有選舉權和被選舉權。選舉堅持實行普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結合，以及差額選舉的原則。各民族公民直接選舉縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）人民代表大會代表，在此基礎上逐級選出州（市）、自治區(qū)和全國人民代表大會代表。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)選舉產(chǎn)生第十三屆全國人民代表大會代表61名，其中少數(shù)民族代表38名，占62.3%。全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員中有新疆少數(shù)民族代表。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)第十三屆人民代表大會共有代表548名，其中少數(shù)民族代表353名，占64.42%。新疆現(xiàn)有州（市）人大代表2488名，其中少數(shù)民族代表1349名，占54.22%；縣（市、區(qū)）級人大代表16960名，其中少數(shù)民族代表10025名，占59.11%；鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）人大代表43204名，其中少數(shù)民族代表31739名，占73.46%。
The right to vote and stand for election is institutionalized. As stipulated by the Constitution and laws, Chinese citizens of any ethnic origin have the right to vote and stand for election. The principles in elections are: universal suffrage, equality, combination of direct and indirect elections, and multi-candidate election [In elections for national and local people’s congresses, the number of candidates for election must exceed the number of posts available.]. Citizens of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region directly elect deputies to the people’s congresses at county and township levels, who then elect deputies to each succeeding level, from the prefecture-level congress, through the congress of the autonomous region, to the National People’s Congress (NPC).
The 13th NPC has 61 deputies from Xinjiang, of whom 38 (62.3 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The NPC Standing Committee also has ethnic minority members from Xinjiang. The 13th People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is formed by 548 deputies, of whom 353 (64.4 percent) are of ethnic minority origins. Xinjiang now has 2,488 deputies to prefecture-level people’s congresses (including 1,349 of ethnic minority origins, 54.2 percent), 16,960 deputies to county-level people’s congresses (including 10,025 of ethnic minority origins, 59.1 percent), and 43,204 deputies to township-level people’s congresses (including 31,739 of ethnic minority origins, 73.5 percent).
充分實現(xiàn)參政議政權。新疆是中國唯一設有三級自治地方（自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣）的自治區(qū)。自治地方各級人民代表大會和人民政府行使管理本地區(qū)事務的權力。自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長均由實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任。在協(xié)商民主的制度框架內(nèi)，新疆各級政協(xié)積極吸收各族各界人士參政議政，及時、準確、有效地反映社情民意，切實保障各族群眾參與共同協(xié)商和民主監(jiān)督。第十三屆全國政協(xié)委員中，住新疆的有34名，其中少數(shù)民族委員18名，占52.9%。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)第十二屆政協(xié)有委員502名，其中少數(shù)民族委員236名，占47%。截至2021年3月，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)第十二屆政協(xié)共提交提案2588件，涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、教育、科技、民生等領域。
The right to participate in the deliberation and administration of state and local affairs is guaranteed. Xinjiang is the only region in China that has autonomous areas at all the three levels – region, prefecture and county. People’s congresses and people’s governments of ethnic autonomous areas exercise autonomy to administer local affairs. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.
Within the framework of consultative democracy, the local committees of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in Xinjiang encourage people from all walks of life and different ethnic groups to participate in state and local affairs. The committees provide timely, accurate, and efficient reporting on public opinion, and guarantee that the people of all ethnic groups enjoy their right to participate in political consultation and democratic supervision.
The 13th CPPCC National Committee has 34 members from Xinjiang, of whom 18 (52.9 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The 12th Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Committee of the CPPCC has 502 members, of whom 236 (47 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. As of March 2021, the 12th Xinjiang Committee of the CPPCC had submitted a total of 2,588 proposals covering politics, the economy, culture, education, science and technology, public wellbeing and other fields.
依法推進基層群眾自治。基層群眾自治是基層民主主要實現(xiàn)形式，是人民當家作主最有效、最廣泛的途徑。《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國城市居民委員會組織法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國村民委員會組織法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)村民委員會選舉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)村務公開辦法》等地方性法規(guī)的制定實施，為基層民主權利的實現(xiàn)提供了法治保障。目前，新疆在城市和農(nóng)村分別設立居民委員會3389個、村民委員會8906個，負責辦理本居住區(qū)居（村）民的公共事務或公益事業(yè)，調(diào)解民間糾紛，協(xié)助維護社會治安，向人民政府或者其他派出機關反映居（村）民的意見、要求和提出建議等。全疆城鄉(xiāng)基層普遍制定了市民公約、村規(guī)民約，基層自治組織自我管理、自我教育、自我服務、自我監(jiān)督水平不斷提高。
Community-level self-governance is guaranteed in accordance with the law. Community-level self-governance is a major channel of grassroots democracy in China, and the most effective way to spread as widely as possible the right of the people to be the masters of the country. A number of local regulations provide the legal basis for protecting grassroots democratic rights in the region, including Measures on Implementing the Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committees, Measures on Implementing the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees, Procedures on the Election of the Villagers Committee, and Measures on Making Village Affairs Transparent.
Xinjiang currently has 3,389 urban residents committees and 8,906 villagers committees to run public or welfare affairs, mediate disputes, assist in safeguarding social stability within their respective jurisdictions, and report on the opinions, requests and proposals of residents and villagers to relevant people’s governments or their detached agencies. Almost all communities in both urban and rural areas throughout Xinjiang have formulated codes of conduct for citizens. Their capacity to manage their own affairs by involving the local residents in educating and serving the community and exercising public scrutiny is steadily improving.
三、經(jīng)濟權利的保障
III. Economic Rights
新疆堅持“以人民為中心”的發(fā)展思想，經(jīng)濟社會快速發(fā)展，民生建設和投入力度持續(xù)加大，各民族擁有平等的發(fā)展機會，共同開發(fā)建設，共享幸福生活，經(jīng)濟權利得到有效保障。
Upholding a people-centered philosophy, Xinjiang pursues rapid economic and social development. More effort and investment have been made to improve the people’s wellbeing. All ethnic groups enjoy equal opportunities and economic rights, and are developing the region together and building better lives.
平等享有經(jīng)濟發(fā)展權。發(fā)展權是一項不可剝奪的人權，是實現(xiàn)各項人權的必要條件。新中國成立以來，新疆各族人民團結奮斗、開拓進取，實現(xiàn)了從百廢待興到百業(yè)興旺、從絕對貧困到全面小康的歷史性巨變，農(nóng)牧業(yè)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展強勁，工業(yè)信息化、數(shù)字化、智能化加速融合發(fā)展，服務業(yè)在經(jīng)濟增長中的地位和作用日益突出。各族人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展，朝著共同富裕的目標穩(wěn)步前進。1955年至2020年，新疆地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值由12.31億元增長至13797.58億元，人均地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值由241元增至53593元，按不變價格計算，分別增長160.3倍和30.3倍。1978年至2020年，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入從319元增加到34838元，農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入從119元增加到14056元，分別名義增長108.2倍和116.9倍。
Equal right to economic development is guaranteed. The right to development is an inalienable human right, and the essential precondition for the realization of all human rights. Since the PRC was founded in 1949, the people of Xinjiang have been working hard together and have achieved a historic transformation – with many undertakings starting from scratch and now thriving – from extreme poverty to moderate prosperity in all respects.
Agriculture and animal husbandry have developed and modernized; industries have grown rapidly with the integrative application of information, digital and smart technologies; the service sector has seen its status and role expand as a driver of economic growth. All ethnic groups enjoy equal rights to participation and development, moving steadily towards the goal of common prosperity.
From 1955 to 2020, Xinjiang’s GDP soared from RMB1.2 billion to RMB1.4 trillion, and its per capita GDP rose from RMB241 to RMB53,593, a notable increase of about 160 times and 30 times at constant prices. From 1978 to 2020, the per capita disposable income of urban residents rose from RMB319 to RMB34,838, and that of rural residents from RMB119 to RMB14,056, both representing an increase of over 100 times.
歷史性解決絕對貧困問題。貧困是困擾人類社會發(fā)展的重大難題，消除貧困是當代最為艱巨的全球性人權事業(yè)。很長一段時間，受歷史和自然等因素影響，新疆發(fā)展相對滯后，貧困人口較多，特別是南疆四地州（和田地區(qū)、喀什地區(qū)、阿克蘇地區(qū)和克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州），生態(tài)環(huán)境惡劣、經(jīng)濟基礎薄弱、就業(yè)承載能力嚴重不足，是國家確定的深度貧困地區(qū)，是中國脫貧攻堅的“難中之難”。在中央政府和對口援疆省市的大力支持下，新疆采取產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧、就業(yè)扶貧、教育扶貧、健康扶貧、農(nóng)村危房改造扶貧、易地扶貧搬遷等一系列有力舉措，減貧脫貧成效顯著。截至2020年底，現(xiàn)行標準下新疆273萬農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧，3666個貧困村全部退出，32個貧困縣全部摘帽。貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民收入保持快速增長，消費水平大幅提高。2020年新疆貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入13052元，比2012年年均增長10.8%；人均消費支出9007元，比2013年年均增長9.0%。貧困人口生存權和發(fā)展權得到切實保障。
Extreme poverty has been eradicated. Poverty is a major problem that plagues humanity, and poverty eradication is the most arduous global human rights cause in the contemporary era. Historical and natural factors have led to Xinjiang being long underdeveloped, with a large poor population.
The Hotan, Kashgar, and Aksu prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang suffered from a harsh environment, weak economic foundations, and seriously inadequate opportunities for employment. Ranked by the state as severely impoverished areas, they presented the toughest challenge in China’s fight against poverty. Supported by the central government and the region’s partners in the national paired assistance program, Xinjiang has adopted poverty alleviation measures to help the poor, such as developing businesses, creating job opportunities, improving education and health care, renovating dilapidated rural houses, and relocating the poor from inhospitable areas. These measures have proved effective and remarkable results have been achieved.
By the end of 2020, more than 2.7 million rural people in Xinjiang living below the current poverty line had emerged from poverty, and 3,666 villages and 32 counties were no longer classified as poor. Rural residents in poor areas have seen rapid growth in both incomes and consumption spending. Their per capita disposable income was RMB13,052 in 2020, an average annual increase of 10.8 percent since 2012; their per capital consumption spending was RMB9,007 in 2020, an average annual increase of 9 percent since 2013. The poor population’s rights to subsistence and development have been guaranteed.
持續(xù)提升基本生活水準?；旧钏疁蕶嗬P系人的尊嚴。新疆每年把一般公共預算支出的70%以上用于保障和改善民生，持續(xù)推進一系列惠民工程，各族群眾生活質(zhì)量顯著改善，吃、穿、住、行發(fā)生翻天覆地變化，基本生活水準實現(xiàn)歷史性跨越。食品從匱乏到充足，衣著從穿暖到穿美，耐用消費品從無到有并不斷升級換代，消費能力和水平大幅提高。僅“十三五”期間，累計建成農(nóng)村安居工程120.65萬戶，開工建設城鎮(zhèn)保障性住房131.38萬套，惠及千萬群眾。所有行政村實現(xiàn)了通硬化路、通客車、通動力電、通寬帶。高速公路、高速鐵路從無到有，實現(xiàn)所有地州市高速公路全覆蓋。22個民用運輸機場建成通航，新疆成為全國民用機場最多的省區(qū)?，F(xiàn)代化交通、通訊工具普遍進入城鄉(xiāng)家庭，快遞服務“村村通”加速推進。
Basic standard of living is enhanced. The right to a basic standard of living ensures human dignity. Xinjiang spends more than 70 percent of its general public budget every year on ensuring and improving people’s wellbeing. It has carried out a raft of programs to benefit the local people, significantly improving their lives in all respects. From having their basic needs met to enjoying decent lives, the people of Xinjiang have experienced a historic leap in their standard of living. Durable consumer goods, once absent in the past, are now widely available, showing how consumption is growing in quantity and quality.
During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020), a total of 1.2 million rural dwellings for low-income families were completed, and construction started on 1.3 million urban affordable housing units, benefiting millions of people. All villages have access to asphalt and concrete roads, bus services, three-phase power, and broadband services. Expressways and high-speed railways have been built from scratch, and the former cover all prefectures and cities. Twenty-two civil airports have been completed and opened, the highest among all provincial-level administrative units in China. Modern vehicles and communication tools have become common in both urban and rural households. Every effort is being made to ensure the provision of express delivery services in every village.
切實保障勞動權。勞動是人的存在方式，人人有權勞動，創(chuàng)造美好生活。新疆堅持把促進勞動就業(yè)作為最大的民生工程，把勞動者自主就業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進就業(yè)和鼓勵創(chuàng)業(yè)相結合，大力實施就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策。不斷加大就業(yè)培訓力度，通過發(fā)展高等職業(yè)技術學院、中等專業(yè)技術學校、技工院校、就業(yè)培訓中心、企業(yè)職工培訓中心、職業(yè)技能教育培訓中心等職業(yè)教育和培訓機構，積極開展勞動素質(zhì)和技能培訓，著力提升勞動者就業(yè)能力。加大對深度貧困地區(qū)及高校畢業(yè)生、城鄉(xiāng)富余勞動力、貧困家庭勞動力、就業(yè)困難人員、農(nóng)村婦女等勞動就業(yè)重點人群扶持力度。對就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實行實名動態(tài)管理和分類精準幫扶，實現(xiàn)每戶至少一人就業(yè)。充分尊重勞動者就業(yè)意愿，為各族群眾就地就近就業(yè)、有序進城就業(yè)和自主創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)造條件，基本實現(xiàn)有勞動能力的人口全就業(yè)。2014年至2020年，新疆勞動就業(yè)總人數(shù)從1135.24萬人增加到1356萬人，增長19.4%；年均新增城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)47萬人以上，其中，南疆地區(qū)14.9萬人，占比31.72%；年均農(nóng)村富余勞動力轉移就業(yè)281.82萬人次以上，其中，南疆地區(qū)173.14萬人次，占比61.44%。在大力促進就業(yè)的同時，新疆嚴格依法保障勞動者平等就業(yè)、獲得報酬、參加社會保險、休息休假和職業(yè)安全等合法權益，建立維護勞動者權益的監(jiān)察制度體系，積極受理勞動者涉及拖欠工資、未簽訂勞動合同、侵害職工權益等方面的舉報、投訴。司法機關、人力資源和社會保障部門、工會組織密切配合，積極預防和查處侵犯勞動權益的案件，勞動權益保護水平不斷提升。
The right to work is protected. Work provides the means for people to subsist. Everyone has the right to work and create a better life. Xinjiang has made employment the priority among its measures for improving the people’s wellbeing. It has adopted a pro-employment strategy, encouraging individual initiative, leveraging market mechanisms, providing government support, and promoting entrepreneurship.
The local government has ramped up efforts in vocational training. To increase the employability of workers, it has worked to boost professional competence and skills training by developing vocational education institutions, such as vocational and technical colleges, secondary technical schools, technician training schools, employment training centers, training centers for enterprise employees, and vocational education and training centers.
Xinjiang has provided additional support to severely impoverished areas, and to key groups including university graduates, surplus urban and rural labor, workers from poor families, people experiencing difficulties in finding work, and rural women. It has provided dynamic, categorized and targeted assistance to people with employment difficulties and zero-employment families so as to ensure that each family has at least one member in work.
Workers’ job preferences are fully respected, and structured conditions have been created for people to find jobs locally, to seek work in urban areas, or to start their own businesses. Almost all those with the ability to work have been provided with jobs.
From 2014 to 2020, the total employed population in Xinjiang grew from 11.4 million to 13.6 million, up by nearly 20 percent. The urban employed population grew by an annual average of 470,000, of which 149,000, or nearly 32 percent, were in southern Xinjiang. An average of 2.8 million urban job opportunities were provided annually to the surplus rural workforce, of which 1.7 million, or more than 60 percent, were offered to those in southern Xinjiang.
While promoting employment, Xinjiang guarantees legitimate labor rights and interests in accordance with the law, such as equal employment opportunities, remuneration, social insurance, rest and leave, and occupational safety. It has put in place a supervisory system to protect labor rights and interests, addressing reports and complaints concerning wage arrears, failure to provide labor contracts, and other infringements. Judicial authorities, human resource and social security departments, and trade union organizations have worked closely to investigate and correct infringements of labor rights and interests. Labor rights protection has been constantly improved in Xinjiang.
四、文化權利的保障
IV. Cultural Rights
新疆高度重視各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的挖掘、傳承和保護，不斷提升公共文化服務水平，大力推廣使用國家通用語言文字，鼓勵各民族相互學習語言文字，切實保障公民受教育權。
Xinjiang attaches great importance to documenting and protecting its excellent traditional ethnic cultures, to ensure that they are passed on to succeeding generations. It has continued its efforts to improve the quality of public cultural services and promote the use of standard Chinese. It encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, and takes solid measures to ensure the right to education.
傳承保護各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化。中國各族人民共同創(chuàng)造了光輝燦爛的中華文化，各民族文化是中華文化不可分割的一部分?！吨腥A人民共和國文物保護法》《中華人民共和國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)法》等法律，以及《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國文物保護法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護條例》等地方性法規(guī)的出臺，為保護新疆各民族文化提供了堅實的法治保障。文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護，高昌故城、交河故城、北庭故城遺址、克孜爾石窟、克孜爾尕哈烽燧、蘇巴什佛寺遺址列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)“絲綢之路：長安－天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”。新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術、柯爾克孜史詩《瑪納斯》列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”，維吾爾族麥西熱甫列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織“急需保護的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”，各民族均有代表性非遺項目列入國家級和自治區(qū)級非遺名錄，現(xiàn)有全國重點文物保護單位133處。各民族優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)得到傳承發(fā)展，漢族的“元宵燈會”、維吾爾族的“麥西熱甫”、哈薩克族的“阿依特斯”、柯爾克孜族的“庫姆孜彈唱會”、蒙古族的“那達慕大會”、回族的“花兒會”等民俗活動廣泛開展。各民族傳統(tǒng)體育得到長足發(fā)展，各地舉辦不同形式的運動會，在傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日還進行摔跤、賽馬、射箭、叼羊、達瓦孜等具有民族特色的傳統(tǒng)體育比賽和表演，各族群眾共同參與、同場競技、互學共樂。實施新疆民族文學原創(chuàng)和民漢互譯作品工程，各民族文化交往交流交融不斷加深。
Xinjiang’s fine traditional ethnic cultures are protected. The splendid Chinese civilization was created by all ethnic groups of China, and the ethnic cultures are an inseparable part of Chinese culture. China’s Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and Law on Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Xinjiang’s local measures and regulations on implementing these laws have laid down a solid legal framework for protecting the ethnic cultures in the region.
Cultural heritage is under effective protection. The ancient city ruins of Gaochang, Jiaohe and Beiting, Kizil Caves, Kizilgaha Beacon Tower, and Subash Temple Ruins have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, collectively known as the “Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor”. The Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Kirgiz epic Manas were inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Uygur Meshrep was included on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. All ethnic groups in Xinjiang have items on the national and autonomous regional representative lists of intangible cultural heritage, and there are 133 key cultural heritage sites under state protection.
The cultural traditions of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are protected. Folk cultural events, such as the Han Lantern Festival, the Uygur Meshrep, the Kazak Aytes, the Kirgiz Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui Hua’er Folk Song Festival are widely celebrated. Traditional local sports are flourishing and sports meetings of all kinds are held across the region. Competitions and events involving wrestling, horse racing, archery, the Buzkashi (horseback competition for possession of a goat) and the Darwaz (Uygur tightrope walking) are held on traditional holidays and enjoyed by people from all ethnic groups. The local government has supported the creation of works of ethnic literature and the translation of literature between Han and ethnic minority languages, expanding cultural exchanges and integration among the ethnic groups.
The cultural traditions of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are protected. Folk cultural events, such as the Han Lantern Festival, the Uygur Meshrep, the Kazak Aytes, the Kirgiz Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui Hua’er Folk Song Festival are widely celebrated. Traditional local sports are flourishing and sports meetings of all kinds are held across the region. Competitions and events involving wrestling, horse racing, archery, the Buzkashi (horseback competition for possession of a goat) and the Darwaz (Uygur tightrope walking) are held on traditional holidays and enjoyed by people from all ethnic groups. The local government has supported the creation of works of ethnic literature and the translation of literature between Han and ethnic minority languages, expanding cultural exchanges and integration among the ethnic groups.
有效保護語言文字多樣性。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國憲法》《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》，國家推廣全國通用的普通話，公民有學習和使用國家通用語言文字的權利，國家為公民學習使用國家通用語言文字提供條件，各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由。新疆大力推廣普及國家通用語言文字，提倡和鼓勵各民族相互學習語言文字，不斷促進各民族語言相通、心靈相通。目前，新疆各民族使用10余種語言和文字，少數(shù)民族語言文字在司法、行政、教育、新聞出版、廣播電視、文學藝術、社會公共事務等領域得到廣泛使用。中小學開設了少數(shù)民族語言文字課程。各民族公民有權使用本民族語言文字進行選舉或訴訟。新疆本級和各自治州、自治縣機關執(zhí)行公務時，同時使用國家通用語言文字、實行區(qū)域自治的民族的語言文字。使用國家通用語言文字和維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯6種語言文字出版報紙、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物。出版報紙100余種、期刊200余種，其中少數(shù)民族文字報紙52種、期刊120種。新疆廣播電視臺有4種語言電視節(jié)目、5種語言廣播節(jié)目，《新疆日報》用4種文字出版，天山網(wǎng)等各級各類門戶網(wǎng)站用多種語言文字傳播。在商業(yè)門店、郵政電信、醫(yī)療服務、交通標識等社會公共領域隨處可見多語種、多文種的便利化服務。
The diversity of spoken and written languages is ensured. In accordance with the Constitution, the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, and the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua as the standard spoken language, ensures the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language, and provides the conditions to guarantee this. At the same time, all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages.
Xinjiang promotes standard Chinese, and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote communication and unity among all peoples in the region. Currently, more than 10 spoken and written languages are used among the ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, literature and art, and public affairs.
Primary and secondary schools provide courses on ethnic minority languages. Citizens of all ethnic groups have the right to use their own language in elections and court proceedings. When performing official duties, Party and government institutions of autonomous areas at the county level and above use standard Chinese together with the languages of the ethnic minority groups that exercise regional autonomy.
Six spoken and written languages – standard Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe – are used in newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in the region. Xinjiang publishes more than 100 newspapers, including 52 in ethnic minority languages, and over 200 periodicals, including 120 in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang Radio and Television Station airs TV programs in four languages and radio programs in five languages. Xinjiang Daily is printed in four languages. Tianshannet (www.ts.cn) and other web portals can be accessed in multiple ethnic languages. Multilingual public signs and services are available at shops, post and telecommunication offices, medical institutions, and transport facilities.
全面保障受教育權。受教育權是公民所享有并由國家保障實現(xiàn)的基本權利。在中央政府支持下，新疆采取各種措施大力發(fā)展教育事業(yè)，不斷促進教育發(fā)展成果更多更公平惠及各族群眾。2020年，新疆學前教育毛入園率達到98.19%，九年義務教育鞏固率達到95.69%，高中階段毛入學率達到98.87%。南疆四地州實行從幼兒園到高中的15年免費教育。全疆村村有幼兒園，并提供免費早餐和午餐。對家庭經(jīng)濟困難學生應助盡助，確保不讓一個學生失學輟學。加強鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)寄宿制學校建設，解決邊遠農(nóng)牧區(qū)兒童上學難問題。持續(xù)加大教育投入，一般公共預算教育經(jīng)費投入2020年達到1018億元，其中撥付學生資助資金91.31億元，惠及666.34萬人（次）。舉辦區(qū)外新疆高中班、中職班，截至2020年，累計培養(yǎng)學生16.02萬人，其中少數(shù)民族學生13.85萬人，占86.45%?，F(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育體系基本建立，現(xiàn)有高職（?？疲┰盒?7所、中等職業(yè)學校147所，其中，新疆優(yōu)質(zhì)高等職業(yè)院校11所、中等職業(yè)學校11所，國家級優(yōu)質(zhì)高等職業(yè)院校3所。高等教育體系日趨完備，現(xiàn)有普通高校56所，截至2020年，累計培養(yǎng)普通高校畢業(yè)生211.5萬人，其中少數(shù)民族學生76.7萬人，占36.3%。
The right to education is fully protected. The right to education is a basic right ensured by the state. With support from the central government, Xinjiang has taken all necessary measures to develop education, sharing the benefits of educational progress equally among all ethnic groups. In 2020, the gross enrollment rate of preschool institutions reached 98.2 percent, the completion rate of nine-year compulsory education was 95.7 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools reached 98.9 percent.
In Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu, and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang, free education is available covering 15 years from kindergarten to senior high school. All villages in Xinjiang have kindergartens where children have free breakfast and lunch. With timely help from the government, students from poor families have all been able to continue their schooling. More boarding schools have been built in towns and townships to help children in remote farming and pastoral areas to attend school.
Funding for education has steadily increased. In 2020, public education expenditure reached RMB102 billion, including RMB9.1 billion of direct subsidies for 6.7 million students. By 2020, 160,200 students from Xinjiang, including 138,500 ethnic minority students, had received senior high school or secondary vocational education at classes designed for them in more developed areas of the country.
A modern vocational education system has been established in Xinjiang. There are now 37 vocational and technical colleges, including 3 key colleges at the national level and 11 key colleges at the regional level, and 147 secondary vocational schools, including 11 key schools at the regional level. Higher education in Xinjiang is also improving. It now has 56 regular universities, with a total of 2.1 million graduates by 2020, including 767,000 ethnic minority graduates.
不斷提高公共文化服務水平。新疆加快構建現(xiàn)代公共文化服務體系，積極推進公共文化服務均等化，不斷豐富文化產(chǎn)品供給，有效滿足各族群眾文化需求。在中央政府大力支持下，新疆實施廣播電視“村村通工程”和“直播衛(wèi)星戶戶通工程”、新聞出版“東風工程”、“縣級文化館、圖書館修繕工程”“文化信息資源共享工程”“鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站工程”等一系列文化基礎工程。截至2019年，新疆有公共圖書館112個、博物館和紀念館106個、科技館29個、美術館60個、文化館130個、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站1350個，有各級各類廣播電視臺102座，廣播和電視人口覆蓋率分別達到98.68%和98.85%，形成了覆蓋自治區(qū)、地（州、市）、縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)、街道）、村（社區(qū)）的五級公共文化服務體系。文化館、圖書館、博物館、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）文化站等公共文化設施免費向社會開放。基本實現(xiàn)戶戶通廣播電視，農(nóng)村電影放映、農(nóng)家書屋全覆蓋，基層文化活動豐富多彩。文藝創(chuàng)作持續(xù)繁榮，優(yōu)秀作品精彩紛呈。每年出版報刊、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物上萬種，年均譯制少數(shù)民族語言電視劇、動畫片5000余集。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)日益成為各族群眾學習、工作、生活的新空間，獲取公共服務的新平臺。2020年，新疆有網(wǎng)站9318個，固定寬帶用戶883.9萬戶，移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶2359.2萬戶。
Public cultural services have been improved. Xinjiang is moving faster to build a modern public cultural services network characterized by equal access and rich content and variety, meeting the needs of local people. With strong support from the central government, Xinjiang has made sure that all villages have access to radio and TV programs and that all households have access to direct broadcast satellite services. Other public cultural services projects include giving free books and other publications across the region, renovating county-level cultural centers and libraries, building a public database for cultural resources sharing, and building township-level cultural centers.
By 2019, Xinjiang had 112 public libraries, 106 museums and memorial halls, 29 science and technology museums, 60 art museums, 130 county-level cultural centers and 1,350 township-level cultural centers, and 102 radio and television stations (covering 98.7 percent and 98.9 percent of the population). Its public cultural services network covers five levels – autonomous region, prefecture/city, county/district/county-level city, township/sub-district, and village/community.
Cultural centers, libraries, museums, and other cultural amenities are open to the public free of charge. Almost every household has access to radio and TV programs, and people in rural areas can watch films and visit small libraries in their villages. Both urban and rural residents enjoy a variety of cultural activities. Art and literature are flourishing with an abundance of excellent works. Every year, Xinjiang publishes more than 10,000 different newspapers, periodicals, books, audio and video products, and e-publications, and translates over 5,000 episodes of TV series and cartoons into ethnic minority languages.
The internet is becoming a new space for people to study, work and relax, and a new platform for them to access public services. In 2020, Xinjiang had 9,318 websites, 8.8 million fixed broadband subscribers, and 23.6 million mobile internet users.
五、社會權利的保障
V. Social Rights
新疆建立了覆蓋全民的社會保障體系，健康保障水平顯著提升，應對突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件能力明顯增強，社會救助及時有效，少數(shù)民族生育權得到有力保障。
Xinjiang has established a social security system that covers all the local population. There has been a marked improvement in the region’s capacity to provide health services and its response to public health emergencies. People can access social assistance in a timely manner. Reproductive rights for ethnic minorities are guaranteed.
持續(xù)加大社會保障力度。新疆不斷完善養(yǎng)老保險、醫(yī)療保險、工傷保險、失業(yè)保險、最低生活保障等社會保險和救助制度，建立了廣覆蓋、保基本、多層次的社會保障體系。2011年在全國率先建立統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、覆蓋全民的基本養(yǎng)老、基本醫(yī)療保險制度，實現(xiàn)人人享有基本社會保障。實施基本醫(yī)療保險、大病保險、醫(yī)療救助三重保障，確保貧困人口看得起病。實施全民參保計劃，城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險參保率穩(wěn)定在95%以上，失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險制度對職業(yè)人群全覆蓋，貧困人口基本醫(yī)療保險、養(yǎng)老保險和大病保險參保率均達100%。截至2020年，新疆有586.54萬人參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險，726.24萬人參加城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險，2316.75萬人參加醫(yī)療保險，302.23萬人參加失業(yè)保險，349萬人參加工傷保險；有29.3萬人享受城市最低生活保障，166萬人享受農(nóng)村最低生活保障。2020年，新疆提高最低生活保障標準，城市居民平均不低于500元/人·月，農(nóng)村居民不低于4100元/人·年，分別比2010年增長184%和396%。建立基本養(yǎng)老金合理調(diào)整機制，穩(wěn)步提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金水平，2020年企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金水平是2005年的4.6倍。2020年累計安排城鄉(xiāng)困難群眾救助補助資金94.28億元，惠及195.3萬人次。
Social security has been strengthened. A multi-layered basic social security system with wide coverage is now in place, including old-age insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and subsistence allowances.
In 2011, Xinjiang took the lead in establishing basic old-age and medical insurance schemes that cover all local residents and bring urban and rural areas under unified management, realizing universal access to basic social security in the region. Poor people are guaranteed affordable medical services through basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, and medical assistance.
Under the national plan to ensure universal access to social security, the actual coverage of basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents in Xinjiang stands above 95 percent. Unemployment, work-related injury and maternity insurance schemes have been extended to cover all occupational groups. All poor people are now covered by basic medical, old-age and serious illness insurance.
As of 2020, 5.9 million people were covered by basic old-age insurance for urban employees, 7.3 million by basic old-age insurance for rural and non-working urban residents, 23.2 million by medical insurance, 3 million by unemployment insurance, and 3.5 million by work-related injury insurance. A total of 293,000 urban residents and nearly 1.7 million rural residents were in receipt of subsistence allowances.
In 2020, the average monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased to RMB500 per capita, and the average annual subsistence allowance for rural residents increased to RMB4,100 per capita, growing by more than 180 percent and almost 400 percent compared to 2010.
The basic pension benefits are adjusted as required. Retired enterprise employees have seen their pensions increase over the years, and their benefits in 2020 were 4.6 times higher than in 2005. In 2020, a total of RMB9.4 billion was issued as relief fund to about 2 million needy people in both urban and rural areas.
有效防控新冠肺炎疫情。新疆始終把各族群眾生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，精準防控新冠肺炎疫情輸入與擴散，科學救治感染患者。開展全民免費核酸檢測和新冠肺炎疫苗接種。同時，加強對各族困難群眾的救助工作，按照每人每月450元的標準，將受疫情影響無收入、無生活來源、基本生活陷入困境的困難群眾及時納入保障范圍；推進鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）全面建立臨時救助備用金制度，提高救助時效性；及時啟動社會救助和保障標準與物價上漲掛鉤聯(lián)動機制，發(fā)放價格臨時補貼。2020年，新疆向因病、因災、因疫情影響的困難群體安排臨時救助補助資金21.13億元，惠及385.34萬人次。
Covid-19 has been effectively brought under control. Always prioritizing the health and safety of the people, Xinjiang has taken targeted measures to keep inbound and local transmission under control, and has adopted a science-based approach to treating patients.
It has provided universal access to free nucleic acid testing and vaccination. A monthly allowance of RMB450 is provided to needy people who have no income or other sources of support due to the epidemic. Emergency relief funds have been established at the sub-district/township level to ensure timely response. Social assistance and subsistence allowances are adjusted when the Consumer Price Index fluctuates beyond a certain range, and temporary price subsidies are issued as required. In 2020, some 3.9 million victims of illness, natural disasters and the epidemic received RMB2.1 billion of temporary relief subsidies.
大幅提升健康保障水平。健康是幸福生活的基本前提。新疆堅持以人民健康為中心，落實“健康中國”戰(zhàn)略，推進健康新疆建設，不斷完善城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系，提高醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務質(zhì)量。截至2019年，新疆共有醫(yī)療機構18376個、病床186426張，每千人擁有病床7.39張、執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師2.7名。建成覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務網(wǎng)絡，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院、村衛(wèi)生室標準化建設達到100%，村村有醫(yī)生。建成全民健康信息平臺并對全疆各級平臺實現(xiàn)標準化、規(guī)范化管理。實現(xiàn)自治區(qū)、地（州、市）、縣（市、區(qū)）三級遠程醫(yī)療全覆蓋，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務中心遠程醫(yī)療覆蓋面達到85%以上。家庭醫(yī)生、“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+護理服務”、視頻問診等“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+醫(yī)療健康”新型醫(yī)療服務模式應用更加普遍。免費向城鄉(xiāng)居民提供14類國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務，基本覆蓋居民生命全過程。自2016年起，累計投入體檢資金81.8億元，全疆城鄉(xiāng)居民每年進行一次免費健康體檢，實現(xiàn)疾病早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療。重大傳染病和地方病得到有效控制。實行農(nóng)村戶籍人員在各地州市、縣市區(qū)范圍內(nèi)定點醫(yī)療機構住院“先診療、后付費”服務模式和“一站式”結算，有效解決各族群眾看病難、看病貴問題。大力推動“組團式”醫(yī)療支援模式，組織疆內(nèi)外63家三級醫(yī)院與疆內(nèi)貧困縣的56家縣級醫(yī)院建立幫扶關系，快速提升貧困地區(qū)醫(yī)療服務能力和管理水平。醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平的不斷提高，極大改善了各族群眾的健康狀況。新疆人均預期壽命從1949年的30歲提高到2019年的74.7歲。
Health services have been markedly improved. Health is an essential factor in leading a happy life. Putting people’s health first, Xinjiang is taking measures to implement the Healthy China initiative, improve the health services network covering both urban and rural areas, and provide health services of higher quality.
As of 2019, Xinjiang had 18,376 medical institutions with 186,426 beds. There were 7.4 beds and 2.7 doctors per thousand people.
A health services network is now in place to serve communities in urban and rural areas. All township-level health centers and village clinics meet the required standards, and all villages have doctors. A public health information platform has been opened and local platforms across the region are managed and regulated in accordance with unified standards.
Telemedical services are available at all medical institutions at the county, prefecture, and autonomous region levels, and 85 percent of township and community health centers. Greater use of the internet is giving more people access to family doctors, to nursing services by online reservation, to medical consultation through video link, and to other new internet-based health services.
Fourteen forms of basic public health service are provided to urban and rural residents for free, covering almost the whole life cycle. A fund for health checkups was set up in 2016, into which RMB8.2 billion has been injected to date, so that every resident in Xinjiang can have a free annual health checkup to spot early signs of illnesses. Major epidemics and endemics have been brought under control.
People with rural hukou (resident registration) can be admitted and receive treatment at any designated medical institution in counties, districts, cities, and prefectures before settling their bills, and the settlement is managed on a one-stop basis. This has made hospital trips more convenient and affordable. Major efforts have been made to pair up 56 hospitals in poor counties in Xinjiang with 63 leading hospitals in the region and other parts of the country, to step up medical services and hospital management in impoverished areas.
The people of Xinjiang now enjoy better health with improved health services. The average life expectancy grew from 30 years in 1949 to 74.7 years in 2019.
充分保障少數(shù)民族生育權。中國憲法法律規(guī)定，公民有生育權，同時夫妻雙方有實行計劃生育的義務。計劃生育是中國的一項基本國策。計劃生育重視生殖健康，強調(diào)優(yōu)生優(yōu)育，直接涉及性別平等、婦女賦權、減少貧困和實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。中國實行計劃生育經(jīng)歷了先內(nèi)地后邊疆、先城市后農(nóng)村、先漢族后少數(shù)民族的過程，對少數(shù)民族執(zhí)行有別于漢族的相對寬松政策。新疆依據(jù)國家法律法規(guī)，結合本地實際制定計劃生育相關政策。20世紀70年代初，在漢族人口中先實行計劃生育；80年代中后期，開始在少數(shù)民族中鼓勵計劃生育。1992年發(fā)布的《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)計劃生育辦法》明確規(guī)定，漢族城鎮(zhèn)居民一對夫妻生育1個子女，農(nóng)牧民可生育2個子女；少數(shù)民族城鎮(zhèn)居民一對夫妻可生育2個子女，農(nóng)牧民可生育3個子女；人口較少民族不實行計劃生育。這一差別化生育政策是新疆少數(shù)民族人口保持較快增長的重要原因。隨著經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和各族群眾生育意愿趨同，2017年新疆修訂《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人口與計劃生育條例》，規(guī)定各民族實施統(tǒng)一的計劃生育政策，即城鎮(zhèn)居民一對夫妻可生育2個子女，農(nóng)村居民一對夫妻可生育3個子女。根據(jù)國家人口與計劃生育法律政策調(diào)整情況，新疆還將進一步調(diào)整和完善本地人口與計劃生育法規(guī)政策。
The reproductive rights of ethnic minorities are duly guaranteed. According to the Constitution and relevant laws, all citizens have reproductive rights and both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning. Family planning is a basic national policy, with an emphasis on reproductive health, and prenatal, postnatal and early-life care. It has a direct bearing on gender equality, women’s empowerment, poverty reduction, and sustainable development.
The application of family planning measures in China was gradually extended from coastal and inland to border regions, from urban to rural areas, and from the Han people to ethnic minorities. Preferential policies were implemented for ethnic minorities. In line with local conditions and in accordance with the state’s laws and regulations, Xinjiang formulated its own family planning policies. Family planning was first applied to the Han people in the region in the early 1970s, but until the mid and late 1980s, ethnic minorities were not subject to this policy. The Measures on Family Planning released by the autonomous region in 1992 stipulated that urban Han residents could have one child per couple and those residing in rural and pastoral areas could have two, while for ethnic minorities, urban residents could have two children per couple and those in rural and pastoral areas could have three. Ethnic minority groups with relatively smaller populations were not required to follow the family planning policy. This was one of the major reasons why the ethnic minority populations in Xinjiang maintained a fast growth rate.
In parallel with the region’s economic and social development, the different ethnic groups began to develop similar expectations in terms of family structure, so Xinjiang amended the Regulations on Population and Family Planning in 2017, introducing universal family planning policies for all ethnic groups: two children per couple for urban residents and three per couple for rural residents. In line with the national adjustments to laws and policies regarding population and family planning, Xinjiang will further modify and improve relevant local regulations and policies.
六、婦女兒童權利的保障
VI. Rights of Women and Children
尊重婦女、保護兒童是社會文明進步的重要標志。新疆高度重視婦女兒童工作，著力解決婦女兒童發(fā)展中的突出問題，促進婦女兒童事業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，婦女兒童各項合法權益得到有效保障。
Respect for women and protection of children are signs of social progress. Xinjiang attaches great importance to work related to women and children. It strives to solve the prominent problems they encounter, and promotes steady progress in the relevant undertakings. The legitimate rights and interests of women and children are effectively protected.
重視提高婦女地位。新疆堅持男女平等的憲法原則，保障婦女參與國家和社會事務的民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督權利。重視培養(yǎng)和選拔女干部，婦女參與公共事務管理的人數(shù)持續(xù)增長，女干部從1955年初的16338人增長到2019年的46.06萬人。2020年初，新疆全國人大代表中女性13人，占22.41%；自治區(qū)人大代表中女性146人，占27.24%；住新疆的全國政協(xié)委員中女性8人，占23.5%。婦女參與基層民主和企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理作用進一步增強。2020年，社區(qū)居民委員會成員中女性占64.7%，村委會成員中女性占30.5%。保障婦女平等就業(yè)權利，實行男女同工同酬。婦女就業(yè)規(guī)模不斷擴大。2019年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)48.09萬人，其中婦女22.81萬人，占比47.43%。廣大婦女在各領域發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用，社會地位、家庭地位顯著提升。
Emphasis is placed on improving the status of women. Xinjiang upholds the constitutional principle of equality between men and women and guarantees the right of women to participate in democratic decision-making, management and supervision of governance and social affairs.
The region attaches importance to the training and selection of female officials, and the number of women participating in the administration of public affairs has continued to grow, from 16,338 in early 1955 to 460,600 in 2019. In early 2020, there were 13 female deputies to the NPC (22.4 percent of Xinjiang’s total), and 146 female deputies to the autonomous regional people’s congress (27.2 percent). Among the members of the CPPCC National Committee living in Xinjiang, eight are women (23.5 percent).
Women are playing a growing role in grassroots democracy and business management. In 2020, women took 64.7 percent of the seats in urban residents committees, and 30.5 percent in villagers committees. Xinjiang guarantees women’s equality in employment and their right to equal pay for equal work. The number of women in employment continues to expand. In 2019, 480,900 new urban jobs were created, of which 228,100 were taken up by women, accounting for 47.4 percent of the total. Women are now playing an important role in various fields, and their social and family status has improved notably.
有力保障婦女權益。新疆廣泛實施婦女健康普惠項目，積極推進乳腺癌、宮頸癌免費篩查，婦女健康服務不斷加強，婦女健康狀況顯著改善。孕產(chǎn)婦保健水平明顯提高，2000年至2020年，孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前檢查率從80.14%提高到98.53%，住院分娩率從59.69%提高到99.82%。在依法實行計劃生育過程中，各族群眾是否采取避孕措施、采取何種方式避孕，均由個人自主自愿決定，政府提供安全可及的生殖健康服務。隨著新疆經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和人民生活水平提高，各族群眾生育觀念發(fā)生明顯變化，自愿選擇晚婚晚育、少生優(yōu)生成為社會普遍現(xiàn)象。新疆積極發(fā)揮各級婦聯(lián)組織在維護婦女合法權益中的作用，傾聽婦女意見，反映婦女訴求，關心婦女工作生活，促進解決婦女權益問題。預防和制止針對婦女的家庭暴力，2020年制定施行《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實施〈中華人民共和國反家庭暴力法〉辦法》。現(xiàn)有受暴婦女兒童救助（庇護）機構數(shù)226個，對遭受家庭暴力侵害后暫時無法回家的婦女提供法律咨詢、心理輔導，提供臨時性社會救助，有力保障了婦女權益。
Women’s rights and interests are effectively protected. Xinjiang has implemented a health program available to all women in the region, and provided free screening for breast and cervical cancer. Women’s health services and conditions have improved markedly. From 2000 to 2020, the rate of prenatal care increased from 80.1 percent to 98.5 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries from 59.7 percent to 99.8 percent.
The local authorities in Xinjiang carry out family planning in accordance with the law. They provide quality and accessible reproductive health services, and it is up to individuals to decide whether or not to use contraceptives and how to use them. With economic and social development and higher living standards in Xinjiang, views on childbearing have changed significantly. Local people generally choose to marry later and have fewer and healthier children.
Xinjiang gives full play to the role of women’s federations in safeguarding women’s legitimate rights and interests. They listen to women’s voices, reflect their concerns, give them support in their work and life, and help resolve women’s rights issues. There is an active campaign to prevent and stop domestic violence against women. In 2020, Xinjiang formulated and enforced the Measures on Implementing the Anti-Domestic Violence Law. There are now 226 shelters for abused women and children in the region, which provide legal advice, psychological counseling and temporary social assistance to women who are unable to go home after suffering from domestic violence.
切實保護兒童權益。新疆堅持兒童優(yōu)先原則，完善縣、鄉(xiāng)、村三級兒童服務體系，全面保障兒童生存權和發(fā)展權，兒童事業(yè)取得長足發(fā)展。兒童保健水平顯著提高，截至2020年，嬰兒死亡率由2000年的23.5‰下降到6.75‰。持續(xù)實施兒童營養(yǎng)改善項目，為農(nóng)村嬰幼兒免費發(fā)放營養(yǎng)包，兒童健康營養(yǎng)狀況全面改善。疫苗接種率持續(xù)保持較高水平，免疫規(guī)劃接種率達90%以上，兒童疾病預防能力加強。2020年，卡介苗、脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗（第三劑）、百白破疫苗（第三劑）接種率分別為99.4%、99.63%、97.39%。建立面向城鄉(xiāng)困境兒童包括強制報告、應急處置、評估幫扶、監(jiān)護干預在內(nèi)的救助保護機制。健全流浪兒童救助、管理、返鄉(xiāng)和安置保障制度。全面實現(xiàn)孤兒集中養(yǎng)育，兒童福利機構養(yǎng)育孤兒基本生活保障費平均標準由2012年的900元/人·月（地方900元/人·月，兵團1000元/人·月）提高到2020年的1100元/人·月。加強對兒童的法律保護力度，設立未成年人法律援助工作站點73個。通過采取普通學校隨班就讀、特殊教育學校就讀、送教上門等方式，保障殘疾兒童接受義務教育。截至2020年底，義務教育階段殘疾兒童在校生2.8萬人，毛入學率為98.5%。建有32所特殊教育學校，在校生0.5萬人?，F(xiàn)有殘疾兒童康復機構165個，2020年共有2850名殘疾兒童得到康復救助。
Children’s rights and interests are effectively protected. Prioritizing children’s wellbeing, Xinjiang has improved the services available to children at county, township and village levels, and fully guaranteed children’s rights to subsistence and development. As a result, programs for children have made considerable progress.
Children’s health care has improved remarkably. The infant mortality rate dropped from 23.5 per thousand in 2000 to 6.75 per thousand in 2020. Xinjiang has continued to implement a program to improve children’s nutrition, providing free nutrition packages to rural children under school age, thus comprehensively improving children’s health and nutrition. Vaccination coverage among children in Xinjiang remains at a high level, with over 90 percent coverage under the national immunization program, and the region’s ability to prevent childhood diseases has been strengthened. In 2020, BCG vaccination coverage was 99.4 percent, polio (third dose) 99.6 percent, and DPT (third dose) 97.4 percent.
Xinjiang has established an assistance and protection mechanism for urban and rural children in need, including mandatory reporting, emergency response, assessment and assistance, and guardianship intervention. It has improved the system of assistance, management, family reunion, and resettlement for street children. Xinjiang has also fully implemented institutional care of orphans. The average monthly living allowance for orphans raised by child welfare institutions rose from RMB900 per person in 2012 (RMB1,000 per person in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and RMB900 per person in other parts of Xinjiang) to RMB1,100 per person in 2020.
Xinjiang has strengthened the legal framework for protecting children and set up 73 legal aid stations for minors. It ensures that children with disabilities receive compulsory education in regular schools or special education schools, or are taught by teachers in their homes. At the end of 2020, there were 28,000 children with disabilities studying at compulsory education institutions, with a gross enrollment rate of 98.5 percent. The region has 32 special education schools with 5,000 students. There are now 165 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities. A total of 2,850 children received rehabilitation assistance in 2020.
七、宗教信仰自由權利的保障
VII. Freedom of Religious Belief
尊重和保護宗教信仰自由是中國政府一項長期的基本國策。新疆堅持保護合法、制止非法、遏制極端、抵御滲透、打擊犯罪的原則，全面貫徹落實宗教信仰自由政策，正常宗教活動依法受到保護，公民宗教信仰自由的權利得到有效保障。
Respect for and protection of freedom of religious belief is a basic and long-term national policy of the Chinese government. Subject to the principles of protecting lawful practices, proscribing illegal activities, containing extremism, resisting infiltration, and punishing crime, the local government of Xinjiang fully applies the policy, protecting legitimate religious activities and ensuring the public’s freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law.
依法保障宗教信仰自由權利。宗教信仰自由是公民的一項基本權利。憲法規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國公民有宗教信仰自由”“國家保護正常的宗教活動”。在新疆，公民既有信仰宗教的自由，也有不信仰宗教的自由；有信仰這種宗教或那種宗教的自由；在同一宗教中，有信仰這一教派或那一教派的自由；有過去信仰宗教現(xiàn)在不信仰宗教的自由，也有過去不信仰宗教現(xiàn)在信仰宗教的自由。任何國家機關、社會團體和個人不得強制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧視信仰宗教的公民或不信仰宗教的公民，侵犯公民宗教信仰自由要承擔相應的法律責任。沒有公民因信仰宗教或不信仰宗教而受到歧視和不公平待遇。
Freedom of religious belief is guaranteed by law. This freedom is a basic right of citizens. The Constitution stipulates that citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief, and that the state shall protect normal religious activities. In Xinjiang, people have the freedom to believe in or not believe in any religion, to believe in one religion in preference to another, to believe in any sect of the same religion, to abandon their past beliefs, and to become believers at their chosen time.
No organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in or not believe in any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in or do not believe in any religion. Anyone who infringes upon the freedom of religious belief will be held legally liable. No citizen may suffer discrimination or unfair treatment for practicing or not practicing any religion.
保護合法宗教活動。新疆有伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教、東正教等多種宗教。公民的正常宗教活動，如禮拜、拜佛、彌撒、祈禱、誦經(jīng)等，都由宗教團體和公民自理，受法律保護，任何組織和個人不得加以干涉。中國伊斯蘭教協(xié)會每年組織信教公民赴沙特朝覲，對朝覲人員的醫(yī)療、翻譯等給予資助，并做好服務保障，確保朝覲活動安全有序。每逢重大宗教節(jié)日都循例舉行各種宗教活動。齋月期間，清真餐館歇業(yè)或營業(yè)完全由業(yè)主自行決定，任何組織和個人不得干涉。新冠肺炎疫情期間，各地宗教活動場所加強了服務保障和疫情防控舉措，信教公民的禮拜、封齋等宗教活動平穩(wěn)有序。
Lawful religious practices are protected. There are many religions in Xinjiang, including Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, and Protestant, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Religious activities such as attending religious services, worshipping Buddha, attending Mass, praying, and reciting scriptures are managed by religious groups and the believers themselves. Such activities are protected by law, and no organization or individual may interfere with them.
The China Islamic Association makes arrangements every year for practicing Muslims to go on pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It funds medical care and interpretation for pilgrims, and offers other services to ensure safe and orderly travel.
Religious activities are held on every major religious festival. During the holy Islamic month of Ramadan, whether to close or open halal restaurants is completely determined by the owners themselves without interference. During the Covid-19 epidemic, virus prevention and control measures were taken at all the venues to ensure that worship, fasting, and other activities continued in a stable and orderly manner.
保障獲取宗教知識途徑。國家以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、道教、基督教等宗教典籍。整理出版《大藏經(jīng)》《中華道藏》《老子集成》等大型宗教古籍文獻，印刷國家通用語言文字和11種少數(shù)民族文字以及盲文版的《圣經(jīng)》。截至目前，在新疆發(fā)行的少數(shù)民族文字版的伊斯蘭教類出版物達40多種，翻譯出版國家通用語言文字和維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜等多種文字版的《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓實錄精華》等宗教經(jīng)典書籍，編輯發(fā)行漢、維兩種文字的系列《新編臥爾茲演講集》。政府撥?？畋Ｗo和整理《古蘭經(jīng)》《穆圣傳》《彌勒會見記》等古籍，《先知傳》《金光明經(jīng)卷二》《彌勒會見記》等多部宗教類古籍被列入《國家珍貴古籍名錄》。此外，中國伊斯蘭教協(xié)會開通中文版和維吾爾文版網(wǎng)站。任何人都可通過合法渠道學習和了解宗教知識。
Channels for believers to gain religious knowledge are guaranteed. With state support, the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity have been translated and published in multiple languages. Extensive material from ancient religious books and documents has been collated and published. Such publications include the Tripitaka, Taoist Canon of China, and Collected Editions of Dao De Jing. The Bible has been published in standard Chinese and 11 ethnic minority languages, as well as in Braille. Currently, more than 40 Islamic publications in different ethnic minority languages are distributed in Xinjiang. The Quran and Selections from Sahih al-Bukhari have been published in standard Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Kirgiz languages. The New Collection of al-Wa’z Speeches series have been compiled and published in both Chinese and the Uygur language.
Special government funds have been allocated to protect ancient religious texts, such as the Quran, the Sira, and Maitrisimit nom bitig. Many ancient religious books, including the Tales of the Prophets (Qisas al-anbiya), Volume II of the Golden Light Sutra, and Maitrisimit nom bitig, have been included in the Catalog of National Rare Books of China.
The China Islamic Association operates both Chinese and Uygur versions of its website. Any individual can study religion through legal channels.
改善宗教活動場所設施條件。宗教活動場所依法受到保護。對喀什艾提尕爾清真寺、昭蘇圣佑廟、伊寧拜圖拉清真寺、和靜巴倫臺黃廟、和田加曼清真寺、烏魯木齊洋行清真寺等列入國家和新疆文物保護單位的宗教活動場所，政府撥?？钸M行修繕。對年久失修的宗教活動場所，政府有關部門根據(jù)《中華人民共和國城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃法》，并尊重信教群眾意愿，通過新建、遷建、擴建等，解決了安全隱患問題，保障正常宗教活動順利進行。宗教活動場所條件持續(xù)改善，清真寺里普遍有水、電、路、氣、通訊、廣播電視等設施，配備有醫(yī)藥服務、電子顯示屏、電腦、電風扇或空調(diào)、消防設施、飲水設備，主麻清真寺還有凈身設施、水沖式廁所，為信教群眾提供了極大便利。
Facilities and conditions of venues for religious activities have been improved. Such venues are protected in accordance with the law. Special government funds have been allocated to maintain and renovate venues listed as cultural heritage sites under the protection of the state and the autonomous region, including the Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, Baytulla Mosque in Yining, Baluntai Monastery in Hejing, Jiaman Mosque in Hotan, and Yanghang Mosque in Urumqi.
In terms of venues that have fallen into disrepair, the government departments concerned, complying with the Law on Urban and Rural Planning and respecting the wishes of religious believers, have resolved potential safety hazards through reconstruction, relocation or expansion, thus ensuring the safe and orderly practice of religion.
Conditions continue to improve at the venues for religious activities. Mosques are generally equipped with running water, electricity, natural gas, and easy road access. The mosques also have communication tools, radio and television facilities, LED screens, computers, electric fans, air conditioners, water dispensers, medical services, and fire-fighting appliances. Washing and cleansing facilities have been installed in congregational mosques for Juma prayers. All this provides greater convenience for religious believers.
完善伊斯蘭教教職人員培養(yǎng)體系。新疆通過中國伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院、新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院、新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)文學校等培養(yǎng)宗教教職人員。政府出資2億多元建設新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院新校區(qū)，2017年正式投入使用，新建伊犁、昌吉、烏魯木齊、吐魯番、阿克蘇、克孜勒蘇、喀什、和田8所分院。形成了以新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院為中心、各分院為支撐的教育培養(yǎng)體系。按照“定向定量按需培養(yǎng)”原則，編制培養(yǎng)計劃，確定培養(yǎng)目標，培養(yǎng)了一批較高素質(zhì)的伊斯蘭教人才，充分保障了伊斯蘭教健康有序傳承。目前，中國伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院、新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學院及各分院累計培養(yǎng)畢業(yè)生4000余人。
The system for training Islamic clerics has been reinforced. Islamic clerics in Xinjiang are trained at China Islamic Institute, Xinjiang Islamic Institute, and Xinjiang Islamic School. The government has invested more than RMB200 million to build a new campus of the Xinjiang Islamic Institute, which opened in 2017. The institute also has eight new branches in Ili, Changji, Urumqi, Turpan, Aksu, Kizilsu, Kashgar and Hotan. They form a comprehensive training system for clerics.
Xinjiang has made training plans and identified objectives in accordance with the principle of targeted and demand-oriented training. A group of high-caliber Islamic clerics have been trained, to ensure that Islam is practiced and carried on in a sound and orderly manner. To date, the China Islamic Institute and the Xinjiang Islamic Institute and its branches have trained more than 4,000 students.
結束語
Conclusion
平等是人類永恒的追求，民族平等是中國立國的根本原則之一，中國共產(chǎn)黨始終以實現(xiàn)人民的平等和幸福為己任，在不斷探索和實踐中走出了一條中國特色解決民族問題的正確道路，各族人民真正獲得了平等的權利。
Achieving equality is one of the constant goals of humanity. Ethnic equality is one of the fundamental principles on which China is founded. The CPC always takes it as its mission to bring equality and happiness to the people, and over the years has identified the path with Chinese characteristics as the best approach to ethnic affairs. As a result, all ethnic groups in China enjoy true equal rights.
中國政府積極踐行國際人權條約義務，充分發(fā)揮制度優(yōu)勢，廣泛匯聚各方力量，有力促進新疆各項事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。新疆地方政府深入貫徹尊重和保障人權的憲法原則，各民族共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，各族人民的政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、文化等各項權利得到切實保障。
The Chinese government actively fulfills its obligations under the international human rights conventions to which China has signed up. It makes full use of its institutional strengths, pools the efforts of all sectors of society, and promotes the rapid development of all undertakings in Xinjiang.
The local government honors the constitutional principle of respecting and protecting human rights. The ethnic groups in Xinjiang unite and work together to achieve common development and prosperity. The political, economic, social, cultural, and many other rights of the people of every ethnic group are effectively guaranteed.
一段時間以來，國際上一些勢力無視中國政府為保障各民族平等權利所做的巨大努力，無視新疆人權事業(yè)取得的歷史性進步，歪曲事實，無中生有，大肆炒作涉疆議題，妄圖借此抹黑中國形象，干涉中國內(nèi)政，遏制中國發(fā)展，破壞新疆繁榮穩(wěn)定。這不僅激起包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全中國人民的極大憤慨和堅決反對，也遭到國際社會正義力量的譴責。
Currently, rumors, distortions, and complete fabrications are being spread by some foreign media and politicians. This is a calculated campaign to undermine the Chinese government’s enormous efforts to protect ethnic equality, and misrepresent the historic progress that has been made on human rights in the region. Their goals are to discredit China, interfere in China’s internal affairs, restrict China’s development, and destroy stability and prosperity in Xinjiang. This has aroused indignation among the people in Xinjiang and the rest of China, and is condemned by those in the international community who seek to uphold justice.
當前，新疆社會大局持續(xù)穩(wěn)定，各族人民和睦相處、安居樂業(yè)，處于歷史上最好的發(fā)展時期。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，新疆與全國一道全面建成小康社會，并開啟全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程，這將在更大程度、更高水平上保障各民族平等權利，新疆各族人民必將迎來更加幸福美好的明天。
Xinjiang is now a stable and orderly society, where the local ethnic groups live in mutual harmony and peace. It is experiencing an optimal period of development. Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core, Xinjiang has achieved moderate prosperity in all respects together with the rest of the country, and has embarked on a new journey of building China into a modern socialist country. This will better ensure ethnic equality, and all the people of Xinjiang will enjoy a happier and more prosperous life.
